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{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}
{{Short description|Rulers of the Mughal Empire}}
{{Distinguish|Mongol emperors}}
{{Distinguish|Mongol emperors}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox former monarchy
{{Infobox former monarchy
| border            = imperial
| border            = imperial
| royal_title        = [[Shahanshah]]
| royal_title        = [[Padishah|Badshah]]
| realm              = [[Hindustan]]
| realm              = [[Hindustan]]
| coatofarms        = {{box|type=transparent|[[File:Imperial Seal of the Mughal Empire.svg|80px|Imperial Seal of the Mughal Empire]]{{nbsp|3}}[[File:Captured flag of the Mughal Empire (1857).png|95px|Flag of the Mughal Empire in 1857]]}}
| coatofarms        = {{box|type=transparent|[[File:Imperial Seal of the Mughal Empire.svg|80px|Imperial Seal of the Mughal Empire]]{{nbsp|3}}[[File:Captured flag of the Mughal Empire (1857).png|95px|Flag of the Mughal Empire in 1857]]}}
| coatofarmscaption  = The Imperial Seal and the Mughal flag of 1857
| coatofarmscaption  = The Imperial Seal and the Mughal flag of 1857
| image              = {{box|type=transparent|padding=0px|[[File:Bahadur Shah II of India.jpg|200px]]}}
| image              = {{box|type=transparent|padding=0px|[[File:Babur of India.jpg|200px]]}}
| caption            = Portrait of [[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]], the last Mughal emperor, who ruled from 28 September 1837 to 21 September 1857
| caption            = 17th century depiction of [[Babur]], founder of the [[Mughal Empire]] and first emperor.
| first_monarch      = [[Babur]]
| first_monarch      = [[Babur]]
| last_monarch      = [[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]]
| last_monarch      = [[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]]
| style              = [[Imperial Majesty (style)|His Imperial Majesty]]
| style              = [[His Imperial Majesty]]
| residence          ={{plainlist|
| residence          ={{plainlist|
*[[Agra Fort]] (1526–1639)
*[[Agra Fort]] <br> (1526–1639)
*[[Red Fort]] (1639–1857)}}
*[[Red Fort]] (1639–1857)}}
| appointer          = [[Line of succession to the Mughal throne|Hereditary]]
| appointer          = [[Line of succession to the Mughal throne|Hereditary]]
| began              = 20 April 1526
| began              = [[First Battle of Panipat|20 April 1526]]
| ended              = 21 September 1857
| ended              = [[Siege of Delhi|21 September 1857]]
| pretender          =  
| pretender          =  
}}
}}


The '''Mughal''' or '''Moghul emperor''' was the supreme [[head of state]] and ruler of the [[Mughal Empire]] on the [[Indian subcontinent]], mainly corresponding to the modern countries of [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]. The Mughals began to rule parts of India from 1526, and by 1707 ruled most of the sub-continent. After that they declined rapidly, but nominally ruled territories until the 1850s. The Mughals were a branch of the [[Timurid dynasty]] of [[Turco-Mongol]] origin from [[Central Asia]]. Their founder [[Babur]], a Timurid prince from the [[Fergana Valley]] (modern-day [[Uzbekistan]]), was a direct descendant of [[Timur]] (generally known in western nations as Tamerlane) and also affiliated with [[Genghis Khan]] through Timur's marriage to a [[Genghisid]] princess.
The '''Mughal emperors''' ({{Lang-ur|{{nq|مغل شہنشاہ}}}}, {{lang-fa|{{nq|شاهنشاهان هندوستان}}|Shāhanshāhān-e-Hindustan}}) were the supreme [[heads of state]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] on the [[Indian subcontinent]], mainly corresponding to the modern countries of [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]. The Mughal rulers styled themselves as [[Padishah|Badshah]] (great king) or [[Shah|Shahanshah]], a title usually translated from [[Persian language|Persian]] as "[[emperor]]".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Faruqui|first=Munis D.|title=The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vhbDSXbbksC&pg=PA25|date=2012|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=25|isbn=9781107022171 }}</ref> They began to rule parts of India from 1526, and by 1707 ruled most of the sub-continent. After that they declined rapidly, but nominally ruled territories until the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].


Many of the later Mughal emperors had significant [[Rajput|Indian Rajput]] and [[Persian people|Persian]] ancestry through marriage alliances as emperors were born to Rajput and Persian princesses.<ref>Jeroen Duindam (2015), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5ky2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 ''Dynasties: A Global History of Power, 1300–1800'', page 105], [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Malika|last=Mohammada|title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India|publisher=Akkar Books|date=January 1, 2007|pages=300|isbn=978-8-189-83318-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwzbYvQszf4C&pg=PA300}}</ref> [[Akbar]], for instance, was half-Persian (his mother was of Persian origin), [[Jahangir]] was half-Rajput and quarter-Persian, and [[Shah Jahan]] was three-quarters Rajput.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Mughals and their India|author=Dirk Collier|publisher=[[Hay House]]|year=2016|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40ywDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT15|isbn=9789384544980}}</ref>
The Mughals were a branch of the [[Timurid dynasty]] of [[Turco-Mongol]] origin from [[Central Asia]]. Their founder [[Babur]], a Timurid prince from the [[Fergana Valley]] (modern-day [[Uzbekistan]]), was a direct descendant of [[Timur]] (generally known in western nations as Tamerlane) and also affiliated with [[Genghis Khan]] through Timur's marriage to a [[Genghisid]] princess.


