Musa Khan (general): Difference between revisions

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Lefjag moved page Musa Khan (general) to Muhammad Musa (general): His official name was "Muhammad Musa"; see Pakistan Army's official website https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/ex-coas
 
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{{short description|4th C-in-C of the Pakistan Army}}
#REDIRECT [[Muhammad Musa (general)]]
{{distinguish|Musakhan}}
 
{{other uses|Musa Khan (disambiguation)}}
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{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific_prefix    = [[General (Pakistan)|General]]
| name                = Muhammad Musa Khan
| office              =
| order2              = 10th [[Governor of Balochistan, Pakistan|Governor of Balochistan]]
| honorific-prefix    = '''[[General (Pakistan)|General]]'''
| honorific-suffix    = [[File:Hilal-e-Jurat Medal.png|50px]] <br />  <b>[[Hilal-e-Jurat]]</b><br />{{small|[[Hilal-e-Pakistan|HPk]]&ensp;&ensp;[[Hilal-i-Jurat|HJ]]&ensp;&ensp;[[Civil decorations of Pakistan|HQA]]&ensp;&ensp;[[Member of the Order of the British Empire|MBE]]}}
| native_name        = {{Nastaliq|محمد موسی خان}}
| native_name_lang    = ur
| image              = File:General Musa addressing Pakistani troops.jpg
| alt                =
| smallimage          = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.-->
| caption            = General Musa addressing Pakistani troops at forward area, {{Circa|1965}}
| predecessor2        = [[Sardar Gul Mohammad Khan Jogezai|Gul Jogezai]]
| president2          = [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]<br />[[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]]
| primeminister2      = [[Muhammad Khan Junejo|Muhammad Junejo]]<br />[[Benazir Bhutto]]<br />[[Nawaz Sharif]]
| successor2          = [[Lieutenant General]] [[Khushdil Khan Afridi|K. K. Afridi]]
| order1              = 4th [[Governor of West Pakistan]]
| predecessor1        = [[Amir Mohammad Khan|Amir Mohammad]]
| president1          = [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]]
| party              = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br />[[Pakistan Muslim League]] {{small|(1985–91)}}
| prior_term          =
| successor1          = [[Yusuf Haroon]]
| birth_name          = Muhammad Musa Khan
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|df=yes|1908|10|20}}
| birth_place        = [[Quetta]], [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioners Province)|Baluchistan]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1991|03|12|1908|10|20}}
| death_place        = [[Quetta]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], Pakistan
| resting_place      = [[Mashhad]]
| nationality        = {{unbulletedlist|[[British Raj|British Indian]] {{small|(1908–1947)}}|Pakistani {{small|(1947–1991)}}}}
| otherparty          = <!--For additional political affiliations-->
| spouse              =
| partner            = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married-->
| relations          =
| children            = 5
| parents            = <!-- overrides mother and father parameters -->
| residence          =
| alma_mater          = {{unbulletedlist|[[Indian Military Academy]]|[[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]]|[[Imperial Defence College]]}}
| occupation          = [[Officer (armed forces)|Military officer]]<br/>[[Politics of Pakistan|Politician]]
| profession          =
| cabinet            =
| committees          =
| portfolio          =
| website            = <!-- Military service -->
| allegiance          = {{unbulletedlist|{{flag|British India}}|{{flag|Pakistan}}}}
| branch              = {{unbulletedlist|{{army|British India}} {{small|([[Partition of India|until 1947]])}}|{{army|Pakistan}}}}
| serviceyears        = 1926–1966
| rank                = [[File:OF-9 Pakistan Army.svg|25px]] [[File:US-O10 insignia.svg|45px]] [[General]]
| unit                = {{flagicon image|Ensign of the Royal Indian Army Service Corps.svg}} [[4th Hazara Pioneers]]<br/>[[Frontier Force Regiment]]
| commands            = {{unbulletedlist|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Structure of the Pakistan Army#Operational structure|14th Infantry Division]]|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Structure of the Pakistan Army#Operational structure|8th Infantry Division]]}}| [[Commandant]] [[Border Guards Bangladesh|East Pakistan Rifles]]
