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'''Dulla Bhatti''' or ''Dullah Bhatti'' real name '''Abdullah Bhatti''' (popularly referred to as the Son of Punjab' or 'Robin Hood of Punjab') (died 1599) was a famous [[Punjab]]i [[Folk hero]] and freedom fighter who led a revolt against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule during the rule of the emperor [[Akbar]].<ref name="Mirza">Dr S Tanveer Mirza, 'Dulla Bhatti, a true hero of the Punjab' in ''Punjab: A History'', Lahore, 1989, pp.108-128</ref>
{{Short description|Punjabi Folk Hero}}


==Career==
{{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2020}}
He belonged to the [[Bhatti]] [[Muslim]] [[Rajput]] tribe and was a ''zamindar'' or rural farmer.<ref name="Mirza" /> On becoming a young man, Dulla was angered to see the injustice of the Mughal rulers against local Punjabis, and he turned against them. He started [[guerilla warfare]] against the [[Mughal]] forces in the Punjab and was successful to some extent for 10 or 12 years.<ref name="Gaur">Gaur, ID 'Dullah Bhatti and the Punjabi resistance' 2006</ref> Later, however, he was defeated by the Mughal forces through the betrayal of some enemies<ref name="Mirza" /> and was imprisoned in [[Lahore Fort]], [[Lahore]]. He was later hanged there in 1599.<ref name="Mirza" />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{for|the 2016 Indian film|Dulla Bhatti (film)}}
{{Infobox person
| name            = Dulla Bhatti
| other_names    = Abdullah Bhatti
| image          = Dulla Bhatti (4067802963).jpg
| imagesize      =  
| alt            =
| caption        = Buried at [[Miani Sahib Graveyard|Miani Sahib Qabristan (Graveyard)]]
| known for      = Rebelling and fighting against the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]]'s centralised land revenue scheme (lagaan)
| birth_date      = mid-16th century <br> {{small|possibly 31 August 1569}}
| birth_place    = [[Pindi Bhattian]], [[Punjab]], [[Mughal Empire]] <br> {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])}}
| death_date      = 1599
| death_place    = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab]], [[Mughal Empire]] <br> {{small|(present-day Punjab, Pakistan)}}
}}


==Place in popular literature and culture==
'''Abdullah Bhatti''' (popularly referred to as the '''"Son of Punjab"''' or '''"Robin Hood of Punjab"''', sometimes spelled '''Dullah Bhatti''' and also known as '''Rai Abdullah Bhatti''') is a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[folk hero]] who supposedly came from the [[Punjab region]] of [[medieval India]] and led a revolt against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule during the reign of the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |title=Lohri legends: the tale of Abdullah Khan 'Dullah' Bhatti, the Punjabi who led a revolt against Akbar |url=http://scroll.in/article/801803/lohri-legends-the-tale-of-abdullah-khan-dullah-bhatti-the-punjabi-who-led-a-revolt-against-akbar |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> He is entirely absent from the recorded history of the time, and the only evidence of his existence comes from [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] folk songs.<ref name="SinghGaur2008">{{cite book|author1=Surinder Singh|author2=I. D. Gaur|title=Popular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC&pg=PA89|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1358-7|pages=89–90}}</ref>
* Bhatti still remains a big and popular hero for Punjabi people, and he is mostly remembered in the traditional Punjabi ''var'' (ballads or songs about heroes).<ref>Singh, H .'Medieval Punjabi Literature' 1997</ref>
* He is also remembered in the traditional ''dhadhi'' performances, like poems acted out, where actors show his many brave deeds.
* A number of books, stories (fiction) and plays (drama) have been written about his life and deeds, most famous of these is ''Takht Lahore'' a 1973 play or drama written by the [[Pakistan]]i writer [[Najam Hussain Syed]].
* A number of [[Urdu]] and Punjabi films have been made about him, including ''Dullah Bhatti'' (1956) by famed director [[Anwar Kamal Pasha]].


