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{{Short description|Pakistani fighter pilot}}
{{Short description|Bengali war hero and Flying ace (1935-2013)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
{{Infobox military person
|honorific prefix = Air Commodore
| honorific prefix = Air Commodore
|name= Muhammad Mahmood Alam <br /> [[Sitara-e-Jurat|SJ]]
| honorific_prefix = [[Air Commodore]]
|native_name = {{Nastaliq|محمد محمود عالم}} মুহাম্মদ মাহমুদ আলম
| name         = Muhammad Mahmood Alam
|native_name_lang = urdu
| honorific_suffix = [[File:Sitara - i -Jurat .png|30px]] [[File:Sitara - i -Jurat .png|30px]] <br /><b>
|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1935|7|6}}
[[Sitara-e-Jurat|Sitara-e-Jurat & Bar<ref name="MW Note 3" group="note">"Bar" refers to a second award of the same honour</ref>]]<br /></b>[[Sitara-i-Jurat|SJ & Bar<ref name="MW Note 3" group="note">"Bar" refers to a second award of the same honour</ref>]] [[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|SI(M)]]
|birth_place= [[Calcutta]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| native_name   = মহম্মদ মাহমুদ আলম <br> {{Nastaliq|محمد محمود عالم}}
|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|2013|3|18|1935|7|6}}
| native_name_lang = Bangla
|death_place= [[Karachi]], Pakistan
| birth_date   = {{birth date|df=yes|1935|7|6}}
|image= MM alam in 2010.jpg
| birth_place   = [[Calcutta]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|alt=
| death_date   = {{death date and age|df=yes|2013|3|18|1935|7|6}}
|caption= Muhammad Mahmood Alam in 2010
| death_place   = [[Karachi]], Pakistan
|nickname=MM Alam, Little Dragon
| image         = MM alam in 2010.jpg
|allegiance={{PAK}}
| alt           =  
|serviceyears=1960–1982
| caption       = Muhammad Mahmood Alam in 2010
|branch={{Air force|Pakistan}}
| nickname     = M. M. Alam, Little Dragon
|rank=[[File:US-O7 insignia.svg|20px]] [[Air commodore]]
| allegiance   = {{PAK}}
|commands=
| serviceyears = 1953–1982
|unit=[[List of Pakistan Air Force Squadrons|No. 11 Squadron Arrows]] (1965)<ref name=PAF>{{cite web|url=http://www.paf.gov.pk/mmalam.html|title=Events&nbsp;– M M Alam's F-86|publisher=Pakistan Air Force (official website)|access-date=5 March 2010|location=Pakistan}}</ref><br />[[List of Pakistan Air Force Squadrons|No. 5 Squadron Falcons]]
| branch       = {{Air force|Pakistan}}
|battles= [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]<br />[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]<br />[[Soviet–Afghan War]]
| rank         = [[File:US-O7 insignia.svg|20px]] [[Air commodore]]
|awards= [[Sitara-e-Jurat]] and [[Medal bar|Bar]]<ref name="Fiza'ya: psyche of the Pakistan Air Force">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JS4AAAAIAAJ |title=Fiza'ya: psyche of the Pakistan Air Force |last1=Singh |first1=Pushpindar |last2=Rikhye |first2=Ravi |last3=Steinemann |first3=Peter |publisher=Society for Aerospace Studies |year=1991 |isbn=9788170020387 |pages=28, 31}}</ref>
| commands     =
|laterwork=  
| servicenumber = Pak/1492
| unit         = [[List of Pakistan Air Force Squadrons|No. 11 Squadron Arrows]] (1965)<ref name=PAF>{{cite web|url=http://www.paf.gov.pk/mmalam.html|title=Events&nbsp;– M M Alam's F-86|publisher=Pakistan Air Force (official website)|access-date=5 March 2010|location=Pakistan}}</ref><br />[[List of Pakistan Air Force Squadrons|No. 5 Squadron Falcons]]
| battles       = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]<br />[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]<br />[[Soviet–Afghan War]]
| awards       = <b>[[File:Sitara-e-Jurat.png|60px]] {{small|[[Sitara-i-Jurat|Sitara-e-Jurat & Bar<ref name="MW Note 3" group="note">"Bar" refers to a second award of the same honour</ref>]]}}<br />[[File:Sitara-e-Imtiaz.png|60px]] {{small|[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|Sitara-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]}}
| laterwork     =  
}}
}}


[[Air Commodore]] '''Muhammad Mahmood Alam''' {{Small|[[Sitara-e-Jurat|SJ]]}} ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|محمد محمود عالم}}}}; 6 July 1935&nbsp;– 18 March 2013) was<ref>''Dawn'' Newspaper, [http://dawn.com/2013/03/18/m-m-alam-passes-away-in-karachi/];</ref> a Pakistani fighter pilot officially credited by the [[Pakistan Air Force]] with having downed five Indian jets in under a minute.