During the reign of [[Aurangzeb]], the empire, as the world's largest economy, worth over 25% of global GDP, controlled nearly all of the Indian subcontinent, extending from [[Chittagong]] in the east to [[Kabul]] and [[Baluchistan]] in the west, [[Kashmir]] in the north to the [[Kaveri River]] basin in the south.<ref>
Many of the later Mughal emperors had significant [[Rajput|Indian Rajput]] and [[Persian people|Persian]] ancestry through marriage alliances as emperors were born to Rajput and Persian princesses.<ref>Jeroen Duindam (2015), [https://books.google.com/books?id=5ky2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 ''Dynasties: A Global History of Power, 1300–1800'', page 105] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206075722/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5ky2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |date=6 December 2022 }}, [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Malika|last=Mohammada|title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India|publisher=Akkar Books|date=1 January 2007|pages=300|isbn=978-8-189-83318-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwzbYvQszf4C&pg=PA300}}</ref> [[Akbar]], for instance, was half-Persian (his mother was of Persian origin), [[Jahangir]] was half-Rajput and quarter-Persian, and [[Shah Jahan]] was three-quarters Rajput.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Mughals and their India|author=Dirk Collier|publisher=[[Hay House]]|year=2016|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40ywDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT15|isbn=9789384544980}}</ref>
 
During the reign of [[Aurangzeb]] ({{Reign|1658|1707}}), the empire, as the world's largest economy and manufacturing power, worth over 25% of global GDP,<ref>"The World Economy (GDP) : [http://www.theworldeconomy.org/MaddisonTables/MaddisontableB-18.pdf Historical Statistics by Professor Angus Maddison"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805201335/http://www.theworldeconomy.org/MaddisonTables/MaddisontableB-18.pdf |date=5 August 2019 }} . World Economy. Retrieved 21 May 2013.</ref> controlled nearly all of the Indian subcontinent, extending from [[Chittagong]] in the east to [[Kabul]] and [[Balochistan]] in the west, [[Kashmir]] in the north to the [[Kaveri River]] basin in the south.<ref>
{{cite book
{{cite book
|last=Chandra
|last=Chandra
|first=Satish
|first=Satish
|title=Medieval India: From Sultanate To The Mughals
|title=Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals
| page=202
| page=202
}}
}}
</ref>  
</ref>  
[[File:Mughal Genealogical Table.svg|thumb|right|Genealogy of the Mughal Dynasty. Only principal offspring of each emperor are provided in the chart.]]
[[File:Mughal Genealogical Table.svg|thumb|right|Genealogy of the Mughal Dynasty. Only principal offspring of each emperor are provided in the chart.]]
Its population at the time has been estimated as between 110 and 150&nbsp;million (a quarter of the world's population), over a territory of more than 4&nbsp;million square kilometres (1.2&nbsp;million square miles).<ref name="Richards1993">{{cite book|last=Richards|first=John F.|title=The Mughal Empire|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521251198|doi=10.2277/0521251192|editor1-first=Gordon|editor1-last=Johnson|editor1-link=Gordon Johnson (historian)|editor2-first=C. A.|editor2-last=Bayly|editor2-link=Christopher Alan Bayly|series=The New Cambridge history of India: 1.5|volume=I. The Mughals and their Contemporaries|location=Cambridge|pages=1, 190|date= January 1, 2016}}</ref> Mughal power rapidly dwindled during the 18th century and the last emperor, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]], was deposed in 1857, with the establishment of the [[British Raj]].<ref name=spear>{{Harvnb|Spear|1990|pp=147–148}}</ref>
Its population at the time has been estimated as between 110 and 150&nbsp;million (a quarter of the world's population), over a territory of more than 4&nbsp;million square kilometres (1.5&nbsp;million square miles).<ref name="Richards1993">{{cite book|last=Richards|first=John F.|title=The Mughal Empire|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521251198|editor1-first=Gordon|editor1-last=Johnson|editor1-link=Gordon Johnson (historian)|editor2-first=C. A.|editor2-last=Bayly|editor2-link=Christopher Alan Bayly|series=The New Cambridge history of India: 1.5|volume=I. The Mughals and their Contemporaries|location=Cambridge|pages=1, 190|date= 1 January 2016}}</ref> Mughal power rapidly dwindled during the 18th century and the last emperor, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]], was deposed in 1857, with the establishment of the [[British Raj]].<ref name=spear>{{Harvnb|Spear|1990|pp=147–148}}</ref>


==Mughal Empire==
==Mughal Empire==
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Shah Jahan's eldest son, the liberal [[Dara Shikoh]], became regent in 1658, as a result of his father's illness.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} Dara championed a syncretistic Hindu-Muslim religion and culture. With the support of the Islamic orthodoxy, however, a younger son of Shah Jahan, [[Aurangzeb]], seized the throne. Aurangzeb defeated Dara in 1659 and had him executed.<ref name=" Berndl"/> Although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his illness, there was a succession war for the throne between Dara and Aurangzeb. Finally, Aurangzeb succeeded the throne and kept Shah Jahan under house arrest.
Shah Jahan's eldest son, the liberal [[Dara Shikoh]], became regent in 1658, as a result of his father's illness.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} Dara championed a syncretistic Hindu-Muslim religion and culture. With the support of the Islamic orthodoxy, however, a younger son of Shah Jahan, [[Aurangzeb]], seized the throne. Aurangzeb defeated Dara in 1659 and had him executed.<ref name=" Berndl"/> Although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his illness, there was a succession war for the throne between Dara and Aurangzeb. Finally, Aurangzeb succeeded the throne and kept Shah Jahan under house arrest.