| battles            = * [[World War II]]
** [[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)|Waziristan campaign]]
** [[Burma Campaign 1944–1945|Burma campaign]]
** [[North African Campaign]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]]
*[[Bajaur Campaign|Afghanistan-Pakistan Conflict 1961]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
| pronunciation      =
| image_size          = 230px
| term_start2        = 17 December 1985
| term_end2          = 12 March 1991
| term_start1        = 18 September 1966
| term_end1          = 20 March 1969
| order              = 4th [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan Army)|Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]]
| term_start          = 27 October 1958
| term_end            = 17 September 1966
| predecessor        = [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]]
| successor          = [[Yahya Khan]]
|president            = [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]]
| order3              = [[Pakistan Hockey Federation#President|President]] of the [[Pakistan Hockey Federation]]
| term_start3        = 1960
| term_end3          = 1966
| predecessor3        = Naseer Ahmad
| successor3          = [[Nur Khan]]
| height              = <!-- "X cm", "X m"  or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) -->
| mother              = <!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) -->
| father              = [[Yazdan Khan]]
| relatives          =
| education          =
| mawards            = [[File:Hilal-e-Pakistan (1957-86).png|50px]] {{small|[[Hilal-e-Pakistan]]}}<br>[[File:Hilal-e-Jurat.png|50px]] {{small|[[Hilal-i-Jurat|Hilal-e-Jurat]]}}<br>[[File:Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam (1957-76).png|50px]] {{small|[[Civil decorations of Pakistan|Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]}}<br>[[File:Order of the British Empire (Military).png|50px]] {{small|[[Order of the British Empire|Order of British Empire]]}}
| military_data5      = <!--Embedded templates / Footnotes-->
}}
}}
[[General (Pakistan)|General]] '''Muhammad Musa Khan {{post-nominals|country=GB, PK|list=[[Hilal-e-Pakistan|HPk]] [[Hilal-i-Jurat|HJ]] [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|HQA]] [[Member of the Order of the British Empire|MBE]]}}''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|محمد موسی خان}}}}; {{nowrap|20 October 1908 – 12 March 1991}}) was a [[Pakistan Army]] senior general who served as the 4th [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan)|Commander-in-Chief]] of [[Pakistan Army]] from 1958 to 1966, under President [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]]. Following his tenure as C-in-C of the Army, he later became a politician.
Gaining [[Officer (armed forces)|commission]] as a [[Second lieutenant]] in the [[British Indian Army]], Khan served with distinction in the [[Burma campaign|Burma]] and [[North African campaign]]s as part of the [[Allies of World War II|Allied effort]] in [[World War II]]. Following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, he opted for the [[Dominion of Pakistan]], subsequently transferring his military service to the newly created Pakistan Army. He led forward [[Brigade|combat brigades]] against [[Dominion of India|India]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|First Kashmir War]] in 1947–1948, and eventually ascended the ranks to become C-in-C after the [[Pakistan Army]] imposed [[martial law]] in the country following the [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|1958 coup d'état]]. Khan gained notability and public fame throughout [[Pakistan]] when he was in command of the Pakistan Army during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Second Kashmir War]] with India in 1965.
Khan retired shortly after the 1965 war and embarked on a career in [[Politics of Pakistan|national politics]], after which he was appointed to serve as the [[Governor of West Pakistan]], a position he held from 1966 to 1969. In 1985, he was appointed as the [[Governor of Balochistan, Pakistan|Governor of Balochistan]] and remained in office until his death in 1991.