[[Air Commodore]] '''Muhammad Mahmood Alam''' {{Small|[[Sitara-e-Jurat|SJ{{small| & Bar}}]]<ref name="MW Note 3" group="note">"Bar" refers to a second award of the same honour</ref> [[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|SI(M)]]}} (Bengali: মহম্মদ মাহমুদ আলম; {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|محمد محمود عالم}}}}) 6 July 1935&nbsp;– 18 March 2013) was<ref>''Dawn'' Newspaper, [http://dawn.com/2013/03/18/m-m-alam-passes-away-in-karachi/];</ref> a [[Bengalis in Pakistan|Bengali]] fighter pilot officially credited by the [[Pakistan Air Force]] with having downed four Indian jets in under a minute.
   
   
He was a [[North American F-86 Sabre|F-86 Sabre]] [[flying ace]] as per Pakistan Air Force records. He was awarded the [[Sitara-e-Jurat]], the nation's third highest military award for his actions.
He was a [[North American F-86 Sabre|F-86 Sabre]] [[flying ace]] as per Pakistan Air Force records. He was awarded the [[Sitara-e-Jurat]] twice, the nation's third highest military award for his actions.


==Early life==
==Early life==
Alam was born on 6 July 1935 to a well-educated family of [[Calcutta]], British India. Born and raised in [[Bengal]], Alam was a fluent [[Bengali language|Bengali]] speaker, however his paternal line was of Urdu-speaking Bihari origin; having emigrated from [[Patna]] and settled in the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] province of British India for a long time.<ref name="Nation">{{cite news|url=http://www.nation.com.pk/national/06-Sep-2013/knowing-mm-alam|title=Knowing MM Alam|work=The Nation|access-date=8 September 2014|date=6 September 2013}}</ref> The family migrated from Calcutta to eastern Bengal which became [[East Pakistan]], now Bangladesh following the formation of Pakistan in 1947.<ref name="Nation"/> It was in East Pakistan, where Alam completed his secondary education, graduating from the Government High School in [[Dhaka]] in 1951. He joined the then Royal Pakistani Air Force (now Pakistan Air Force) in 1952, being commissioned on 2 October 1953.<ref name="The News International">[http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-166043-Iconic-war-veteran-MM-Alam-passes-away Iconic war veteran MM Alam passes away], [[The News International]]. Retrieved on 19 March 2013.</ref> Alam's brothers are [[M. Shahid Alam]], an economist and a professor at [[Northeastern University, Boston|Northeastern University]],<ref>Institute for Policy Research & Development, [http://iprd.org.uk/?page_id=30 Advisory Board] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404101927/http://iprd.org.uk/?page_id=30 |date=4 April 2019 }}; [http://iprd.org.uk/?page_id=6291 Dr. M. Shahid Alam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404101918/http://iprd.org.uk/?page_id=6291 |date=4 April 2019 }}</ref><ref name=Aksan>Cihan Aksan, ''State of Nature'', [http://www.stateofnature.org/onIslam1.html On Islam: An Interview with M. Shahid Alam]</ref> and [[Mohammad Sajjad Alam|M. Sajjad Alam]], a particle physicist at [[SUNY Albany]].<ref>Department of Physics, [http://www.albany.edu/undergraduate_bulletin/department_physics.html M. Sajjad Alam].</ref>
Alam born on 6 July 1935 to a family hailing from [[Calcutta]], [[British Raj|British India]]. Born and raised in [[Bengal]], Alam was a fluent [[Bengali language|Bengali]] speaker, it being his mother tongue. He was of mixed heritage: his maternal line was of [[Bengalis|Bengali]] origin and his paternal line was of [[Bihari Muslims|Bihari]] origin, having migrated from [[Patna]] and later settled in the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] province of [[British Raj|British India]] for a long time.