During Aurangzeb's reign, the empire gained political strength once more, and it became the world's largest economy, over a quarter of the world GDP, but his establishment of [[Sharia]] caused huge controversies. Aurangzeb expanded the empire to include a huge part of South Asia. At its peak, the kingdom stretched to 3.2 million square kilometres, including parts of what are now India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The great Aurangzeb is everybody's least favourite Mughal – Audrey Truschke {{!}} Aeon Essays|url=https://aeon.co/essays/the-great-aurangzeb-is-everybodys-least-favourite-mughal|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Aeon|language=en}}</ref> After his death in 1707, "many parts of the empire were in open revolt".<ref name=" Berndl"/> Aurangzeb's attempts to reconquer his family's ancestral lands in Central Asia were not successful while his successful conquest of the Deccan region proved to be a Pyrrhic victory that cost the empire heavily in both blood and treasure.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30">D'souza, Rohan "Crisis before the Fall: Some Speculations on the Decline of the Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals" pp. 3–30 from ''Social Scientist'', Volume 30, Issue # 9/10, September–October 2002 p. 21.</ref> A further problem for Aurangzeb was the army had always been based upon the land-owning aristocracy of northern India who provided the cavalry for the campaigns, and the empire had nothing equivalent to the [[Janissaries|Janissary]] corps of the Ottoman Empire.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/> The long and costly conquest of the Deccan had badly diminished the "aura of success" that surrounded Aurangzeb, and from the late 17th century onwards, the aristocracy became increasingly unwilling to provide forces for the empire's wars as the prospect of being rewarded with land as a result of a successful war was seen as less and less likely.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/>  
During Aurangzeb's reign, the empire gained political strength once more, and it became the world's largest economy, over a quarter of the world GDP,{{cn|date=September 2022}} but his establishment of [[Sharia]] caused huge controversies. Aurangzeb expanded the empire to include a huge part of South Asia. At its peak, the kingdom stretched to 3.2 million square kilometres, including parts of what are now India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The great Aurangzeb is everybody's least favourite Mughal – Audrey Truschke {{!}} Aeon Essays|url=https://aeon.co/essays/the-great-aurangzeb-is-everybodys-least-favourite-mughal|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Aeon|language=en}}</ref> After his death in 1707, "many parts of the empire were in open revolt".<ref name=" Berndl"/> Aurangzeb's attempts to reconquer his family's ancestral lands in Central Asia were not successful while his successful conquest of the Deccan region proved to be a Pyrrhic victory that cost the empire heavily in both blood and treasure.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30">D'souza, Rohan "Crisis before the Fall: Some Speculations on the Decline of the Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals" pp. 3–30 from ''Social Scientist'', Volume 30, Issue # 9/10, September–October 2002 p. 21.</ref> A further problem for Aurangzeb was the army had always been based upon the land-owning aristocracy of northern India who provided the cavalry for the campaigns, and the empire had nothing equivalent to the [[Janissaries|Janissary]] corps of the Ottoman Empire.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/> The long and costly conquest of the Deccan had badly diminished the "aura of success" that surrounded Aurangzeb, and from the late 17th century onwards, the aristocracy became increasingly unwilling to provide forces for the empire's wars as the prospect of being rewarded with land as a result of a successful war was seen as less and less likely.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/>


Furthermore, at the conclusion of the conquest of the Deccan, Aurangzeb had very selectively rewarded some of the noble families with confiscated land in the Deccan, leaving aristocrats unrewarded with confiscated land feeling strongly disgruntled and unwilling to participate in further campaigns.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/> Aurangzeb's son, [[Bahadur Shah I|Shah Alam]], repealed the religious policies of his father and attempted to reform the administration. "However, after his death in 1712, the Mughal dynasty sank into chaos and violent feuds. In the year 1719 alone, four emperors successively ascended the throne".<ref name=" Berndl"/>
Furthermore, at the conclusion of the conquest of the Deccan, Aurangzeb had very selectively rewarded some of the noble families with confiscated land in the Deccan, leaving aristocrats unrewarded with confiscated land feeling strongly disgruntled and unwilling to participate in further campaigns.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/> Aurangzeb's son, [[Bahadur Shah I|Shah Alam]], repealed the religious policies of his father and attempted to reform the administration. "However, after his death in 1712, the Mughal dynasty sank into chaos and violent feuds. In the year 1719 alone, four emperors successively ascended the throne".<ref name=" Berndl"/>


[[File: Akbar Shah II and his four sons.jpg|thumb|left|Akbar Shah II and his four sons]]
[[File: Akbar Shah II and his four sons.jpg|thumb|left|Akbar Shah II and his four sons]]
During the reign of [[Muhammad Shah]], the empire began to break up, and vast tracts of central India passed from Mughal to [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] hands. Mughal warfare had always been based upon heavy artillery for sieges, heavy cavalry for offensive operations and light cavalry for skirmishing and raids.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/> To control a region, the Mughals had always sought to occupy a strategic fortress in some region, which would serve as a nodal point from which the Mughal army would emerge to take on any enemy that challenged the empire.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/> This system was not only expensive but also made the army somewhat inflexible as the assumption was always the enemy would retreat into a fortress to be besieged or would engage in a set-piece decisive battle of annihilation on open ground.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/> The Hindu Marathas were expert horsemen who refused to engage in set-piece battles, but rather engaged in campaigns of guerrilla warfare upon the Mughal supply lines.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/> The Marathas were unable to take the Mughal fortresses via a storm or formal siege as they lacked the artillery, but by constantly intercepting supply columns, they were able to starve Mughal fortresses into submission.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/>  
During the reign of [[Muhammad Shah]], the empire began to break up, and vast tracts of central India passed from Mughal to [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] hands. Mughal warfare had always been based upon heavy artillery for sieges, heavy cavalry for offensive operations and light cavalry for skirmishing and raids.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/> To control a region, the Mughals had always sought to occupy a strategic fortress in some region, which would serve as a nodal point from which the Mughal army would emerge to take on any enemy that challenged the empire.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/> This system was not only expensive but also made the army somewhat inflexible as the assumption was always the enemy would retreat into a fortress to be besieged or would engage in a set-piece decisive battle of annihilation on open ground.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/> The Hindu Marathas were expert horsemen who refused to engage in set-piece battles, but rather engaged in campaigns of guerrilla warfare upon the Mughal supply lines.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/> The Marathas were unable to take the Mughal fortresses via a storm or formal siege as they lacked the artillery, but by constantly intercepting supply columns, they were able to starve Mughal fortresses into submission.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/>


