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{{Original research|date=November 2019}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}} | {{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}} | ||
{{Infobox military installation | |||
{{Infobox | |||
|name = Kondaveedu Fort | |name = Kondaveedu Fort | ||
|native_name = | |native_name = | ||
|partof = [[Andhra Pradesh]] | |partof = [[Andhra Pradesh]] | ||
|location = [[ | |location = [[Palnadu district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]] | ||
|image = [[File:Kondavid-drug. Signed 'W.R.'.jpg|300px]] | |image = [[File:Kondavid-drug. Signed 'W.R.'.jpg|300px]] | ||
|caption = Water-colour painting of Kondavid Fort | |caption = Water-colour painting of Kondavid Fort | ||
| Line 33: | Line 33: | ||
|caption2 = The Fort today from the base of the hill | |caption2 = The Fort today from the base of the hill | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Kondaveedu Fort''' is a historically significant ancient hill fortress located in Kondaveedu, a village in the [[Chilakaluripet]] constituency of [[ | '''Kondaveedu Fort''' is a historically significant ancient hill fortress located in Kondaveedu, a village in the [[Chilakaluripet]] constituency of [[Palnadu district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. The site is located 16 miles west of the city of [[Guntur City|Guntur]]. Apart from this main fort, there are two other forts (names not known) nearby. Efforts are in progress to classify Kondaveedu Fort as a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/dec/11/kondaveedu-fort-likely-to-get-unesco-heritage-status-1547919.html |title=Kondaveedu fort likely to get UNESCO heritage status |date=11 December 2016 |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref><ref name=Burgess>{{Cite book |last=Burgess |first=James |title=Indian antiquary, Volume 1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fNAOAAAAQAAJ&q=Kondavid+fort&pg=PA182 |publisher= Popular Prakashan |year=1872}}</ref> | ||
Kondaveedu Fort was constructed by [[Prolaya Vema Reddi]]. It was used as the capital by the [[Reddi Kingdom|Reddi dynasty]] between 1328 and 1482, shifting from their former capital at [[Addanki]].<ref name=gazette/> It was taken by the [[Vijayanagara]] emperor [[Krishnadevaraya]] in 1516.<ref name=gazette/> The [[Golconda]] [[Sultan]]s fought for the fort in 1531, 1536 and 1579, and Sultan [[Quli Qutb Shah]] finally captured it in 1579, renaming it ''Murtazanagar''.<ref name=gazette>{{Cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=15&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_399.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15 1931 |work=Kondaveedu |page=393 |accessdate=2009-10-20 |publisher=Digital South Asia Library}}</ref><ref name=Sewell>{{Cite book |last=Sewell |first=Robert |title= Lists of inscriptions, and sketch of the dynasties of Southern India, Archaeological Survey of India |work=Kondaveedu Reddy Chiefs… |pages=187–188 |accessdate=2009-10-21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXIIAAAAQAAJ&q=Kondavidu&pg=PA187 |publisher= E. Keys at the Government Press |year=1884}}</ref><ref name=gallery>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000000739u00000000.html |title= Kondavid-durg near Guntur. 19 February 1804. Signed 'W.R.' |accessdate=2009-10-20 |publisher=British on line Gallery}}</ref><ref name=Burgess/> | Kondaveedu Fort was constructed by [[Prolaya Vema Reddi]]. It was used as the capital by the [[Reddi Kingdom|Reddi dynasty]] between 1328 and 1482, shifting from their former capital at [[Addanki]].<ref name=gazette/> It was taken by the [[Vijayanagara]] emperor [[Krishnadevaraya]] in 1516.<ref name=gazette/> The [[Golconda]] [[Sultan]]s fought for the fort in 1531, 1536 and 1579, and Sultan [[Quli Qutb Shah]] finally captured it in 1579, renaming it ''Murtazanagar''.<ref name=gazette>{{Cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=15&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_399.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15 1931 |work=Kondaveedu |page=393 |accessdate=2009-10-20 |publisher=Digital South Asia Library}}</ref><ref name=Sewell>{{Cite book |last=Sewell |first=Robert |title= Lists of inscriptions, and sketch of the dynasties of Southern India, Archaeological Survey of India |work=Kondaveedu Reddy Chiefs… |pages=187–188 |accessdate=2009-10-21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXIIAAAAQAAJ&q=Kondavidu&pg=PA187 |publisher= E. Keys at the Government Press |year=1884}}</ref><ref name=gallery>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000000739u00000000.html |title= Kondavid-durg near Guntur. 19 February 1804. Signed 'W.R.' |accessdate=2009-10-20 |publisher=British on line Gallery}}</ref><ref name=Burgess/> | ||