<ref name="Nation">{{cite news|url=http://www.nation.com.pk/national/06-Sep-2013/knowing-mm-alam|title=Knowing MM Alam|work=The Nation|access-date=8 September 2014|date=6 September 2022}}</ref> His family migrated from [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] to [[East Bengal]] (which later became [[East Pakistan]] and then [[Bangladesh]]) following the creation of Pakistan in 1947.<ref name="Nation"/> It was in [[East Pakistan]] where Alam completed his secondary education, graduating from the Government High School in [[Dhaka]] in 1951. He joined the then Royal Pakistani Air Force (now [[Pakistan Air Force]]) in 1952, being commissioned on 2 October 1953.<ref name="The News International">[http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-166043-Iconic-war-veteran-MM-Alam-passes-away Iconic war veteran MM Alam passes away], [[The News International]]. Retrieved on 19 March 2013.</ref> Alam's brothers are [[M. Shahid Alam]], an economist and a professor at [[Northeastern University, Boston|Northeastern University]],<ref>Institute for Policy Research & Development, [http://iprd.org.uk/?page_id=30 Advisory Board] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404101927/http://iprd.org.uk/?page_id=30 |date=4 April 2019 }}; [http://iprd.org.uk/?page_id=6291 Dr. M. Shahid Alam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404101918/http://iprd.org.uk/?page_id=6291 |date=4 April 2019 }}</ref><ref name=Aksan>Cihan Aksan, ''State of Nature'', [http://www.stateofnature.org/onIslam1.html On Islam: An Interview with M. Shahid Alam]</ref> and [[Mohammad Sajjad Alam|M. Sajjad Alam]], who was a particle physicist at [[SUNY Albany]].<ref>Department of Physics, [http://www.albany.edu/undergraduate_bulletin/department_physics.html M. Sajjad Alam].</ref>


His family moved to [[Pakistan]] in 1971, after the secession of [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="Nation"/> Being the eldest of his 11 siblings, Alam did not marry as he had to assume the responsibilities of the upbringing of his family.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} Some of his younger brothers became distinguished in various academic careers.<ref name="The News International" />
His family moved to [[West Pakistan]] in 1971, after the liberation of [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Nation"/> Being the eldest of his 11 siblings, Alam did not marry as he had to assume the responsibilities of the upbringing of his family.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} Some of his younger brothers became distinguished in various academic careers.<ref name="The News International" />


==Service with the Pakistan Air Force==
==Service with the Pakistan Air Force==
=== Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 ===
=== Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 ===
[[File:Mohammad Mahmood Alam 1965.jpg|thumb|MM Alam poses with his F-86 Sabre. Indian Flags as kill marks visible on the nose of the sabre. Large flags mean confirmed kills whole smaller ones refer to probable or damaged.]]


During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], Alam claimed to have scored an [[Flying ace#Ace in a day|"ace in a day"]] on 7 September 1965, with a total of 5 kills. His actions have placed him at the top of the hall of fame list at the [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) Museum in Karachi. During the war, he was posted at [[Sargodha]].
During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], Alam claimed to have scored an [[Flying ace#Ace in a day|"ace in a day"]] on 7 September 1965, with a total of 5 kills. His actions have placed him at the top of the hall of fame list at the [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) Museum in Karachi. During the war, he was posted at [[Sargodha]].