== Early life and military career ==
Musa Khan was born on 20 October 1908 in [[Quetta]], [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioners Province)|Baluchistan]], [[British Indian Empire|British India]] to an ethnic [[Hazara people|Hazara]] family.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network">{{cite web|last1=Staff writer|title=Dignitaries buried in the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza (A.S.)|url=http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=10847|website=imamreza.net|publisher=Imam Reza (A.S.) Network|access-date=17 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810210118/http://imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=10847|archive-date=10 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last1=Abbas|first1=Hassan|title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror|date=26 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317463283|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHKsBwAAQBAJ&q=musa+khan+Ayub&pg=PA35|access-date=17 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> His family was ''[[Sardar]]'' (lit. Chief) of Hazara tribe and was the eldest son of [[Sardar]] [[Yazdan Khan]] who was the local [[Tribal chief]].<ref name="Hazara The Best">{{cite web|last1=Hazara The Best|title=Great General Mussa Khan|url=http://hazarathebest.weebly.com/great-general-mussa-khan.html|website=Hazara The Best|publisher=Hazara The Best|access-date=17 October 2022}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=August 2022}}
[[File:General Musa, Circa 1935 in a British Uniform.jpg|thumb|left|Khan while in the [[British Indian Army]], {{circa}} 1935]]
After his schooling, he was recruited to the [[British Indian Army]] as a [[Sepoy|''Jawan'']] in 1926 and eventually joined the [[4th Hazara Pioneers]] after being promoted as the [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]{{snd}} a [[non-commissioned officer]] in the [[British Indian Army]].<ref name="Rahimullah Yusufzai">{{cite news|title=The first priority is security|url=http://jang.com.pk/|access-date=27 August 2013|newspaper=The News|date=20 January 2013|author=Rahimullah Yusufzai}}</ref> He was selected to join the [[Indian Military Academy]] at [[Dehradun|Dehra Dun]] as a cadet in October 1932.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> In 1935, he was commissioned from the [[Indian Military Academy|IMA, Dehradun]] following a two years and six months long military training.<ref name="Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR)">{{cite web|last1=ISPR|title=General Muhammad Musa|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=146|website=pakistanarmy.gov.pk|publisher=Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR)|access-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107171601/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=146|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was said to be an excellent sportsman and played [[Field hockey|hockey]].<ref name="Routledge"/>
In 1936, he was posted to the 6th Royal Battalion of the [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]] as a [[Platoon Commander]] and saw actions in the violent [[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)|Waziristan campaign]] in 1936 until 1938.<ref name="Hazara The Best" /> He participated well in the [[World War II]] on the side of the United Kingdom and served well in the [[Burma Campaign]] and [[North African Campaign|North African theatre]] as part of the [[Royal Norfolk Regiment|Norfolk Regiment]] of the British Indian Army.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> In Middle East, he led the [[Company (military unit)|company]] and was listed in [[mentioned in despatches]] for "distinguished services in the Middle East during the period February to July 1941" and in the [[London Gazette]] 30 December 1941 as a Lieutenant and acting Major.{{Explain|date=August 2022}}<ref name="Hazara The Best" />
In 1942, his heroic action for valor won him the praise and was appointed as [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) for "gallant and distinguished services in the Middle East."<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> In 1945, he was promoted as substantive [[Captain (land)|captain]] and substantive major in 1946 and was serving with the Machine Gun battalion, [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]] by October 1942.<ref>October 1942 MS Army List</ref>
During his time at the Indian Military Academy, Musa was selected as part of the first batch of cadets. Called "The Pioneers", his class also produced [[Smith Dun]] and [[Sam Manekshaw]], future army chiefs of Burma and India, respectively.
After the [[Partition of India|partition]] of [[British Indian Empire|British India]] that followed the [[Independence of Pakistan|establishment]] of Pakistan in 1947, he [[Pakistani citizenship|opted]] for [[Pakistan]] and joined the [[Pakistan Army]] as a [[staff officer]].<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> In 1947 in the acting rank of [[Brigadier]], he commanded the [[Structure of the Pakistan Army|103rd Infantry Brigade]] based in [[Sialkot]] brigade in [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir|Kashmir]] and served as commander of military units in the [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1947|first war]] with India.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> In 1948, he went on to command the 52nd Infantry Brigade positioned in Quetta.<ref name="Army Museum"/>