The fort came under the control of the [[France |French]] colonists in 1752 when it was extensively fortified. It passed on to the British [[East India Company]] who got control of the fort in 1788 but abandoned it in the early 19th century in favour of [[Guntur]]. Now, the massive fortifications and battlements are seen in ruins only. The interior has extensive ruins of [[Magazine (artillery)|magazines]] and storehouses.<ref name=gazette/><ref name=gallery/> | The fort came under the control of the [[France|French]] colonists in 1752 when it was extensively fortified. It passed on to the British [[East India Company]] who got control of the fort in 1788 but abandoned it in the early 19th century in favour of [[Guntur]]. Now, the massive fortifications and battlements are seen in ruins only. The interior has extensive ruins of [[Magazine (artillery)|magazines]] and storehouses.<ref name=gazette/><ref name=gallery/> | ||
==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
The fortresses were once the capital of the [[Kondavidu Reddi Kingdom]] that was delimited between the south of the [[Krishna River]] and the [[Gundlakamma River]] and located {{convert|8|mi|km}} to the west of [[Guntur]] city. They were erected on a high ridge of a small range of hills with average elevation of {{convert|1500|ft|m}} (highest point on the ridge is {{convert|1700|ft|m}}). There are two hill ([[ghat]]) sections, which form the hill ranges, one is to the north, which provides a very steep but short access to the forts. The preferred access is more circuitous and less tiring and involves {{convert|2|mi|km}} of trekking.<ref name=Sewell/><ref name=Burgess/> Kondaveedu and the surrounding forest areas have a large number of [[Custard apple]] (''[[Morinda citrifolia]]'' (''[[Noni]]'')) trees.<ref name=Gamble>{{Cite book |last=Gamble |first= James Sykes |title= A manual of Indian timbers: an account of the growth, distribution, and uses |work=Anoncae |page=[https://archive.org/details/amanualindianti00gambgoog/page/n59 21] |url=https://archive.org/details/amanualindianti00gambgoog |quote=Kondavid fort. |publisher= S. Low, Marston & co. ltd. |year=1902}}</ref> | The fortresses were once the capital of the [[Kondavidu Reddi Kingdom]] that was delimited between the south of the [[Krishna River]] and the [[Gundlakamma River]] and located {{convert|8|mi|km}} to the west of [[Guntur]] city. They were erected on a high ridge of a small range of hills with average elevation of {{convert|1500|ft|m|abbr=}} (highest point on the ridge is {{convert|1700|ft|m}}). There are two hill ([[ghat]]) sections, which form the hill ranges, one is to the north, which provides a very steep but short access to the forts. The preferred access is more circuitous and less tiring and involves {{convert|2|mi|km}} of trekking.<ref name=Sewell/><ref name=Burgess/> Kondaveedu and the surrounding forest areas have a large number of [[Custard apple]] (''[[Morinda citrifolia]]'' (''[[Noni]]'')) trees.<ref name=Gamble>{{Cite book |last=Gamble |first= James Sykes |title= A manual of Indian timbers: an account of the growth, distribution, and uses |work=Anoncae |page=[https://archive.org/details/amanualindianti00gambgoog/page/n59 21] |url=https://archive.org/details/amanualindianti00gambgoog |quote=Kondavid fort. |publisher= S. Low, Marston & co. ltd. |year=1902}}</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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In 1323, [[Warangal]] and the whole of Andhra Pradesh came under the reign of [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaqs]] rulers of [[Delhi]]. Their depredations and despotic reign resulted in the formation of a confederation movement by the [[Hindu]] [[Musunuri Nayakas|Musunuri Nayaks]], who ousted the Muslims from [[Warangal]], and the Reddys were part of this movement.<ref name=reddy/> | In 1323, [[Warangal]] and the whole of Andhra Pradesh came under the reign of [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaqs]] rulers of [[Delhi]]. Their depredations and despotic reign resulted in the formation of a confederation movement by the [[Hindu]] [[Musunuri Nayakas|Musunuri Nayaks]], who ousted the Muslims from [[Warangal]], and the Reddys were part of this movement.<ref name=reddy/> | ||
The Reddys of Kondaveedu were initially feudatories of the kings of Warangal. From inscriptions, it is inferred that their rule overlapped with that of the Korukonda Reddis and that they shifted from their earlier capital at [[Addanki]] in [[Guntur]] to Kondaveedu. The founder of the dynasty was Prolaya Vema Reddy, the son of Prola.