According to the PAF, in a single sortie on 7 September 1965, Alam downed five aircraft in less than a minute, establishing a world record.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/september/alam.htm |title=Alam's Speed-shooting Classic |publisher=Defencejournal.com |last=Air Cdre M Kaiser Tufail |author-link=Air Cdre M Kaiser Tufail |access-date=15 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="Fricker">{{cite book|last=Fricker|first=John|title=Battle for Pakistan: the air war of 1965|year=1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPttAAAAMAAJ |pages=15–17 |isbn=9780711009295}}</ref><ref name="Polmar">{{cite book|last1=Polmar|first1=Norman|title=One hundred years of world military aircraft|url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_v6d0|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-59114-686-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_v6d0/page/354 354]|first2=Dana |last2=Bell|quote=Mohammed Mahmood Alam claimed five victories against Indian Air Force Hawker Hunters, four of them in less than one minute! Alam, who ended the conflict with 9 kills, became history's only jet "ace-in-a-day."}}</ref><ref name="Nordeen's Indo-Pak 1965 Conflict">{{cite book|last=O' Nordeen|first=Lon|title=Air Warfare in the Missile Age|url=https://archive.org/details/airwarfareinmiss00nord|url-access=registration|year=1985|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-87474-680-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/airwarfareinmiss00nord/page/84 84–87]}}</ref>  Regarding the last four, he stated: "Before we had completed more than about{{Sic|}} 270 degrees of turn, at around 12 degrees per second, all four Hunters had been shot down."<ref name="Fricker" /> In 1978, when he gave a speech at a Karachi university, he said that he saw a spiritual force coming from the sky.<ref name="Rakshak">[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter5.html 30 Seconds Over Sargodha – The Making of a Myth: 1965 Indo-Pak Air War, Chapter 5] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207194926/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter5.html |date=7 February 2010 }}, [[Bharat Rakshak]]</ref>
According to the PAF, in a single sortie on 7 September 1965, Alam downed five aircraft in less than a minute, establishing a world record.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/september/alam.htm |title=Alam's Speed-shooting Classic |publisher=Defencejournal.com |last=Air Cdre M Kaiser Tufail |author-link=Air Cdre M Kaiser Tufail |access-date=15 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="Fricker">{{cite book|last=Fricker|first=John|title=Battle for Pakistan: the air war of 1965|year=1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPttAAAAMAAJ |pages=15–17 |isbn=9780711009295}}</ref><ref name="Polmar">{{cite book|last1=Polmar|first1=Norman|title=One hundred years of world military aircraft|url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_v6d0|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-59114-686-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_v6d0/page/354 354]|first2=Dana |last2=Bell|quote=Mohammed Mahmood Alam claimed five victories against Indian Air Force Hawker Hunters, four of them in less than one minute! Alam, who ended the conflict with 9 kills, became history's only jet "ace-in-a-day."}}</ref><ref name="Nordeen's Indo-Pak 1965 Conflict">{{cite book|last=O' Nordeen|first=Lon|title=Air Warfare in the Missile Age|url=https://archive.org/details/airwarfareinmiss00nord|url-access=registration|year=1985|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-87474-680-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/airwarfareinmiss00nord/page/84 84–87]}}</ref>  Regarding the last four, he stated: "Before we had completed more than about{{Sic|}} 270 degrees of turn, at around 12 degrees per second, all four Hunters had been shot down."<ref name="Fricker" /> In 1978, when he gave a speech at a Karachi university, he said that he saw a spiritual force coming from the sky.<ref name="Rakshak">[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter5.html 30 Seconds Over Sargodha – The Making of a Myth: 1965 Indo-Pak Air War, Chapter 5] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207194926/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter5.html |date=7 February 2010 }}, [[Bharat Rakshak]]</ref>