Successive Mughal commanders refused to adjust their tactics and develop an appropriate counter-insurgency strategy, which led to the Mughals losing more and more ground to the Maratha.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/> The [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|Indian campaign]] of [[Nader Shah]] of Persia culminated with the [[Sack of Delhi]] and shattered the remnants of Mughal power and prestige, as well as capturing the imperial treasury, thus drastically accelerating its decline. Many of the empire's elites now sought to control their own affairs and broke away to form independent kingdoms. The Mughal Emperor, however, continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty. Not only the Muslim gentry, but the Maratha, Hindu, and Sikh leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgements of the emperor as the sovereign of India.<ref>Keay, 361–363, 385–386</ref><ref name=" MSA2">{{Cite book
Successive Mughal commanders refused to adjust their tactics and develop an appropriate counter-insurgency strategy, which led to the Mughals losing more and more ground to the Maratha.<ref name="D'souza pages 3-30"/> The [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|Indian campaign]] of [[Nader Shah]] of Persia culminated with the [[Sack of Delhi]] and shattered the remnants of Mughal power and prestige, as well as capturing the imperial treasury, thus drastically accelerating its decline. Many of the empire's elites now sought to control their own affairs and broke away to form independent kingdoms. The Mughal Emperor, however, continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty. Not only the Muslim gentry, but the Maratha, Hindu, and Sikh leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgements of the emperor as the sovereign of India.<ref>Keay, 361–363, 385–386</ref><ref name=" MSA2">{{Cite book
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}}</ref>
}}</ref>


In the next decades, the [[Afghanistan|Afghans]], [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]], and [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] battled against each other and the Mughals, revealing the fragmented state of the empire. The Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline, but he ultimately had to seek the protection of outside powers. In 1784, the Marathas under [[Mahadji Scindia]] won acknowledgement as the protectors of the emperor in Delhi, a state of affairs that continued until after the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]. Thereafter, the [[British East India Company]] became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi.<ref name="MSA2"/> After a crushed [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|rebellion]] which he nominally led in 1857–58, the last Mughal, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], was deposed by the British, who then assumed formal control of a large part of the former empire,<ref name=" Berndl"/> marking the start of the [[British Raj]].
In the next decades, the [[Afghanistan|Afghans]], [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]], and [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] battled against each other and the Mughals, revealing the fragmented state of the empire. The Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline, but he ultimately had to seek the protection of outside powers. In 1784, the Marathas under [[Mahadaji Shinde]] won acknowledgement as the protectors of the emperor in Delhi, a state of affairs that continued until after the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]. Thereafter, the [[British East India Company]] became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi.<ref name="MSA2"/> After 1835 the Company no longer recognised the authority of the emperor, accepting him only as 'King of Delhi' and removing all references to him from their coinage. After a crushed [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|rebellion]] which he nominally led in 1857–58, the last Mughal, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], was deposed by the British, who then assumed formal control of a large part of the former empire,<ref name=" Berndl"/> marking the start of the [[British Raj]].
 
'''Titular Emperors'''
 
Over the course of the Empire, there were several claimants to the Mughal throne who ascended the throne or claimed to do so but were never recognized.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Mughal emperors in India |date=2016-11-18 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315443249-20 |work=The Caliphate |pages=161–164 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315443249-20 |isbn=978-1-315-44324-9 |access-date=2023-01-07}}</ref>
 
Here are the claimants to the Mughal throne historians recognise as Titular Mughal Emperors.
 
# [[Shahryar Mirza]] (1627 - 1628)
# [[Dawar Bakhsh|Dawar Baksh]] (1627 - 1628)
#[[Muhammad Ibrahim (Mughal emperor)|Jahangir II]] (1719 - 1720)


==List of Mughal Emperors==
==List of Mughal Emperors==
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!  style="width:20%;"| Reign
!  style="width:20%;"| Reign
!  style="width:13%;"| Death
!  style="width:13%;"| Death
!  style="width:20%;"| Notes
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Babur of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1 [[File:Babur of India.jpg|frameless|106x106px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''''Bābur''<br>{{Nastaliq|بابر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Babur<br>{{Uninastaliq|بابر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Babur|Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur]]<br>{{Nastaliq|ظہیر الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Babur|Zahir al-Din Muhammad]]<br>{{Uninastaliq|ظہیر الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|14 February 1483 [[Andijan, Uzbekistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|14 February 1483 [[Andijan, Uzbekistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 20 April 1526&nbsp;– 26 December 1530
| style="text-align:center;"| 20 April 1526&nbsp;– 26 December 1530