<ref name=Godavari/><ref name=reddy/> They ruled in the region around present-day [[Vijayawada]] and Guntur towns for nearly a hundred years (1328–1428). Their first ruler Prolaya Vema Reddy (followed by five other rulers till 1428) who ruled till 1353, strengthened the defenses of his kingdom by building a number of forts, which included the Kondaveedu Fort. He shifted his capital from [[Addanki]] in Guntur to Kondaveedu fort. Subsequently, the region was ruled by the [[Bahmanis]] (1458), the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara kings] | The Reddys of Kondaveedu were initially feudatories of the kings of Warangal. From inscriptions, it is inferred that their rule overlapped with that of the Korukonda Reddis and that they shifted from their earlier capital at [[Addanki]] in [[Guntur]] to Kondaveedu. The founder of the dynasty was Prolaya Vema Reddy, the son of Prola.<ref name=Godavari/><ref name=reddy/> They ruled in the region around present-day [[Vijayawada]] and Guntur towns for nearly a hundred years (1328–1428). Their first ruler Prolaya Vema Reddy (followed by five other rulers till 1428) who ruled till 1353, strengthened the defenses of his kingdom by building a number of forts, which included the Kondaveedu Fort. He shifted his capital from [[Addanki]] in Guntur to Kondaveedu fort. Subsequently, the region was ruled by the [[Bahmanis]] (1458), the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara kings]] (1516), the [[Qutb Shahis]], (1531,1537 & 1579), the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] army of [[Aurangzeb]] in 1687, the French (1752), the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty|Asaf Jahi]] Kings, and finally the British (1766 and 1788).<ref name=Sewell/><ref name=Hindu/><ref name=reddy/> | ||
Early in 2019, remains of a [[Stupa|Buddhist stupa]] were found under a dilapidated Hindu temple at Kondaveedu fort.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/buddhist-remains-found-at-kondaveedu-fort/article26044963.ece |title=Buddhist remains found at Kondaveedu fort |last=Jonathan |first=P. samuel |date=2019-01-21 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2019-05-06 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The remains date back to the later Satavahana period — 1st to 2nd century CE. This discovery pushes back of the history of Kondaveedu to the Satavahana period.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/kondaveedu-buddhist-remains-date-back-to-satavahana-period/article26115108.ece |title='Kondaveedu Buddhist remains date back to Satavahana period' |last=Rao |first=G. v r Subba |date=2019-01-29 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2019-01-29 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> | Early in 2019, remains of a [[Stupa|Buddhist stupa]] were found under a dilapidated Hindu temple at Kondaveedu fort.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/buddhist-remains-found-at-kondaveedu-fort/article26044963.ece |title=Buddhist remains found at Kondaveedu fort |last=Jonathan |first=P. samuel |date=2019-01-21 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2019-05-06 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The remains date back to the later Satavahana period — 1st to 2nd century CE. This discovery pushes back of the history of Kondaveedu to the Satavahana period.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/kondaveedu-buddhist-remains-date-back-to-satavahana-period/article26115108.ece |title='Kondaveedu Buddhist remains date back to Satavahana period' |last=Rao |first=G. v r Subba |date=2019-01-29 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2019-01-29 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> | ||
Three copper plate grants of Prithvi Sri Mularaja were found in Kondavidu.{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=31}} | |||
==Structure== | ==Structure== | ||
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The department of Archaeology and Museums (Andhra Pradesh) has decided to carry out major development and restoration works to bring out the past glory of the forts. The works proposed involve construction of hill ([[ghat]]) road of {{convert|3.5|km|mi}} length from the eastern side of the hill (the first step to approach the forts to begin restoration works), resetting and providing railing along the rocky pathway, and improving the view-points, bastions, garrison barracks, stables and internal roads with appropriate tourist signages.<ref name=facelift>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/08/stories/2009030854290500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310101019/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/08/stories/2009030854290500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-03-10 |title= Kondaveedu Fort to get major facelift |accessdate=2009-10-20 |date=2009-03-08 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> | The department of Archaeology and Museums (Andhra Pradesh) has decided to carry out major development and restoration works to bring out the past glory of the forts. The works proposed involve construction of hill ([[ghat]]) road of {{convert|3.5|km|mi}} length from the eastern side of the hill (the first step to approach the forts to begin restoration works), resetting and providing railing along the rocky pathway, and improving the view-points, bastions, garrison barracks, stables and internal roads with appropriate tourist signages.<ref name=facelift>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/08/stories/2009030854290500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310101019/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/08/stories/2009030854290500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-03-10 |title= Kondaveedu Fort to get major facelift |accessdate=2009-10-20 |date=2009-03-08 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> | ||
