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{{Short description|Punjabi Folk Hero}} | |||
{{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2020}} | {{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2020}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} | ||
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| caption = Buried at [[Miani Sahib Graveyard|Miani Sahib Qabristan (Graveyard)]] | | caption = Buried at [[Miani Sahib Graveyard|Miani Sahib Qabristan (Graveyard)]] | ||
| known for = Rebelling and fighting against the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]]'s centralised land revenue scheme (lagaan) | | known for = Rebelling and fighting against the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]]'s centralised land revenue scheme (lagaan) | ||
| birth_date = mid-16th century | | birth_date = mid-16th century <br> {{small|possibly 31 August 1569}} | ||
| birth_place = [[Pindi Bhattian]], | | birth_place = [[Pindi Bhattian]], [[Punjab]], [[Mughal Empire]] <br> {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])}} | ||
| death_date = 1599 | | death_date = 1599 | ||
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab]], [[Mughal Empire]]<br | | death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab]], [[Mughal Empire]] <br> {{small|(present-day Punjab, Pakistan)}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
''' | '''Abdullah Bhatti''' (popularly referred to as the '''"Son of Punjab"''' or '''"Robin Hood of Punjab"''', sometimes spelled '''Dullah Bhatti''' and also known as '''Rai Abdullah Bhatti''') is a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[folk hero]] who supposedly came from the [[Punjab region]] of [[medieval India]] and led a revolt against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule during the reign of the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |title=Lohri legends: the tale of Abdullah Khan 'Dullah' Bhatti, the Punjabi who led a revolt against Akbar |url=http://scroll.in/article/801803/lohri-legends-the-tale-of-abdullah-khan-dullah-bhatti-the-punjabi-who-led-a-revolt-against-akbar |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> He is entirely absent from the recorded history of the time, and the only evidence of his existence comes from [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] folk songs.<ref name="SinghGaur2008">{{cite book|author1=Surinder Singh|author2=I. D. Gaur|title=Popular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC&pg=PA89|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1358-7|pages=89–90}}</ref> | ||
The deeds of Bhatti are recounted in [[folklore]] and took the form of [[social bandit]]ry. According to Ishwar Dayal Gaur, although he was "the trendsetter in peasant insurgency in medieval Punjab", he remains "on the periphery of Punjab's historiography".{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|pp=27, 37, 38|ps=}}<ref name=Dawn/> | The deeds of Bhatti are recounted in [[folklore]] and took the form of [[social bandit]]ry. According to Ishwar Dayal Gaur, although he was "the trendsetter in peasant insurgency in medieval Punjab", he remains "on the periphery of Punjab's historiography".{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|pp=27, 37, 38|ps=}}<ref name=Dawn/> | ||
== Early life == | == Early life == | ||
Abdullah Bhatti was a Punjabi [[Muslim Rajput]] whose father was a local zamindar.<ref name=JP>{{Cite book|first=Ishwar|last=Dayal|title=Martyr as Bridegroom: A Folk Representation of Bhagat Singh|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2008|pages=37|isbn=9788190583503|quote=a Muslim Rajput, Dulla Bhatti, the son of local zamindar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ4CWDeKSxUC&q=dulla+bhatti+rajput&pg=PA37|access-date=2021-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |title=Lohri legends: the tale of Abdullah Khan 'Dullah' Bhatti, the Punjabi who led a revolt against Akbar |url=http://scroll.in/article/801803/lohri-legends-the-tale-of-abdullah-khan-dullah-bhatti-the-punjabi-who-led-a-revolt-against-akbar |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Abdullah Bhatti lived at [[Pindi Bhattian]] in [[Punjab]],{{sfnp|Ahsan|1996|p=120|ps=}} and came from a family of hereditary local rural chiefs of the [[zamindar]] class. Both his father, Farid, and his grandfather, variously called Bijli or Sandal,{{efn|Surinder Singh's analysis of regional folklore names Bhatti's grandfather as Sandal and suggests the possibility, given the influence that he had in the region, that the area of [[Sandal Bar]] is named after him.{{sfnp|Singh|2008|p=106|ps=}}}}<ref name=Dawn/> were executed for opposing the new and centralised land revenue collection scheme imposed by the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]]. Dulla was born to Ladhi four months after the death of his father.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|pp=34, 37|ps=}}<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1112454 |author=Mushtaq Soofi|title=Punjab Notes: Bar: forgotten glory of Punjab |date=13 June 2014|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref> | |||