His claims have been contested by retired [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] [[Air commodore|Air Commodore]] Sajad S. Haider and the Indian Air Force, which denied losing five Hawker Hunter aircraft on the said day,<ref name="Nordeen's Indo-Pak 1965 Conflict"/><ref name=avhist>''Pakistan's Sabre Ace'' by Jon Guttman, Aviation History, Sept 1998.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/Flight_of_the_Falcon_Sajad_S_Haider|title=Flight of the Falcon- Demolishing Myths of Indo Pak Wars 1965-1971|last=Haider|first=Sajad S.|publisher=Vanguard Books Pvt Ltd.|year=2009|isbn=9789694025261|location=Lahore, Pakistan|pages=[https://archive.org/details/Flight_of_the_Falcon_Sajad_S_Haider/page/n4 69]|quote=<blockquote>It is tactically and mathematically very difficult to resurrect the incident in which all five Hunters in a hard turn were claimed to have been shot down in a 270-degree turn in 23 seconds.</blockquote>}}</ref> Also, the fact that no verifiable [[gun camera]] footage of his kills was ever made public by the Pakistani authorities, further casts doubt on his claim.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowman|first=Martin W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jliqCwAAQBAJ&q=gun%20camera%20footage%20of%20Alam%20kill&pg=PT196|title=Cold War Jet Combat: Air-to-Air Jet Fighter Operations, 1950–1972|date=2016-01-30|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-4738-7462-6|language=en}}</ref>
His claims have been contested by retired [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] [[Air commodore|Air Commodore]] Sajad S. Haider and the Indian Air Force, which denied losing five Hawker Hunter aircraft on the said day,<ref name="Nordeen's Indo-Pak 1965 Conflict"/><ref name=avhist>''Pakistan's Sabre Ace'' by Jon Guttman, Aviation History, Sept 1998.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/Flight_of_the_Falcon_Sajad_S_Haider|title=Flight of the Falcon- Demolishing Myths of Indo Pak Wars 1965-1971|last=Haider|first=Sajad S.|publisher=Vanguard Books Pvt Ltd.|year=2009|isbn=9789694025261|location=Lahore, Pakistan|pages=[https://archive.org/details/Flight_of_the_Falcon_Sajad_S_Haider/page/n4 69]|quote=<blockquote>It is tactically and mathematically very difficult to resurrect the incident in which all five Hunters in a hard turn were claimed to have been shot down in a 270-degree turn in 23 seconds.</blockquote>}}</ref> Also, the fact that no verifiable [[gun camera]] footage of his kills was ever made public by the Pakistani authorities, further casts doubt on his claim.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowman|first=Martin W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jliqCwAAQBAJ&q=gun%20camera%20footage%20of%20Alam%20kill&pg=PT196|title=Cold War Jet Combat: Air-to-Air Jet Fighter Operations, 1950–1972|date=2016-01-30|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-4738-7462-6|language=en}}</ref>
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==Death==
==Death==
Alam was admitted to Pakistan Naval Station Shifa Hospital in Karachi where he died on 18 March 2013, aged 77.<ref>[http://dawn.com/2013/03/18/m-m-alam-passes-away-in-karachi/ M. M. Alam passes away in Karachi], Dawn (newspaper). Retrieved on 19 March 2013.</ref> He was being treated for respiratory problems for 18 months. Alam's funeral prayer was performed at the [[PAF Base Masroor]], where he served some of the significant years of his career. Alam was buried at the Shuhuda (Martyrs) Graveyard, located at PAF Masroor Airbase. Air Chief Marshal Tahir Rafique Butt, Sindh Governor Dr Ishratul Ebad, Air Chief Marshal (Ret.) Farooq Feroz Khan, Sindh corps commander Lt. Gen Ijaz Chaudhry, Pakistan Rangers (Sindh) Director-General Maj. Gen. Rizwan Akhter, Base Commander PAF Base Masroor Air Commodore Usaid ur Rehman, many war veterans of the 1965 war and Alam's closest colleagues attended the funeral. One of the younger brothers of the deceased, Zubair Alam, was also present.<ref name="The News International" />