==References==
The deeds of Bhatti are recounted in [[folklore]] and took the form of [[social bandit]]ry. According to Ishwar Dayal Gaur, although he was "the trendsetter in peasant insurgency in medieval Punjab", he remains "on the periphery of Punjab's historiography".{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|pp=27, 37, 38|ps=}}<ref name=Dawn/>
{{reflist}}


== Early life ==
Abdullah Bhatti was a Punjabi [[Muslim Rajput]] whose father was a local zamindar.<ref name=JP>{{Cite book|first=Ishwar|last=Dayal|title=Martyr as Bridegroom: A Folk Representation of Bhagat Singh|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2008|pages=37|isbn=9788190583503|quote=a Muslim Rajput, Dulla Bhatti, the son of local zamindar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ4CWDeKSxUC&q=dulla+bhatti+rajput&pg=PA37|access-date=2021-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |title=Lohri legends: the tale of Abdullah Khan 'Dullah' Bhatti, the Punjabi who led a revolt against Akbar |url=http://scroll.in/article/801803/lohri-legends-the-tale-of-abdullah-khan-dullah-bhatti-the-punjabi-who-led-a-revolt-against-akbar |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Abdullah Bhatti lived at [[Pindi Bhattian]] in [[Punjab]],{{sfnp|Ahsan|1996|p=120|ps=}} and came from a family of hereditary local rural chiefs of the [[zamindar]] class. Both his father, Farid, and his grandfather, variously called Bijli or Sandal,{{efn|Surinder Singh's analysis of regional folklore names Bhatti's grandfather as Sandal and suggests the possibility, given the influence that he had in the region, that the area of [[Sandal Bar]] is named after him.{{sfnp|Singh|2008|p=106|ps=}}}}<ref name=Dawn/> were executed for opposing the new and centralised land revenue collection scheme imposed by the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]]. Dulla was born to Ladhi four months after the death of his father.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|pp=34, 37|ps=}}<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1112454 |author=Mushtaq Soofi|title=Punjab Notes: Bar: forgotten glory of Punjab |date=13 June 2014|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref>


{{bio-stub}}
Coincidentally, Akbar's son, Shaikhu (later known as [[Jahangir]]), was born on the same day. Advised by his courtiers that Shaikhu's future bravery and success would be ensured if the child was fed by a woman whose own son was born on same day (which happens to be Dhulla Bhatti), Akbar gave that responsibility to Ladhi despite her connection to a man who had rebelled against the Mughal throne. This decision appears to have its basis in [[realpolitik]]: Akbar perceived that Ladhi was resentful, that Bhatti might become the third generation of rebels and that Akbar's royal favour might offset this.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=35|ps=}}
 
A part of the royal patronage was that Bhatti attended school. Although, at that time, unaware of the fate of his ancestors, he refused to accept the strictures that were intended to mould him into a good citizen and objected to being a part of an establishment that was designed to produce elites. He left to engage instead in childish mischief-making.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=35|ps=}}
 
A chance remark led to Ladhi having to explain the fate of Farid and Bijli to her son. Gaur says that this caused his general anti-authoritarian, rebellious nature to "crystallise" with the Akbar regime as its target, although not as a means of revenge specifically for the deaths of his relatives but in the wider sense of the sacrifices made by rural people generally. Bhatti saw this, says Gaur, as a "peasant class war".{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|pp=35-36|ps=}}
 
== Banditry ==
Bhatti's class war took the form of social banditry, taking from the rich and giving to the poor.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=36|ps=}}{{efn|''Social bandit'' is a concept devised by [[Eric Hobsbawm]], defined as "peasant outlaws whom the lord and state regard as criminals, but who remain within peasant society, and are considered by their people as heroes, as champions."{{sfnp|Hobsbawm|2010|p=13}}}} Folklore gave him a legendary status for preventing girls from being abducted and sold as slaves. He arranged marriages for them and provided their [[dowry|dowries]].{{sfnp|Purewal|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AxzmEYM0g84C&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false 83]|ps=}}
[[File:Punjabi_Qissa_-_Dulla_Bhatti_(Cover).jpg|thumb|An edition of Punjab qissa Dulla Bhatti by Kishan Singh Arif]]
His efforts may have influenced Akbar's decision to pacify Guru Arjan Dev Ji, and through Dev's influence the people of [[Bari Doab]], by exempting the area from the requirement to provide land revenues.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=36|ps=}}
 
