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{{Short description|Indian cricket competition (1912–1936)}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} | ||
The '''Bombay Quadrangular''' was an influential [[cricket]] tournament held in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], India | The '''Bombay Quadrangular''' was an influential [[cricket]] tournament held in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[British India]] between 1892–93 and 1945–46.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scoreline.org/history-of-first-class-cricket/|title=History of First Class Cricket ||first=Abid Ali|last=Kazi|date=24 December 2015}}</ref> | ||
At other times it was known variously as the '''[[Bombay Presidency|Presidency]] Match''', '''Bombay Triangular''', and the '''Bombay Pentangular'''. | At other times it was known variously as the '''[[Bombay Presidency|Presidency]] Match''', '''Bombay Triangular''', and the '''Bombay Pentangular'''. | ||
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The Quadrangular tournament had its origins in an annual match played between the [[Europe]]an members of the [[Bombay Gymkhana]] and the [[Parsi people|Parsis]] of the [[Zoroastrian]] Cricket Club. The first such game was played in 1877, when the Bombay Gymkhana accepted a request for a two-day match from the Parsis. The game was played in good spirit, with the Parsis surprising the Europeans by taking a first [[innings]] lead. The Gymkhana recovered, but the match was drawn with the sides evenly poised. The challenge was played again in 1878 and looked set to become an annual event, but racial discontent intervened. From 1879 to 1883, the Parsis and [[Hindus cricket team|Hindus]] of Bombay were locked in a struggle against the governing Europeans over the use of the playing fields known as the Bombay Maidan. Gymkhana members would play [[polo]] on the field, rendering much of it useless for cricket because of the large divots left by the horses, while sparing their own European-only cricket ground. With this dispute settled in favour of the natives, the Europeans versus Parsis matches resumed in 1884. | The Quadrangular tournament had its origins in an annual match played between the [[Europe]]an members of the [[Bombay Gymkhana]] and the [[Parsi people|Parsis]] of the [[Zoroastrian]] Cricket Club. The first such game was played in 1877, when the Bombay Gymkhana accepted a request for a two-day match from the Parsis. The game was played in good spirit, with the Parsis surprising the Europeans by taking a first [[innings]] lead. The Gymkhana recovered, but the match was drawn with the sides evenly poised. The challenge was played again in 1878 and looked set to become an annual event, but racial discontent intervened. From 1879 to 1883, the Parsis and [[Hindus cricket team|Hindus]] of Bombay were locked in a struggle against the governing Europeans over the use of the playing fields known as the Bombay Maidan. Gymkhana members would play [[polo]] on the field, rendering much of it useless for cricket because of the large divots left by the horses, while sparing their own European-only cricket ground. With this dispute settled in favour of the natives, the Europeans versus Parsis matches resumed in 1884. | ||
The 1889 game was memorable as a thrilling victory to the Parsis, with the Gymkhana being set a | The 1889 game was memorable as a thrilling victory to the Parsis, with the Gymkhana being set a target of 53 to win: Parsi captain [[M.E. Pavri]] [[bowling (cricket)|bowled]] well to help dismiss the Europeans for 50, giving the Parsis a two-run victory. Matches from 1892–93 are given [[first class cricket|first class]] status: the match that began at Bombay Gymkhana on 26 August 1892 is considered the earliest first class match in India. | ||
By 1900, the Presidency Match – as the Europeans versus Parsis game had come to be called – was the highlight of the Bombay cricket season. In the 19 matches to this year, the teams had won eight each and drawn three. | |||
==Bombay Triangular== | ==Bombay Triangular== | ||
While the Europeans and Parsis were regularly playing against each other, the Hindu Gymkhana had been amassing its own quality players. In 1906, the [[Hindus cricket team|Hindus]] challenged the Parsis to a match, but the [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal]] differences between the clubs led the Parsis to decline. The Bombay Gymkhana stepped in and accepted the challenge, leading to the first Europeans versus Hindus match, played that February. The Hindu side ended up recording a stunning 110-run victory over the Europeans. The Hindus boasted [[Palwankar Baloo]], who is regarded as India's first great [[spin bowling|spin bowler]], and perhaps the first person from the | While the Europeans and Parsis were regularly playing against each other, the Hindu Gymkhana had been amassing its own quality players. In 1906, the [[Hindus cricket team|Hindus]] challenged the Parsis to a match, but the [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal]] differences between the clubs led the Parsis to decline. The Bombay Gymkhana stepped in and accepted the challenge, leading to the first Europeans versus Hindus match, played that February. The Hindu side ended up recording a stunning 110-run victory over the Europeans. The Hindus boasted [[Palwankar Baloo]], who is regarded as India's first great [[spin bowling|spin bowler]], and perhaps the first person from the [[Chamar]] caste<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kidambi |first=Prashant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50KjDwAAQBAJ&dq=baloo+palwankar+was+a+chamar&pg=PA149 |title=Cricket Country: An Indian Odyssey in the Age of Empire |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-884313-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajan |first=Vithal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkl_W_aNu4YC&dq=baloo+palwankar+was+a+chamar&pg=PT128 |title=Holmes of the Raj |date=2011-12-12 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=978-81-8400-250-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=Dilip M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxDB5GBCpNEC&dq=baloo+palwankar+was+a+chamar&pg=PR16 |title=Cultural History of Modern India |date=2006 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-81-87358-25-1 |language=en}}</ref> to make an impact in an Indian sporting arena. He was not allowed the captaincy of the team because of his caste,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhrubo Jyoti |first1= |title=India's first Dalit cricketer Palwankar Baloo fought against caste barriers on the field and off it |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/india-s-first-dalit-cricketer-palwankar-baloo-fought-against-caste-barriers-on-the-field-and-off-it/story-Cz10GUgvkQoLI4b7fhNVEO.html |access-date=9 October 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=16 September 2018}}</ref> but his younger brother [[Palwankar Vithal]], a batsman, would go on to captain the Hindus in 1923, following a campaign to accord recognition to the Palwankar brothers in the wake of the anti-casteism advocated during the [[Indian Independence Movement]]. | ||