Coincidentally, Akbar's son, Shaikhu (later known as [[Jahangir]]), was born on the same day. Advised by his courtiers that Shaikhu's future bravery and success would be ensured if the child was fed by a | Coincidentally, Akbar's son, Shaikhu (later known as [[Jahangir]]), was born on the same day. Advised by his courtiers that Shaikhu's future bravery and success would be ensured if the child was fed by a woman whose own son was born on same day (which happens to be Dhulla Bhatti), Akbar gave that responsibility to Ladhi despite her connection to a man who had rebelled against the Mughal throne. This decision appears to have its basis in [[realpolitik]]: Akbar perceived that Ladhi was resentful, that Bhatti might become the third generation of rebels and that Akbar's royal favour might offset this.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=35|ps=}} | ||
A part of the royal patronage was that Bhatti attended school. Although, at that time, unaware of the fate of his ancestors, he refused to accept the strictures that were intended to mould him into a good citizen and objected to being a part of an establishment that was designed to produce elites. He left to engage instead in childish mischief-making.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=35|ps=}} | A part of the royal patronage was that Bhatti attended school. Although, at that time, unaware of the fate of his ancestors, he refused to accept the strictures that were intended to mould him into a good citizen and objected to being a part of an establishment that was designed to produce elites. He left to engage instead in childish mischief-making.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=35|ps=}} | ||
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*{{citation |first=Michael |last=Nijhawan |chapter=Transitions in the Public Realm: Dhadi in the Early Twentieth Century |title=Folklore, Public Sphere, and Civil Society |editor1-first=M. D. |editor1-last=Muthukumaraswamy |editor2-first=Molly |editor2-last=Kaushal |publisher=National Folklore Support Centre (India) |year=2004 |isbn=9788190148146}} | *{{citation |first=Michael |last=Nijhawan |chapter=Transitions in the Public Realm: Dhadi in the Early Twentieth Century |title=Folklore, Public Sphere, and Civil Society |editor1-first=M. D. |editor1-last=Muthukumaraswamy |editor2-first=Molly |editor2-last=Kaushal |publisher=National Folklore Support Centre (India) |year=2004 |isbn=9788190148146}} | ||
*{{citation |title=Son Preference: Sex Selection, Gender and Culture in South Asia |first=Navtej K. |last=Purewal |publisher=Berg |year=2010 |isbn=9781845204686 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3dMJZlVUfMC}} | *{{citation |title=Son Preference: Sex Selection, Gender and Culture in South Asia |first=Navtej K. |last=Purewal |publisher=Berg |year=2010 |isbn=9781845204686 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3dMJZlVUfMC}} | ||
*{{citation |title=Medieval Indian Literature |volume=1 |first=Harbhajan |last=Singh |author-link=Harbhajan Singh (poet) |chapter=Medieval | *{{citation |title=Medieval Indian Literature |volume=1 |first=Harbhajan |last=Singh |author-link=Harbhajan Singh (poet) |chapter=Medieval Punjabi Literature |editor-first=K. Ayyappa |editor-last=Paniker |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1997 |isbn=9788126003655 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC}} | ||
*{{citation |title=Popular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South Asia |first=Surinder |last=Singh |chapter=Mughal Centralization Local Resistance in North-Western India: An Exploration of the Ballad of Dulla Bhatti |editor1-first=Surinder |editor1-last=Singh |editor2-first=Ishwar Dayal |editor2-last=Gaur |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=9788131713587 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC&pg=PA89}} | *{{citation |title=Popular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South Asia |first=Surinder |last=Singh |chapter=Mughal Centralization Local Resistance in North-Western India: An Exploration of the Ballad of Dulla Bhatti |editor1-first=Surinder |editor1-last=Singh |editor2-first=Ishwar Dayal |editor2-last=Gaur |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=9788131713587 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC&pg=PA89}} | ||