| style="text-align:center;"|26 December 1530 (aged 47) [[Agra, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|26 December 1530 (aged 47) [[Agra, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Founded the Empire
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Humayun of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|2 [[File:Humayun Emperor.jpg|104x104px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''''Humayun''<br>{{Nastaliq|ہمایوں}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Humayun<br>{{Uninastaliq|ہمایوں}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Humayun|Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Humayun]]<br>{{Nastaliq|نصیر الدین محمد ہمایوں}}
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Humayun|Nasir al-Din Muhammad]]<br>{{Uninastaliq|نصیر الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|6 March 1508 [[Kabul, Afghanistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|6 March 1508 [[Kabul, Afghanistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|26 December 1530 &nbsp;– 17 May 1540
| style="text-align:center;"|26 December 1530 &nbsp;– 17 May 1540
9 years 4 months 21 days
22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556
22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556
| style="text-align:center;"|27 January 1556 (aged 47) [[Delhi, India]]
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Humayun was overthrown in 1540 by [[Sher Shah Suri]] of the Afghan [[Suri dynasty]] but returned to the throne in 1555 after the death of [[Islam Shah Suri]] (Sher Shah Suri's son and successor).
(10 years 3 months 25 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|27 January 1556 (aged 47) [[Delhi]], India
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Emperor Akbar the Great.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|3 [[File:Emperor Akbar the Great.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''''Akbar-i-Azam ''<br>{{Nastaliq|اکبر اعظم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Akbar the Great<br>{{Uninastaliq|اکبر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Akbar|Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar]]<br>{{Nastaliq|جلال الدین محمد اکبر}}
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Akbar|Jalal al-Din Muhammad]]<br>{{Uninastaliq|جلال الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|15 October 1542 [[Umerkot|Umerkot, Pakistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|15 October 1542 [[Umerkot|Umerkot, Pakistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|11 February 1556&nbsp;– 27 October 1605   
| style="text-align:center;"|11 February 1556&nbsp;– 27 October 1605   
(49 years 9 months 0 days)
(49 years 9 months 0 days)


| style="text-align:center;"|27 October 1605 (aged 63) [[Agra, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|27 October 1605 (aged 63) [[Agra, India]]  
| style="text-align:center;"|Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar famously known as ''Akbar The Great. Under'' his reign, the Mughal Empire expanded substantially, gained much prestige, and stabilization. He is considered to be the most competent ruler of the Mughal Empire. He introduced various liberal policies and had conducted several inter-religion marriages for political advantage. His successor was born to his Rajput Queen consort [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]]. Himself on his spiritual behest, he renounced Islam in later life and founded a religion named Din-I-Illahi. His mother [[Hamida Banu Begum]] was [[Persian people|Persian]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Begum, Gulbadan|title=The History of Humayun (Humayun-Nama)|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society|year=1902|pages=237–239|author-link=Gulbadan Begum}}</ref>
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Jahangir Chitrashala Press.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|4 [[File:Jahangircrop.jpeg|107x107px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''''Jahangir''<br>{{Nastaliq|جہانگیر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Jahangir<br>{{Uninastaliq|جہانگیر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Jahangir|Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim]]<br>{{Nastaliq| نور الدین محمد سلیم}}
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Jahangir|Nur al-Din Muhammad]]<br>{{Uninastaliq| نور الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|31 August 1569 [[Agra, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|31 August 1569 [[Agra, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|3 November 1605&nbsp;– 28 October 1627
| style="text-align:center;"|3 November 1605&nbsp;– 28 October 1627
(21 years 11 months 23 days)
(21 years 11 months 23 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|28 October 1627 (aged 58) [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|28 October 1627 (aged 58) [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|He was the eldest surviving son of Akbar and his chief consort [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], a Rajput princess. He is regarded as an incapable ruler who was under the heavy influence of alcohol and opium. Despite being incompetent he is considered to be the justest ruler of the Mughal empire genuinely interested in the welfare of his subjects. Under his reign, the growing control of the Deccan regions led by Akbar began to recede.
|-
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| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Shah Jahan I of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|5 [[File:Shah Jahan of Mughal empire.jpg|130x130px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''''Shah-Jahan''<br>{{Nastaliq|شاہ جہان}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Jahan<br>{{Uninastaliq|شاہ جہان}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Jahan|Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram]]<br>{{Nastaliq|شہاب الدین محمد خرم}}
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Jahan|Shihab al-Din Muhammad]]<br>{{Uninastaliq|شہاب الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|5 January 1592 [[Lahore, Pakistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|5 January 1592 [[Lahore, Pakistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|19 January 1628&nbsp;– 31 July 1658
| style="text-align:center;"|19 January 1628&nbsp;– 31 July 1658
(30 years 8 months 25 days)
(30 years 8 months 25 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|22 January 1666 (aged 74) [[Agra, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|22 January 1666 (aged 74) [[Agra, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Under his reign, the [[Mughal Empire]] reached the peak of its cultural glory.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mehta|first1=Jaswant Lal|title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India|date=1986|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-8120710153|page=59|language=en}}</ref>  Shah Jahan is best remembered for his architectural achievements. His reign ushered in the golden age of [[Mughal architecture]]. Shah Jahan commissioned many monuments, the best known of which is the [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]], in which is entombed his favorite wife, [[Mumtaz Mahal]].
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:The Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|6 [[File:The Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''''Aurangzeb''<br>{{Nastaliq|عالمگیر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Aurangzeb<br> {{Uninastaliq|اورنگزیب }}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Aurangzeb|Muhy-ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb]] <br>{{Nastaliq|محی الدین محمداورنگزیب }}
'''Alamgir<br>{{Uninastaliq|عالمگیر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Muhi al-Din Muhammad]] <br>{{Uninastaliq|محی الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|3 November 1618 [[Gujarat, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|3 November 1618 [[Gujarat, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|31 July 1658&nbsp;– 3 March 1707
| style="text-align:center;"|31 July 1658&nbsp;– 3 March 1707
(48 years 7 months 0 days)
(48 years 7 months 0 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|3 March 1707 (aged 88) Ahmednagar, India
| style="text-align:center;"|3 March 1707 (aged 88) Ahmednagar, India
| style="text-align:center;"|His mother was Persian [[Mumtaz Mahal]]. He was married to [[Safavid Dynasty]] Princess [[Dilras Banu Begum]]. He established Islamic law throughout India. After his death, His younger Son [[Azam Shah]] became the King (for 3 months) .<ref>{{cite book|first=Malika|last=Mohammada|title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India|publisher=Aakar Books|date= 2007|page=300|isbn=978-8-189-83318-3}}</ref>
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:The Mughal prince Azam Shah (1653-1707).jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|7 [[File:Azam shah (cropped).jpg|125x125px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''''Muhammad Azam Shah''<br>{{Nastaliq|محمد اعظم شاہ}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Azam Shah<br>{{Uninastaliq| اعظم شاہ}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Muhammad Azam Shah|Qutb-ud-Din Muhammad Azam]]<br>{{Nastaliq|قطب الدين محمد اعظم}}
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Azam Shah|Qutb al-Din Muhammad]]<br>{{Uninastaliq|قطب الدين محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|28 June 1653 [[Burhanpur]], [[India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|28 June 1653 [[Burhanpur]], [[India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|14 March 1707 – 20 June 1707
| style="text-align:center;"|14 March 1707 – 20 June 1707