After the war in 1948, Musa studied and graduated from the [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]] in [[Quetta]] and proceeded to attend the [[Imperial Defence College]] in United Kingdom prior to his graduation.<ref name="Army Museum">{{cite web|last1=Army Museum|title=GENERAL MUHAMMAD MUSA|url=http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/general-muhammad-musa/|website=pakarmymuseum.com|publisher=Army Museum|access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>
== Later military career ==
In 1950s, Musa Khan's commanding assignments included his role as the Commandant of the [[East Pakistan Rifles]], and also having served as GOC of 14th Infantry Division in [[Dhaka]], [[East Pakistan]], in 1951.<ref name="Hazara The Best" /><ref name="Army Museum" /> In 1952, his last field assignment included his role as [[General Officer Commanding]] (GOC) of 8th Infantry Division positioned in [[Quetta]] before stationed at the GHQ.<ref name="Army Museum" /> Later, he soon became the Chief of Staff of the Pakistan Army{{cn|date=November 2022}} (then the [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army|commander-in-chief of the army]]'s deputy) in the rank of major-general at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]].<ref name="Army Museum" /> His career progressed well in the [[Pakistan Army|army]] and was ascended as [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan Army)|Commander-in-Chief]] by President [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]] in 1958 when the latter disposed President [[Iskander Mirza]] who [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|imposed martial law]] in 1958.<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing, Inc." /> Musa's promotion to the [[Four star rank|four-star]] appointment came with controversy in the country as many saw that his appointment was based on "dependability rather than merit."<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.">{{cite book|last1=Cloughley|first1=Brian|title=A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections|date=5 January 2016|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.|isbn=9781631440397|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JE1kCwAAQBAJ&q=musa+khan+Ayub&pg=PT70|access-date=17 October 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>Brig A.R. Siddiqui. [http://www.dawn.com/2004/04/25/fea.htm#2 "Army's top slot: the seniority factor"] ''Dawn'', 25 April 2004</ref>
In October 1958, Musa Khan was elevated as [[Three-star rank|three-star]] general and appointed as [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan Army)|Commander in Chief]] with [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]] promoting himself as [[Field Marshal]] and promoting Musa to four star general later.<ref name="Harvard University Press"/> President Ayub delegated the military affairs to General Musa Khan when heading the civic government.{{rp|152}}<ref name="Harvard University Press">{{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Aqil|title=The Army and Democracy|date=21 April 2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674419773|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShihAwAAQBAJ&q=general+muhammad+musa&pg=PA152|access-date=17 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> In 1960, he was appointed to serve as the President of the [[Pakistan Hockey Federation]] which he remained in the post until being retired in 1966.<ref name="Pakistan Hockey Federation">{{cite web|last1=PHF|title=Pakistan Hockey Federation|url=http://www.pakistanhockeyfederation.com/history|website=Pakistan Hockey Federation|publisher=Pakistan Hockey Federation|access-date=18 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019081108/http://www.pakistanhockeyfederation.com/history|archive-date=19 October 2022}}</ref> It was during his stint as president when the [[Pakistan Hockey Team|Hockey Team]] won its first [[Gold Medal]] against the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian Hockey Team]] in the [[Field hockey at the 1960 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] in Rome in 1960.{{rp|146}}<ref name="ABC Publishing House">{{cite book|last1=Musa|first1=Mohammed|title=Jawan to General: Recollections of a Pakistani Soldier|date=1985|publisher=ABC Publishing House|pages=240|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orgfAAAAMAAJ&q=general+musa+hockey+federation|access-date=18 October 2016|language=en}}</ref>
== Bajaur Campaign ==
{{Main|Bajaur Campaign}}
[[File:General Musa Khan Inspecting Afghan Soldiers.jpg|thumb|General Musa khan Inspecting captured afghan soldiers]]
In September 1960, [[Afghan army|Afghan Regular Troops]] disguised as local tribesmen started border incursions into the [[North-West Frontier Province|NWFP]] (now [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) province of Pakistan with the goal of starting a local rebellion to capture the [[pashtunistan|Pashtun Inhabited Territory]], under General Musa's leadership, Pakistani troops and Local Pashtun tribesmen along with Pakistan Airforce support pushed back the Afghans in 1961 and captured many Afghan soldiers.
