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| {{italic title}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Mahabhashya]] |
| The '''''{{IAST|Mahābhāṣya}}''''' ({{lang-sa|महाभाष्य}}, {{IPA-sa|mɐɦaːbʱaːʂjɐ|IPA}}, "great commentary"), attributed to [[Patañjali]], is a commentary on selected rules of [[Sanskrit grammar]] from {{IAST|[[Pāṇini]]}}'s treatise, the [[Pāṇini#Ashtadhyayi|''Aṣṭādhyāyī'']], as well as [[Kātyāyana|Kātyāyana]]'s ''Vārttika-sūtra'', an elaboration of Pāṇini's grammar. It is dated to the 2nd century BCE.{{Sfn|Kahrs|1998|p=13}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title = Philosophical elements in Patañjali's Mahābhāṣya | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Indian philosophies | author = K. Kunjunni Raja |editor=Harold G. Coward |editor-link=Harold Coward |editor2=K. Kunjunni Raja | volume = 5 (''The Philosophy of the Grammarians'') | pages = 115 | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publ | isbn = 81-208-0426-0 | year = }}</ref>
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| == Overview ==
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| [[Patañjali]] is one of the three most famous Sanskrit grammarians of ancient India, other two being {{IAST|[[Pāṇini]]}} and [[Kātyāyana]] who preceded [[Patañjali]] (dated to c. 150 BCE). [[Kātyāyana]]'s work (nearly 1500 vārtikas on {{IAST|[[Pāṇini]]}}) is available only through references in [[Patañjali]]'s work.<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter M. Scharf|title=The Denotation of Generic Terms in Ancient Indian Philosophy: Grammar, Nyāya, and Mīmāṃsā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qh4LAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 |year=1996|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-0-87169-863-6|pages=1–2}}</ref>
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| It was with [[Patañjali]] that the Indian tradition of language scholarship reached its definite form. The system thus established is extremely detailed as to [[shiksha]] (phonology, including accent) and [[vyakarana]] (grammar and morphology). Syntax is scarcely touched, but [[nirukta]] (etymology) is discussed, and these etymologies naturally lead to [[semantics|semantic]] explanations. People interpret his work to be a defense of {{IAST|[[Pāṇini]]}}, whose Sutras are elaborated meaningfully. Patañjali also examines [[Kātyāyana]] rather severely. But the main contributions of [[Patañjali]] lies in the treatment of the principles of grammar enunciated by him.{{Sfn|Cardona|2019|p=267–268}}
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| [[Kātyāyana]] introduced semantic discourse into grammar, which was further elaborated by [[Patañjali]] to such an extent that ''{{IAST|Mahābhāṣya}}'' can be called a mix of grammar as such as well as a ''philosophy'' of grammar.{{Sfn|Cardona|1997|p=245}} ''Kāśika-vritti'' by Jayāditya and Vāmana (mentioned by Itsing) included viewpoints of other grammarians also which did not conform to [[Patañjali]]'s views.{{Sfn|Cardona|1997|p=280}}
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| ==Mentions and commentaries==
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| *[[Satyapriya Tirtha]] (c. 1701 - c. 1744), a peetadhipathi of [[Uttaradi Matha]] belonging to [[Dvaita|Dvaita school of Vedanta]] wrote a commentary on Mahābhāṣya named ''Mahābhāṣya Vivarana''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CEj6wRqeRAC&pg=PA359|title=The Philosophy of the Grammarians, Volume 5|author=Sibajiban Bhattacharyya|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|year=1970|page=359|isbn=9788120804265}}</ref>
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| *[[James R. Ballantyne]] (c. 1813 – c. 1864) published the first part of the {{IAST|Mahābhāṣya}} of Patañjali in 1856, for the first time opening native Indian grammatical tradition to a wider European scholarly audience.{{Sfn|Malkovsky|2001|p=23}}
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| == References ==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==Bibliography==
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| === Editions ===
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| *{{cite book|first=Kielhorn|last=Franz|year=1892-1909|title=The Vyākaraṇa-Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali|edition=2|place=Bombay|publisher=Government Central Book depot}}
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| === Secondary Literature ===
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| *{{cite book|first=George|last=Cardona|title=Pāṇini: A Survey of Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adWXhQ-yHQUC|year=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications |isbn=978-81-208-1494-3}}
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| *{{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fDA9HMjeRIgC|title=The Role of Divine Grace in the Soteriology of Śaṃkarācārya|first=Bradley J.|last=Malkovsky|publisher=BRILL|year=2001|isbn=9004120440}}
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| *{{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0_JQXYkG7IC|title=Indian Semantic Analysis: The Nirvacana Tradition|first=Eivind|last=Kahrs|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=9780521631884}}
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| == Further reading ==
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| * The ''{{IAST|Mahābhāṣya}}'' of Patañjali with annotation (Ahnikas I–IV), Translated by Surendranath Dasgupta, Published by Indian Council of Philosophical Research
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| * ''{{IAST|Mahābhāṣya}}'' of Patañjali (Śrīmadbhagavat-patañjali-muni-{{IAST|viracitaṃ Pātañjalaṃ Mahābhāṣyam) by Patañjali (in Sanskrit), Publisher: Vārāṇasī : Vāṇīvilāsa}} Prakāśana, 1987-1988., OCLC: 20995237
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| * [[Johannes Bronkhorst|Bronkhorst, Johannes]], 1992. Pāṇini's View of Meaning and its Western Counterpart. In, Maxim Stamenov (ed.) ''Current Advances in Semantic Theory''. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins. (455-64)
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| * Scharfe, Hartmut, 1977. ''Grammatical Literature''. Vol. V, Fasc. 2, History of Indian Literature, (ed.) Jan Gonda. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
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| * Staal, J.F. (ed.), 1985. A Reader on Sanskrit Grammarians. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://sa.wikibooks.org/wiki/व्याकरणमहाभाष्य ''vyaakaraN mahaabhaaShya''] in Devanagari.
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| * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080302022125/http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gret_csx.htm#PatMBhas ''vyaakaraN mahaabhaaShya''] in CSX at GRETIL.
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| * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070819034059/http://hin.osaka-gaidai.ac.jp/cardona/ ''VyaakaraN Mahaabhaashya''] in Roman transliteration
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Mahabhasya}}
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| [[Category:Vyakarana]]
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| [[Category:Sanskrit texts]]
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