== Death ==
The end for Bhatti came in 1599 when he was hanged in Lahore. Akbar had hoped to make an example of him at the public execution, expecting that he would quake with fear, but Bhatti was steadfast in his resistance to the end. Shah Hussain, a contemporary [[Sufi]] poet who wrote of him, recorded his last words as being "No honourable son of Punjab will ever sell the soil of Punjab".{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=37|ps=}}{{sfnp|Ayres|2009|p=76|ps=}}
 
== Legacy ==
Only fragments of the ''[[vaar|vars]]'' (medieval poetry put to music) concerning Dulla Bhatti have survived to the present day{{sfnp|Singh|1997|p=448|ps=}} and ''[[Dhadi (music)|dhadi]]'' performances recounting his exploits have become less common.{{sfnp|Nijhawan|2004|p=267|ps=}}
 
The memory of Bhatti as a saviour of Punjabi girls is recalled at the annual [[Lohri]] celebrations in the region to this day, although those celebrations also incorporate many other symbolic strands.{{sfnp|Purewal|2010|p=83|ps=}}  The song "Sundri-Mundri" is sung during the celebrations and is a tribute to him.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=37|ps=}} Among the significant modern literature inspired by the life is ''Takht-e-Lahore'', a 1973 play written by [[Najam Hussein Syed]].{{sfnp|van Erven|1992|p=174|ps=}} A novel based on the life of Dulla Bhatti has been written by [[Baldev Singh Sadaknama]].
 
A number of Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language films have been produced films on his life, including &ndash; ''Dulla Bhatti'' (1966) by Baldev R. Jhingan, ''Dulla Bhatti'' (1998) by Pammi Varinder, [[Dulla Bhatti (film)|''Dulla Bhatti'']] (2016) by Minar Malhotra.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|publisher=British Film Institute|year=1999|access-date=12 August 2012|url-access=registration}}</ref> A Pakistani film ''Dulla Bhatti'' (1956) has also been made.
 
== See also ==
*[[Papadu]]
 
== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}
'''Bibliography'''
*{{citation |title=The Indus Saga and the Making of Pakistan |first=Aitzaz |last=Ahsan |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=9780195776935 |page=120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3bjAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{citation |title=Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan |first=Alyssa |last=Ayres |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780521519311}}
*{{citation |title=Martyr as Bridegroom: A Folk Representation of Bhagat Singh |first=Ishwar Dayal |last=Gaur |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2008 |isbn=9788190583503 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ4CWDeKSxUC}}
*{{citation |title=The Playful Revolution: Theatre and Liberation in Asia |first=Eugene |last=van Erven |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1992 |isbn=9780253112880 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzBlJeYSqSoC}}
*{{citation |title=Bandits |first=Eric |last=Hobsbawm |author-link=Eric Hobsbawm |publisher=Hachette UK |year=2010 |orig-year=1969 |isbn=978-0-297-86531-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rVNXz-WhhwC |access-date=4 February 2014}}
*{{citation |first=Michael |last=Nijhawan |chapter=Transitions in the Public Realm: Dhadi in the Early Twentieth Century |title=Folklore, Public Sphere, and Civil Society |editor1-first=M. D. |editor1-last=Muthukumaraswamy |editor2-first=Molly |editor2-last=Kaushal |publisher=National Folklore Support Centre (India) |year=2004 |isbn=9788190148146}}
*{{citation |title=Son Preference: Sex Selection, Gender and Culture in South Asia |first=Navtej K. |last=Purewal |publisher=Berg |year=2010 |isbn=9781845204686 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3dMJZlVUfMC}}
*{{citation |title=Medieval Indian Literature |volume=1 |first=Harbhajan |last=Singh |author-link=Harbhajan Singh (poet) |chapter=Medieval Punjabi Literature |editor-first=K. Ayyappa |editor-last=Paniker |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1997 |isbn=9788126003655 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC}}
*{{citation |title=Popular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South Asia |first=Surinder |last=Singh |chapter=Mughal Centralization Local Resistance in North-Western India: An Exploration of the Ballad of Dulla Bhatti |editor1-first=Surinder |editor1-last=Singh |editor2-first=Ishwar Dayal |editor2-last=Gaur |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=9788131713587 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC&pg=PA89}}
 