== The 1965 War ==
In 1964, he became aware of [[Operation Gibraltar|covert operation]] studied by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Foreign ministry]] led by Foreign Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], and presented views against the operation due to no linkage between the covert actions and the [[Operation Grand Slam|conventional backup]].<ref name="Dawn, Haider">{{cite news|last1=Haider|first1=Retired Air Commodore Sajjad|title=Straight shooting on the 1965 war|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1204925|access-date=19 October 2016|publisher=Dawn, Haider|date=6 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Routledge, Gates">{{cite book|last1=Gates|first1=Scott|last2=Roy|first2=Kaushik|title=Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency|date=17 February 2016|publisher=Routledge, Gates|isbn=9781317005407|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMSXCwAAQBAJ&q=1965+war+musa+khan&pg=PT121|access-date=19 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> General Musa Khan also had the support from [[President of Pakistan|President]] Ayub Khan on his views; however, the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|war began]] in 1965.<ref name="Routledge, Gates"/> General Musa Khan did not order the [[Pakistan Army]] without the confirmation by President Ayub Khan despite Foreign Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Bhutto's]] urging.{{rp|182–183}}<ref name="Nation Books, Hiro">{{cite book|last1=Hiro|first1=Dilip|title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan|date=24 February 2015|publisher=Nation Books, Hiro|isbn=9781568585031|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&q=general++musa+khan&pg=PA183|access-date=19 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> After the [[Indian Army]] moved to the [[Rann of Kutch]], General Musa Khan ordered [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] to respond to the Indian Army by moving the 12th Division.{{rp|183}}<ref name="Nation Books, Hiro"/> After reviewing the aerial view of the area and getting directions from President Ayub to make way for Maj General [[Yahya Khan]], General Musa controversially relieved [[General Officer Commanding|GOC]] Maj Gen [[Akhtar Hussain Malik]] and handed over the command of the 12th Division to Major-General [[Yahya Khan]], which resulted in critical time delays of troop movements and eventual failure of the operation.{{rp|25–27}}<ref name="AuthorHouse, Baig">{{cite book|last1=Baig|first1=Muhammad Anwar; Ebad|title=Pakistan: Time for Change|date=20 December 2012|publisher=AuthorHouse, Baig|isbn=9781477250310|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_A5-RABah4C&q=general++musa+khan+yahya&pg=PA24|access-date=19 October 2016|language=en}}</ref>
About the failure due to command change, General Musa Khan justified his actions that he had not had time to select a commander or staff despite the authority given to him.<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing, Inc." /> He led and commanded the [[Pakistan Army]] in the largest [[Battle of Chawinda|tank battle]], which earned him public fame.<ref name="CrimsonChinar">{{cite book|last1=VSM|first1=Brig Amar Cheema|title=The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective|date=31 March 2015|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=9788170623014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc25BwAAQBAJ&q=general++musa+khan+chawinda&pg=PA245|access-date=19 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> His strategy based on classical [[Trench warfare|trench method]] supported by [[Armoured warfare|armory]], [[artillery]] and [[airpower]] was tactically powerful and successful as it stopped the advancing [[Indian Army]] but politically unsuccessful due to the country being party of the [[Tashkent Agreement|peace treaty]] brokered by the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] in 1965.<ref name="CrimsonChinar"/>
General Musa's military service is unique due to the fact that he had received two extension as a [[Commander-in-chief]] from the period of 1958 until 1966.<ref name="Taylor & Francis">{{cite book|last1=Wiarda|first1=Howard J.|title=Comparative Politics: The politics of Asia|year=2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780415330954|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WXkDtR3vCecC&q=general+musa+extension&pg=PA307|access-date=20 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> Upon his retirement, General Musa did not recommend Yahya Khan's nomination as [[Commander-in-chief]] and [[Yahya Khan|Yahya's]] name was not included in the list of nomination sent to President Ayub Khan; nonetheless, General Musa was succeeded by General Yahya Khan as Commander in Chief.{{rp|725}}
About the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|war with India]] in 1965, General Musa provided his views and testimonies in two books written on [[Pakistani military history|military history]] of Pakistan Army: first being the "My Version" and the second being the "[[Soldier|Jawan]] to [[Four-star rank|General]]".