| style="text-align:center;"|20 June 1707 (aged 53) [[Agra]], [[India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|20 June 1707 (aged 53) [[Agra]], [[India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|He was briefly [[Mughal emperor]], who reigned for 3 months. He was the eldest son of [[Aurangzeb]] and his chief consort [[Dilras Banu Begum]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|title=Emperors of the peacock throne: the saga of the great Mughals|year=2000|publisher=Penguin books|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0141001432|edition=Rev.|pages=510–513}}</ref>
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Bahadur Shah I of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|8 [[File:Bahadur Shah I of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''''Bahadur Shah ''<br>{{Nastaliq|بہادر شاہ}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Bahadur Shah<br>{{Uninastaliq|بہادر شاہ}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Bahadur Shah I|Qutb-ud-Din Muhammad Mu'azzam Shah Alam]] <br>{{Nastaliq|قطب الدین محمد معزام }}
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Bahadur Shah I|Qutb al-Din Muhammad]]<br>{{Uninastaliq|قطب الدین محمد }}
| style="text-align:center;"|14 October 1643 [[Burhanpur, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|14 October 1643 [[Burhanpur, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712
| style="text-align:center;"|19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712
(4 years, 253 days)  
(4 years, 253 days)  
| style="text-align:center;"|27 February 1712 (aged 68) [[Lahore, Pakistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|27 February 1712 (aged 68) [[Lahore, Pakistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"| He made settlements with the Marathas, tranquilized the Rajputs, and became friendly with the Sikhs in Punjab.
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Jahandar Shah of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|9 [[File:Jahandar Shah of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''''Jahandar Shah''<br>{{Nastaliq|جہاندار شاہ}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Jahandar Shah<br>{{Uninastaliq|جہاندار شاہ}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Jahandar Shah|Mu'izz-ud-Din Jahandar Shah Bahadur]] <br>{{Nastaliq|معز الدین جہاندار شاہ بہادر }}
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Jahandar Shah|Muiz al-Din Muhammad]] <br>{{Uninastaliq|معز الدین محمد }}
| style="text-align:center;"|9 May 1661 Deccan, India
| style="text-align:center;"|9 May 1661 Deccan, India
| style="text-align:center;"|27 February 1712&nbsp;– 11 February 1713
| style="text-align:center;"|27 February 1712&nbsp;– 11 February 1713
(0 years, 350 days)
(0 years, 350 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|12 February 1713 (aged 51) [[Delhi, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|12 February 1713 (aged 51) [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|Highly influenced by his [[Grand Vizier]] Zulfikar Khan.
|-bgcolor=#DAF2CE
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|10[[File:Farrukhsiyar of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Farrukhsiyar of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Farrukh Siyar<br>{{Uninastaliq|فرخ سیر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''''Farrukhsiyar''<br>{{Nastaliq|فرخ سیر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Farrukhsiyar|Muin al-Din Muhammad]] <br>{{Uninastaliq|موئن الدین محمد}}<br /><small>Puppet King Under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]</small>
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Farrukhsiyar]] <br>{{Nastaliq|فرخ سیر}}
| style="text-align:center;"|20 August 1685 [[Aurangabad, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|20 August 1685 [[Aurangabad, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|11 January 1713&nbsp;– 28 February 1719
| style="text-align:center;"|11 January 1713&nbsp;– 28 February 1719
(6 years, 48 days)
(6 years, 48 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|19 April 1719 (aged 33) [[Delhi, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|19 April 1719 (aged 33) [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|Granted a [[firman (decree)|firman]] to the [[East India Company]] in 1717 granting them duty-free trading rights for [[Bengal]], strengthening their posts on the east coast. The firman or decree helped British East India Company to import goods into Bengal without paying customs duty to the government.
|-bgcolor=#DAF2CE
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| style="text-align:center;"|11[[File:Rafi ud-Darajat of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Rafi ud-Darajat of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Rafi ud-Darajat<br>{{Uninastaliq|رفیع الدرجات}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''''Rafi ud-Darajat''<br>{{Nastaliq|رفیع الدرجات}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Rafi ud-Darajat|Shams al-Din Muhammad]]<br>{{Uninastaliq|شمس الدین محمد}}<br /><small>Puppet King Under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]</small>
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Rafi ud-Darajat]] <br>{{Nastaliq|رفیع الدرجات}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1 December 1699
| style="text-align:center;"|1 December 1699
| style="text-align:center;"|28 February&nbsp;– 6 June 1719
| style="text-align:center;"|28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719
(0 years, 98 days)
(0 years, 98 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|6 June 1719 (aged 19) [[Agra, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|6 June 1719 (aged 19) [[Agra, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Rise of [[Syed Brothers]] as power brokers.
|- bgcolor=#DAF2CE
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|12[[File:Shah Jahan II of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Shah Jahan II of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Jahan II<br>{{Uninastaliq|شاہ جہان دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''''Shah Jahan II''<br>{{Nastaliq|شاہ جہان دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Jahan II|Rafi al-Din Muhammad]] <br>{{Uninastaliq|رفع الدين محمد}}<br /><small>Puppet King Under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]</small>
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Jahan II|Rafi ud-Daulah]] <br>{{Nastaliq|شاہ جہاں دوم}}
| style="text-align:center;"|5 January 1696
| style="text-align:center;"|5 January 1696
| style="text-align:center;"|6 June 1719&nbsp;– 17 September 1719
| style="text-align:center;"|6 June 1719&nbsp;– 17 September 1719
(0 years, 105 days)
(0 years, 105 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|18 September 1719 (aged 23) [[Agra, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|18 September 1719 (aged 23) [[Agra, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Succeeded [[Rafi ud-Darajat]] after being chosen by the [[Sayyid brothers]].
|- bgcolor=#DAF2CE
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|13[[File:Muhammad Shah of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Muhammad Shah of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Muhammad Shah<br>{{Uninastaliq|محمد شاہ}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''''Muhammad Shah''<br>{{Nastaliq|محمد شاہ}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Muhammad Shah|Nasir al-Din Muhammad]] <br>{{Uninastaliq|نصیر الدین محمد}}<br /><small>Puppet King Under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]</small>
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Muhammad Shah|Roshan Akhtar Bahadur]] <br>{{Nastaliq|روشن اختر بہادر}}
| style="text-align:center;"|7 August 1702 [[Ghazni|Ghazni, Afghanistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|7 August 1702 [[Ghazni|Ghazni, Afghanistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|27 September 1719&nbsp;– 26 April 1748
| style="text-align:center;"|27 September 1719&nbsp;– 26 April 1748
(28 years, 212 days)
(28 years, 212 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|26 April 1748 (aged 45) [[Delhi, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|26 April 1748 (aged 45) [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|Got rid of the [[Syed Brothers|Sayyid Brothers]]. Fought a long war with the Marathas, losing [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and [[Malwa]] in the process. Suffered the invasion of [[Nader Shah]] of Persia in 1739. He was the last emperor to possess effective control over the empire.
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ahmad Shah Bahadur of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|14[[File:Ahmad Shah Bahadur of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''''Ahmad Shah Bahadur''<br>{{Nastaliq|احمد شاہ بہادر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Ahmad Shah Bahadur<br>{{Uninastaliq|احمد شاہ بہادر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]] <br>{{Nastaliq|احمد شاہ بہادر}}
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Ahmad Shah Bahadur|Mujahid al-Din Muhammad]] <br>{{Uninastaliq|مجاہد الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|23 December 1725 [[Delhi, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|23 December 1725 [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|29 April 1748&nbsp;– 2 June 1754