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatti, Dulla}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatti, Dulla}}
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:History of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:People from Hafizabad District]]
[[Category:1599 deaths]]
[[Category:1599 deaths]]
[[Category:History of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:History of India]]
[[Category:People executed by the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:16th-century executions]]
[[Category:Folklore]]
[[Category:People executed by India by hanging]]
[[Category:Burials at Miani Sahib Graveyard]]

Latest revision as of 01:26, 2 July 2023


For the 2016 Indian film, see Dulla Bhatti (film).
Dulla Bhatti
Dulla Bhatti (4067802963).jpg
Buried at Miani Sahib Qabristan (Graveyard)
Bornmid-16th century
possibly 31 August 1569
Pindi Bhattian, Punjab, Mughal Empire
(present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
Died1599
Lahore, Punjab, Mughal Empire
(present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
Other namesAbdullah Bhatti
Known forRebelling and fighting against the Mughal emperor Akbar's centralised land revenue scheme (lagaan)

Abdullah Bhatti (popularly referred to as the "Son of Punjab" or "Robin Hood of Punjab", sometimes spelled Dullah Bhatti and also known as Rai Abdullah Bhatti) is a Punjabi folk hero who supposedly came from the Punjab region of medieval India and led a revolt against Mughal rule during the reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar.[1] He is entirely absent from the recorded history of the time, and the only evidence of his existence comes from Punjabi folk songs.[2]

The deeds of Bhatti are recounted in folklore and took the form of social banditry. According to Ishwar Dayal Gaur, although he was "the trendsetter in peasant insurgency in medieval Punjab", he remains "on the periphery of Punjab's historiography".[3][4]

Early life[edit]

Abdullah Bhatti was a Punjabi Muslim Rajput whose father was a local zamindar.[5][6] Abdullah Bhatti lived at Pindi Bhattian in Punjab,[7] and came from a family of hereditary local rural chiefs of the zamindar class. Both his father, Farid, and his grandfather, variously called Bijli or Sandal,[lower-alpha 1][4] were executed for opposing the new and centralised land revenue collection scheme imposed by the Mughal emperor Akbar. Dulla was born to Ladhi four months after the death of his father.[9][4]

Coincidentally, Akbar's son, Shaikhu (later known as Jahangir), was born on the same day. Advised by his courtiers that Shaikhu's future bravery and success would be ensured if the child was fed by a woman whose own son was born on same day (which happens to be Dhulla Bhatti), Akbar gave that responsibility to Ladhi despite her connection to a man who had rebelled against the Mughal throne. This decision appears to have its basis in realpolitik: Akbar perceived that Ladhi was resentful, that Bhatti might become the third generation of rebels and that Akbar's royal favour might offset this.[10]

A part of the royal patronage was that Bhatti attended school. Although, at that time, unaware of the fate of his ancestors, he refused to accept the strictures that were intended to mould him into a good citizen and objected to being a part of an establishment that was designed to produce elites. He left to engage instead in childish mischief-making.[10]

A chance remark led to Ladhi having to explain the fate of Farid and Bijli to her son. Gaur says that this caused his general anti-authoritarian, rebellious nature to "crystallise" with the Akbar regime as its target, although not as a means of revenge specifically for the deaths of his relatives but in the wider sense of the sacrifices made by rural people generally. Bhatti saw this, says Gaur, as a "peasant class war".[11]

Banditry[edit]