The next year, 1907, saw the first Triangular tournament featuring teams from the Bombay and Hindu Gymkhanas as well as the Zoroastrian Cricket Club. From 1907 to 1911 the tournament was played in September, with the Parsis winning three times and the Europeans twice. | The next year, 1907, saw the first Triangular tournament featuring teams from the Bombay and Hindu Gymkhanas as well as the Zoroastrian Cricket Club. From 1907 to 1911 the tournament was played in September, with the Parsis winning three times and the Europeans twice. | ||
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In 1912, the [[Muslims]] of the Mohammedan Gymkhana were invited to the now famous Bombay tournament, making it a Quadrangular. The tournament was held throughout [[World War I]], but poor weather at the end of the [[monsoon]] season rained out four of the six finals played up until 1916. In 1917, the Quadrangular was moved to November/December to avoid such problems. Another change for the 1917 tournament was the use of neutral [[umpire (cricket)|umpire]]s for the first time. Up to this season, a European umpire appointed by the Bombay Gymkhana had always officiated, but from now on the umpires for any match would be supplied by the non-competing teams. This was one of the first uses of neutral umpires in world cricket. | In 1912, the [[Muslims]] of the Mohammedan Gymkhana were invited to the now famous Bombay tournament, making it a Quadrangular. The tournament was held throughout [[World War I]], but poor weather at the end of the [[monsoon]] season rained out four of the six finals played up until 1916. In 1917, the Quadrangular was moved to November/December to avoid such problems. Another change for the 1917 tournament was the use of neutral [[umpire (cricket)|umpire]]s for the first time. Up to this season, a European umpire appointed by the Bombay Gymkhana had always officiated, but from now on the umpires for any match would be supplied by the non-competing teams. This was one of the first uses of neutral umpires in world cricket. | ||
The Quadrangular became more popular than its predecessor, and for many years formed the highlight of the Bombay year. This was against the | The Quadrangular became more popular than its predecessor, and for many years formed the highlight of the Bombay year. This was against the backdrop of [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mohandas K. Gandhi]]'s campaigns for the [[Indian Home Rule movement|Indian home rule]]. Gandhi and his followers were critical of the Quadrangular, seeing the tournament as having the effect of quelling opposition to [[British Raj|British colonial rule]] by ensuring continued support toward Britain's presence and cultural influence on the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Gandhi, who had himself played cricket as a schoolboy, was not against having a cricket tournament, but was opposed to having teams formed on the basis of their religion. In 1940 he is known to have asked the "sporting public of Bombay to revise their sporting code and to erase from it communal matches."<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/09/30/stories/0730028p.htm | work = The Hindu | author = Ramachandra Guha | title = Gandhi and cricket | date = 30 September 2001 | access-date = 25 October 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061011044955/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/09/30/stories/0730028p.htm | archive-date = 11 October 2006 | url-status = usurped }}</ref> | ||
The 1921 tournament attracted particular attention, as [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|the Prince of Wales]] visited Bombay during it. His arrival sparked three days of political rioting in Bombay, but did not disrupt the tournament. After the riots had ended, he attended the first day of the final, accepting cheers from a pro-European crowd, who eventually witnessed the Parsis prevail over the Bombay Gymkhana. | The 1921 tournament attracted particular attention, as [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|the Prince of Wales]] visited Bombay during it. His arrival sparked three days of political rioting in Bombay, but did not disrupt the tournament. After the riots had ended, he attended the first day of the final, accepting cheers from a pro-European crowd, who eventually witnessed the Parsis prevail over the Bombay Gymkhana. | ||
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* 1897-98 – [[Parsees cricket team|Parsees]] | * 1897-98 – [[Parsees cricket team|Parsees]] | ||
* 1898-99 – [[Europeans cricket team|Europeans]] | * 1898-99 – [[Europeans cricket team|Europeans]] | ||
* 1899- | * 1899-1900 – [[Europeans cricket team|Europeans]] shared with [[Parsees cricket team|Parsees]] | ||
* 1900-01 – [[Parsees cricket team|Parsees]] | * 1900-01 – [[Parsees cricket team|Parsees]] | ||
* 1901-02 – [[Europeans cricket team|Europeans]] shared with [[Parsees cricket team|Parsees]] | * 1901-02 – [[Europeans cricket team|Europeans]] shared with [[Parsees cricket team|Parsees]] | ||
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* [[Vasant Raiji]], ''India's Hambledon Men'', [[Tyeby Press]], 1986 | * [[Vasant Raiji]], ''India's Hambledon Men'', [[Tyeby Press]], 1986 | ||
* [[Mihir Bose]], ''A History of Indian Cricket'', [[Andre Deutsch]], 1990 | * [[Mihir Bose]], ''A History of Indian Cricket'', [[Andre Deutsch]], 1990 | ||
* [[Ramachandra Guha]] | * {{cite book|author=[[Ramachandra Guha|Guha, Ramachandra]]|title=A Corner of a Foreign Field – An Indian History of a British Sport|publisher=[[Picador (imprint)|Picador]]|date=September 2014|url=https://penguin.co.in/book/a-corner-of-a-foreign-field/|isbn=9780143427681|pages=568|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929171136/https://penguin.co.in/book/a-corner-of-a-foreign-field/}} | ||
[[Category:Indian domestic cricket competitions]] | [[Category:Indian domestic cricket competitions]] | ||