ISKCON South India is also embarking on giving a major face-lift to this historical fort through their Spiritual Heritage Revival Project.<ref name=revival>{{Cite web |url=http://news.iskcon.com/node/2831/2010-05-21/iskcon_south_india_to_restore_ancient_kondaveedu_fort |title=ISKCON South India to Restore Ancient Kondaveedu Fort |accessdate=2010-06-26 |publisher=ISKCON SOUTH INDIA |date=2009-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031125512/http://news.iskcon.com/node/2831/2010-05-21/iskcon_south_india_to_restore_ancient_kondaveedu_fort |archive-date=31 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=revival_kondaveedu>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5875146.cms |title= Land sharks back ISKCON bid to 'capture' Kondaveedu fort |accessdate=2010-06-26 | | ISKCON South India is also embarking on giving a major face-lift to this historical fort through their Spiritual Heritage Revival Project.<ref name=revival>{{Cite web |url=http://news.iskcon.com/node/2831/2010-05-21/iskcon_south_india_to_restore_ancient_kondaveedu_fort |title=ISKCON South India to Restore Ancient Kondaveedu Fort |accessdate=2010-06-26 |publisher=ISKCON SOUTH INDIA |date=2009-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031125512/http://news.iskcon.com/node/2831/2010-05-21/iskcon_south_india_to_restore_ancient_kondaveedu_fort |archive-date=31 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=revival_kondaveedu>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5875146.cms |title= Land sharks back ISKCON bid to 'capture' Kondaveedu fort |accessdate=2010-06-26 |work=Times of India |date=2010-04-30 |first1=M N |last1=Samdani}}</ref> The Andhra Pradesh government has sanctioned a {{convert|65|acre|m2|adj=on}} plot at the foot of the hill to build a beautiful temple for the ancient Venna Gopal deity at the foot of the Kondaveedu Hills in the first phase. The deity was originally installed 500 years ago by the great South Indian Emperor [[Krishnadevaraya]], who also took over the Fort from its previous rulers, the Reddy Kings([[Reddy dynasty]]). | ||
And provided this first phase is carried out successfully, the AP Government promised ISKCON another {{convert|150|acre|km2}} at the top of the hill to develop. A 3 Crore (30 million rupee) road to the top of the hill is already being completed by Andhra Pradesh government. Krishnas Idol is very rare in the world. Below is the picture of Krishna located in Cheghizkhan pet (Kondaveedu) | |||
[[File:VennamuddaGopalaSwamy.jpg|thumb|Venna Mudda Gopalaswamy near Kondaveedu]] | |||
==Access== | ==Access== | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
===Citations=== | |||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
=== Sources === | |||
* {{citation |editor-last=Vyas |editor-first=Dr. R. T. |author-link=R.T. Vyas |url={{Google books|fETebHcHKogC|plainurl=yes}} |title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects |publisher=The Director, Oriental Institute, on behalf of the Registrar, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara |year=1995 |isbn=81-7017-316-7 }} | |||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{commons category|Kondavid Fort}} | {{commons category|Kondavid Fort}} | ||
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsYzbYRgHEo Video clip of Kondaveedu-Golden age of Telugu Kingdom(Reddy Kings), Best Tourism place in | *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsYzbYRgHEo Video clip of Kondaveedu-Golden age of Telugu Kingdom(Reddy Kings), Best Tourism place in India] | ||
{{Forts in Andhra Pradesh}} | {{Forts in Andhra Pradesh}} | ||
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[[Category:Tourist attractions in Guntur district]] | [[Category:Tourist attractions in Guntur district]] | ||
[[Category:13th-century establishments in India]] | [[Category:13th-century establishments in India]] | ||
[[Category:Monuments of | [[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Andhra Pradesh]] | ||
[[Category:Vijayanagara Empire]] | [[Category:Vijayanagara Empire]] | ||
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Andhra Pradesh]] | [[Category:Archaeological sites in Andhra Pradesh]] | ||
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 13th century]] | [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 13th century]] | ||