== Politics ==
{{Main|Pakistan Muslim League|Politics of Pakistan}}
At the time of his retirement in 1966, General Musa Khan was a famed and popular military figure which led President Ayub Khan to appoint him as the [[Governor of West Pakistan]].{{rp|50–51}}<ref name="Milfac">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh|title=The Military Factor in Pakistan|year=2008|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=9780981537894|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&q=popular+musa+west+pakistan+governor&pg=PA50|access-date=20 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> News of the appointment was met with enthusiasm by the [[West Pakistanis|West Pakistani]] people.{{rp|50}}<ref name="Milfac"/> In 1967, he became Governor of West Pakistan until submitting his resignation on 2 March 1969 when General Yahya Khan imposed [[Martial law in Pakistan|martial law]] to takeover the [[Pakistani presidency|presidency]].{{rp|136}}<ref name="Harvard University Press, Jalal">{{cite book|last1=Jalal|first1=Ayesha|title=The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics|date=16 September 2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674744998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87VnBAAAQBAJ&q=general+musa+west+pakistan+governor+popular&pg=PA136|access-date=20 October 2016|language=en}}</ref>
From 1969 to 1984, he settled in [[Karachi]] while receiving a [[Pensions in Pakistan|military pension]].<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network"/> In 1985, he became active in [[Politics of Pakistan|national politics]] on a [[Pakistan Muslim League]] platform led by Prime Minister [[Mohammad Khan Junejo|M. K. Junejo]].<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network"/> He was appointed as [[Governor of Balochistan, Pakistan|Governor of Balochistan]] by the President [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] after the [[1985 Pakistani general election|general elections]] held in 1985.<ref>name="Hazara The Best"</ref> After the [[1988 Pakistani general election|general elections]] held in 1988, Governor Musa Khan controversially dissolved the [[Provincial Assembly of Balochistan|provincial assembly]] on the then-Chief Minister [[Zafarullah Khan Jamali]]'s advice.{{rp|xxxiv}}<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Burki">{{cite book|last1=Burki|first1=Shahid Javed|title=Historical Dictionary of Pakistan|date=19 March 2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442241480|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&q=general+musa+dissolved&pg=PR34|access-date=20 October 2016|language=en}}</ref>
However, the [[Balochistan High Court]] restored the [[Provincial Assembly of Balochistan|provincial assembly]] amid public condemnation of the Governor's move.{{rp|xxxiv}}<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Burki"/> The step towards dissolving the assembly was believed to have been taken with the consent of the [[President of Pakistan|President]] and [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]].{{rp|xxxiv}}<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Burki"/>
On 12 March 1991, General Musa Khan died while in office and per accordance to his wishes, he was buried in [[Mashhad]], [[Razavi Khorasan Province|Razavi Khorasan]], Iran.<ref name="Hazara The Best" /> In his honour, the provincial [[Government of Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan government]] established a vocational school, the General Muhammad Musa Inter-College (GMMIC), in [[Quetta]], Pakistan in 1987.<ref name="Musa College">{{cite web|last1=Hussaini|first1=Ali Aosat|title=About College|url=http://musacollege.com/aboutcollege.html|website=musacollege.com|publisher=Musa College|access-date=20 October 2022}}</ref>
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== Post-1965 war ==
{{more citations needed|date=March 2022}}
About the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|war with India]] in 1965, General Musa provided his views and testimonies in two books written on [[Pakistani military history|military history]] of Pakistan Army: the first being ''My Version'' and the second being ''[[Soldier|Jawan]] to [[Four-star rank|General]]''. General Mohammad Musa, who commanded the Army in the '65 war, gave his account of how the events unfolded at GHQ, the C-in-C and the Supreme Commander Field Marshal Ayub Khan surprising India on 6 September 1965 in ''My Version''{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}.