| style="text-align:center;"|29 April 1748&nbsp;– 2 June 1754
(6 years, 37 days)
(6 years, 37 days)
| style="text-align:center"|1 January 1775 (aged 49) [[Delhi, India]]
| style="text-align:center"|1 January 1775 (aged 49) [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|Mughal forces defeated by the Marathas at the Battle of Sikandarabad.
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Alamgir II of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|15[[File:Alamgir II of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''''Alamgir II''<br>{{Nastaliq|عالمگیر دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Alamgir II<br>{{Uninastaliq|عالمگیر دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Alamgir II|Aziz-ud-din]] <br>{{Nastaliq|عزیز اُلدین}}
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Alamgir II|Aziz al-Din Muhammad]] <br>{{Uninastaliq|عزیز اُلدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|6 June 1699 [[Burhanpur, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|6 June 1699 [[Burhanpur, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|3 June 1754&nbsp;– 29 November 1759
| style="text-align:center;"|3 June 1754&nbsp;– 29 November 1759
(5 years, 180 days)
(5 years, 180 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|29 November 1759 (aged 60) Kotla Fateh Shah, India
| style="text-align:center;"|29 November 1759 (aged 60) Kotla Fateh Shah, India
| style="text-align:center;"|Domination of [[Vizier]] [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III|Imad-ul-Mulk]].
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Shah_Jahan_III_of_India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|16[[File:Shah_Jahan_III_of_India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''''Shah Jahan III''<br>{{Nastaliq|شاہ جہان سوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Jahan III<br>{{Uninastaliq|شاہ جہان سوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Jahan III|Muhi-ul-millat]] <br>{{Nastaliq|محی اُلملت}}
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Jahan III|Muhi al-Millat]] <br>{{Uninastaliq|محی اُلملت}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1711
| style="text-align:center;"|1711
| style="text-align:center;"|10 December 1759&nbsp;– 10 October 1760
| style="text-align:center;"|10 December 1759&nbsp;– 10 October 1760
(282 days)
(282 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|1772 (aged 60–61)
| style="text-align:center;"|1772 (aged 60–61)
| style="text-align:center;"|Consolidation of power by the Nawab of Bengal-Bihar-Odisha.
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ali Gauhar of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|17[[File:Ali Gauhar of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''''Shah Alam II''<br>{{Nastaliq|شاہ عالم دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Alam II<br>{{Uninastaliq|شاہ عالم دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Alam II|Ali Gauhar]] <br>{{Nastaliq|علی گوہر}}
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Alam II|Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar]] <br>{{Uninastaliq|جلال الدین علی گوہر}}
| style="text-align:center;"|25 June 1728 [[Delhi, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|25 June 1728 [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|10 October 1760&nbsp;– 31 July 1788
| style="text-align:center;"|10 October 1760&nbsp;– 31 July 1788
(46 years, 330 days)
(27 years, 301 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|19 November 1806 (aged 78) [[Delhi, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|19 November 1806 (aged 78) [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|Defeat in the [[Battle of Buxar]].
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Mughal_Emperor_Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|18[[File:Mughal_Emperor_Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''''Shah Jahan IV''<br>{{Nastaliq|جہان شاه چہارم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Jahan IV<br>{{Uninastaliq|جہان شاه چہارم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Mahmud Shah Bahadur|Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah]]<br>{{Nastaliq|&nbsp;بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جہان شاہ&nbsp;}}
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Mahmud Shah Bahadur|Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah]]<br>{{Uninastaliq|&nbsp;بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جہان شاہ&nbsp;}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1749 [[Delhi, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1749 [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|31 July 1788&nbsp;– 11 October 1788
| style="text-align:center;"|31 July 1788&nbsp;– 11 October 1788
(63 days)
(63 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|1790 (aged 40–41) [[Delhi, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1790 (aged 40–41) [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|Enthroned as a puppet Emperor by the [[Rohilla]] [[Ghulam Qadir|Ghulam Kadir]], following the temporary overthrow of [[Shah Alam II]].<ref>The Honorary Secretaries, ''Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal: 1871'', (1871) p. 97</ref>
|- bgcolor="#F5DEB3"
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|17[[File:Ali Gauhar of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ali Gauhar of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Alam II<br>{{Uninastaliq|شاہ عالم دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''''Shah Alam II''<br>{{Nastaliq|شاہ عالم دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Alam II|Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar]] <br>{{Uninastaliq|جلال الدین علی گوہر}}<br /><small>Puppet King under the [[Maratha Empire]]</small>
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Alam II|Ali Gauhar]] <br>{{Nastaliq|علی گوہر}}
| style="text-align:center;"|25 June 1728 [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|25 June 1728 [[Delhi, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|16 October 1788&nbsp;– 19 November 1806
| style="text-align:center;"|16 October 1788&nbsp;– 19 November 1806
(46 years, 330 days)
(18 years, 339 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|19 November 1806 (aged 78) [[Delhi, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|19 November 1806 (aged 78) [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|Second reign.
|- bgcolor="#F2D4CE"
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|19[[File:Akbar Shah II of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Akbar Shah II of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Akbar Shah II<br>{{Uninastaliq|اکبر شاہ دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''''Akbar Shah II''<br>{{Nastaliq|اکبر شاہ دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Akbar II|Muin al-Din Muhammad]] <br>{{Uninastaliq|میرزا اکبر}}<br /><small>Puppet King under the [[East India Company]]</small>
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Akbar II|Mirza Akbar]] <br>{{Nastaliq|میرزا اکبر}}
| style="text-align:center;"|22 April 1760 [[Mukundpur|Mukundpur, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|22 April 1760 [[Mukundpur|Mukundpur, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|19 November 1806&nbsp;– 28 September 1837
| style="text-align:center;"|19 November 1806&nbsp;– 28 September 1837
(30 years, 321 days)
(30 years, 321 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|28 September 1837 (aged 77) [[Delhi, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|28 September 1837 (aged 77) [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|Titular figurehead under British protection.
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Bahadur Shah II of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|20[[File:Bahadur Shah II of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''''Bahadur Shah II''<br>{{Nastaliq|بہادر شاہ دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Bahadur Shah II Zafar<br>{{Uninastaliq|بہادر شاہ ظفر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Bahadur Shah II|Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar]] <br>{{Nastaliq|ابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد بہادر شاہ ظفر}}
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Bahadur Shah II|Abu Zafar Siraj al-Din Muhammad]] <br>{{Uninastaliq|ابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|24 October 1775 [[Delhi, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|24 October 1775 [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|28 September 1837&nbsp;– 21 September 1857
| style="text-align:center;"|28 September 1837&nbsp;– 21 September 1857
(19 years, 360 days)
(19 years, 360 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|7 November 1862 (aged 87) [[Rangoon, Myanmar]]
| style="text-align:center;"|7 November 1862 (aged 87) [[Rangoon, Myanmar]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Last Mughal Emperor. Deposed by the British and was exiled to [[Myanmar|Burma]] after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|rebellion of 1857]].
|}
|}