Bhatti's class war took the form of social banditry, taking from the rich and giving to the poor.[12][lower-alpha 2] Folklore gave him a legendary status for preventing girls from being abducted and sold as slaves. He arranged marriages for them and provided their dowries.[14]

An edition of Punjab qissa Dulla Bhatti by Kishan Singh Arif

His efforts may have influenced Akbar's decision to pacify Guru Arjan Dev Ji, and through Dev's influence the people of Bari Doab, by exempting the area from the requirement to provide land revenues.[12]

Death[edit]

The end for Bhatti came in 1599 when he was hanged in Lahore. Akbar had hoped to make an example of him at the public execution, expecting that he would quake with fear, but Bhatti was steadfast in his resistance to the end. Shah Hussain, a contemporary Sufi poet who wrote of him, recorded his last words as being "No honourable son of Punjab will ever sell the soil of Punjab".[15][16]

Legacy[edit]

Only fragments of the vars (medieval poetry put to music) concerning Dulla Bhatti have survived to the present day[17] and dhadi performances recounting his exploits have become less common.[18]

The memory of Bhatti as a saviour of Punjabi girls is recalled at the annual Lohri celebrations in the region to this day, although those celebrations also incorporate many other symbolic strands.[19] The song "Sundri-Mundri" is sung during the celebrations and is a tribute to him.[15] Among the significant modern literature inspired by the life is Takht-e-Lahore, a 1973 play written by Najam Hussein Syed.[20] A novel based on the life of Dulla Bhatti has been written by Baldev Singh Sadaknama.

A number of Indian Punjabi-language films have been produced films on his life, including – Dulla Bhatti (1966) by Baldev R. Jhingan, Dulla Bhatti (1998) by Pammi Varinder, Dulla Bhatti (2016) by Minar Malhotra.[21] A Pakistani film Dulla Bhatti (1956) has also been made.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Notes

  1. ↑ Surinder Singh's analysis of regional folklore names Bhatti's grandfather as Sandal and suggests the possibility, given the influence that he had in the region, that the area of Sandal Bar is named after him.[8]
  2. ↑ Social bandit is a concept devised by Eric Hobsbawm, defined as "peasant outlaws whom the lord and state regard as criminals, but who remain within peasant society, and are considered by their people as heroes, as champions."[13]

Citations

  1. ↑ Daniyal, Shoaib. "Lohri legends: the tale of Abdullah Khan 'Dullah' Bhatti, the Punjabi who led a revolt against Akbar". Scroll.in. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  2. ↑ Surinder Singh; I. D. Gaur (2008). Popular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South Asia. Pearson Education India. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-81-317-1358-7.
  3. ↑ Gaur (2008), pp. 27, 37, 38
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Mushtaq Soofi (13 June 2014). "Punjab Notes: Bar: forgotten glory of Punjab". Dawn (newspaper). Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  5. ↑ Dayal, Ishwar (2008). Martyr as Bridegroom: A Folk Representation of Bhagat Singh. Anthem Press. p. 37. ISBN 9788190583503. Retrieved 13 January 2021. a Muslim Rajput, Dulla Bhatti, the son of local zamindar
  6. ↑ Daniyal, Shoaib. "Lohri legends: the tale of Abdullah Khan 'Dullah' Bhatti, the Punjabi who led a revolt against Akbar". Scroll.in. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  7. ↑ Ahsan (1996), p. 120
  8. ↑ Singh (2008), p. 106
  9. ↑ Gaur (2008), pp. 34, 37
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Gaur (2008), p. 35
  11. ↑ Gaur (2008), pp. 35-36
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Gaur (2008), p. 36
  13. ↑ Hobsbawm (2010), p. 13.
  14. ↑ Purewal (2010), p. 83
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Gaur (2008), p. 37
  16. ↑ Ayres (2009), p. 76
  17. ↑ Singh (1997), p. 448
  18. ↑ Nijhawan (2004), p. 267
  19. ↑ Purewal (2010), p. 83
  20. ↑ van Erven (1992), p. 174
  21. ↑ Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1999). Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema. British Film Institute. Retrieved 12 August 2012.

Bibliography

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