== Awards and Decorations ==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Pakistan (1957-86).png|width=130}}  {{ribbon devices|ribbon=Hilal-e-Jurat.png|width=130}}  {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam (1957-76).png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War Ribbon.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=War Medal 1965(Tamgha-e-Jang, A.H.1385).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=Pakistan Independence Medal 1947.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Republic Medal 1956 (Pakistan).png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of the British Empire (Military).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Indian Distinguished Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=India General Service Medal (1936).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=1939–1945 Star.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Africa Star 1945.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal & MiD.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon India Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=QE II Coronation Medal 1953.png|width=130}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|'''[[Hilal-e-Pakistan]]'''
''(Crescent of Pakistan)''
''(HPk)''
| colspan="2" |'''[[Hilal-i-Jurat|Hilal-e-Jurat]]'''
''(Crescent of Courage)''
'''[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 War]]'''
|'''[[Civil decorations of Pakistan|Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]'''
''(HQA)''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War]]'''
''(War Star 1965)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1965)''
|'''[[Pakistan Medal|Pakistan Tamgha]]'''
''([[Pakistan Medal]])''
'''1947'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Jamhuria]]'''
''(Republic Commemoration Medal)''
'''1956'''
|-
|'''[[Order of the British Empire|Member of the]]'''
'''[[Order of the British Empire|British Empire]]'''
'''[[Order of the British Empire|(MBE)]]'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7386198 |title=Recommendation for Award for Mohammad Musa Rank: Acting Major Regiment: 6... |date=1941–1944}}</ref>
|'''[[Indian Distinguished Service Medal|Indian Distinguished]]'''
'''[[Indian Distinguished Service Medal|Service Medal]]'''
|'''[[India General Service Medal (1936)|India General Service Medal]]'''
'''[[India General Service Medal (1936)|(1936)]]'''
'''[[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)|North West Frontier 1937–39]] Clasp'''
|'''[[1939-1945 Star]]'''
|-
|'''[[Africa Star]]'''
|'''[[War Medal 1939-1945]]'''
''(with [[Mentioned in dispatches|MiD]] oak leaf)''
|'''[[India Service Medal]]'''
[[India Service Medal|'''1939–1945''']]
|'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal|Queen Elizabeth II]]'''
'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal|Coronation Medal]]'''
'''(1953)'''
|}
=== Foreign Decorations ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" style="background:#006400; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" |'''Foreign Awards'''
|-
! rowspan="8" |'''{{flag|UK}}'''
|'''[[Order of the British Empire|Member of the British Empire (MBE)]]'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7386198 |title=Recommendation for Award for Mohammad Musa Rank: Acting Major Regiment: 6... |date=1941–1944}}</ref>
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of the British Empire (Military).png|width=130}}
|-
|'''[[Indian Distinguished Service Medal]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Indian Distinguished Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|-
|'''[[India General Service Medal (1936)]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=India General Service Medal (1936).png|width=130}}
|-
|'''[[1939-1945 Star]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=1939–1945 Star.png|width=130}}
|-
|'''[[Africa Star]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Africa Star 1945.png|width=130}}
|-
|'''[[War Medal 1939-1945]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal & MiD.png|width=130}}
|-
|'''[[India Service Medal|India Service Medal 1939–1945]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon India Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|-
|'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=QE II Coronation Medal 1953.png|width=130}}
|}
== See also ==
* [[List of Hazara people]]
* [[List of people from Quetta]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171107171601/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=146 Official profile at Pakistan Army website]
{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box | title=[[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army|Commander-in-Chief, Pakistan Army]]| before=[[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]]| after=[[Yahya Khan]]|years=1958–1966}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{succession box | title=President of the [[Pakistan Hockey Federation]] | before= Naseer Ahmed| after=[[Nur Khan]]|years=1960–1966}}
{{succession box | title=Governor of [[West Pakistan]]| before=[[Amir Mohammad Khan]]<br />''Nawab of [[Kalabagh]]''| after=[[Yusuf Haroon]]|years=1966–1969}}
{{succession box | title=[[Governor of Balochistan]]| before=Khushdil Khan Afridi| after=[[Hazar Khan Khoso]]|years=1985–1991}}
{{s-end}}
{{Commons category|Muhammad Musa Khan Hazara}}
{{Pakistan Army Staff Chief}}
{{Governor of Balochistan}}
{{Hazara nationalism}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Musa, Muhammad}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Hazara descent]]
[[Category:People from Quetta]]
[[Category:People from Karachi]]
[[Category:Hazara people]]
[[Category:Hazara politicians]]
[[Category:Hazara military personnel]]
[[Category:Indian Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Frontier Force Regiment officers]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal College of Defence Studies]]
[[Category:Pakistani generals]]
[[Category:Commanders-in-Chief, Pakistan Army]]
[[Category:Military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
[[Category:Pakistani autobiographers]]
[[Category:Pakistani memoirists]]
[[Category:Pakistan Hockey Federation presidents]]
[[Category:Governors of West Pakistan]]
[[Category:Governors of Balochistan, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Jur'at]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Pakistani sports executives and administrators]]
[[Category:Generals of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
[[Category:20th-century memoirists]]
[[Category:Burials in Mashhad]]
[[Category:Burials at Imam Reza Shrine]]
[[Category:Indian Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Pakistan Command and Staff College alumni]]

Latest revision as of 14:42, 1 February 2023

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