<small>Note: The Mughal Emperors practiced [[polygamy]]. Besides their wives, they also had several concubines in their [[harem]], who produced children. This makes it difficult to identify all the offspring of each emperor.<ref>{{cite book | last = Dalrymple | first = William | title = The Last Mughal | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing Plc | location = London | year = 2006 | page = 44 | isbn = 978-1-4088-0092-8 }}</ref></small>{{quotation needed|date=September 2021}}
<small>Note: The Mughal emperors practiced [[polygamy]]. Besides their wives, they also had several concubines in their [[harem]], who produced children. This makes it difficult to identify all the offspring of each emperor.<ref>{{cite book | last = Dalrymple | first = William | title = The Last Mughal | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing Plc | location = London | year = 2006 | page = 44 | isbn = 978-1-4088-0092-8 }}</ref></small>{{quotation needed|date=September 2021}}


==Family tree of Mughal Emperors ==
==Family tree of Mughal emperors ==
{{Mughal family tree}}
{{Mughal family tree}}


Line 297: Line 288:


== References ==
== References ==
=== Citations ===
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


=== Sources ===
=== <span lang="or" dir="ltr">Sources</span> ===
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* [[John Keay|Keay, John]], ''India, a History'', 2000, HarperCollins, {{ISBN|0002557177}}
* [[John Keay|Keay, John]], ''India, a History'', 2000, HarperCollins, {{ISBN|0002557177}}
* {{loc}} – [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html India] [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pktoc.html Pakistan]
* {{Country study}} – [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html India] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120714040603/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html |date=14 July 2012 }} [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pktoc.html Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629162528/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pktoc.html |date=29 June 2015 }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


Line 311: Line 303:
==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.aurangzeb.info Aurangzeb, as he was according to Mughal Records]
* [http://www.aurangzeb.info Aurangzeb, as he was according to Mughal Records]
* [http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/BrIndia.html British India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000601092259/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/BrIndia.html British India]
* [https://www.examabs.com/2022/04/medieval-india-central-structure-of.html Mughal Period full details]  


{{Mughal Empire}}
{{Mughal Empire}}
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