Alam was admitted to Pakistan Naval Station Shifa Hospital in Karachi where he died on 18 March 2013, aged 77.<ref>[http://dawn.com/2013/03/18/m-m-alam-passes-away-in-karachi/ M. M. Alam passes away in Karachi], Dawn (newspaper). Retrieved on 19 March 2013.</ref> He was being treated for respiratory problems for 18 months. Alam's funeral prayer was performed at the [[PAF Base Masroor]], where he served some of the significant years of his career. Alam was buried at the Shuhuda (Martyrs) Graveyard, located at PAF Masroor Airbase. [[Tahir Rafique Butt|Air Chief Marshal Tahir Rafique Butt]], Sindh Governor Dr Ishratul Ebad, [[Farooq Feroze Khan|Air Chief Marshal (Ret.) Farooq Feroze Khan]], Sindh corps commander Lt. Gen Ijaz Chaudhry, Pakistan Rangers (Sindh) Director-General [[Rizwan Akhtar|Maj. Gen. Rizwan Akhtar]], Base Commander PAF Base Masroor Air Commodore Usaid ur Rehman, many war veterans of the 1965 war and Alam's closest colleagues attended the funeral. One of the younger brothers of the deceased, Zubair Alam, was also present.<ref name="The News International" />


==Memorials==
==Memorials==
[[M. M. Alam Road]], a major road in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]] is named in honour of the [[ace in a day|flying ace]] of [[Pakistan Air Force]], Air Commodore Muhammad Mahmood Alam, running from Main Market to [[Gulberg, Lahore|Gulberg]]. The road runs parallel to famous Main Boulevard thus providing an alternate route and is a commercial hub with many restaurants, fashion boutiques, shopping malls, beauty saloons and décor stores. M.M. Alam Road hosts a variety of flamboyant restaurants in modern Lahore.<ref>{{cite web|last=Haq |first=Shahram |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/88625/urban-planning-M.M-Alam-road-to-be-heart-of-new-business-district/ |title=Urban planning: MM Alam Road to be heart of new business district&nbsp;– The Express Tribune |publisher=Tribune.com.pk |access-date=20 January 2012}}</ref> On 20 March 2014, on account of his first death anniversary, the PAF Airbase Mianwali was renamed after him as [[PAF Base M.M. Alam]].<ref name="Dawn: Renaming">{{cite news|title=Pakistan not sending troops to Bahrain or Saudi: PM|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1094412/pakistan-not-sending-troops-to-bahrain-or-saudi-pm|access-date=20 March 2014|newspaper=Dawn|date=20 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Desk |first=Web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/685226/paf-honours-ace-pilot-mm-alam-renames-mianwali-air-base-after-him/ |title=PAF honours ace pilot MM Alam, renames Mianwali air base after him – The Express Tribune |publisher=Tribune.com.pk |date=27 February 2014 |access-date=21 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Imaduddin |url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1-front-top-news/163520-paf-mianwali-base-renamed-as-mm-alam-airbase.html |title=PAF Mianwali Base renamed as M.M. Alam Airbase |publisher=Brecorder.com |access-date=21 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewstribe.com/2014/03/20/pm-nawaz-sharif-names-paf-base-mianwali-after-mm-alam/ |title=PM Nawaz Sharif names PAF base Mianwali after MM Alam |publisher=The News Tribe |access-date=21 March 2014}}</ref>
[[M. M. Alam Road]], a major road in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]] is named in honour of the [[ace in a day|flying ace]] of [[Pakistan Air Force]], Air Commodore Muhammad Mahmood Alam, running from Main Market to [[Gulberg, Lahore|Gulberg]]. The road runs parallel to famous Main Boulevard thus providing an alternate route and is a commercial hub with many restaurants, fashion boutiques, shopping malls, beauty saloons and décor stores. M.M. Alam Road hosts a variety of flamboyant restaurants in modern Lahore.<ref>{{cite web|last=Haq |first=Shahram |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/88625/urban-planning-M.M-Alam-road-to-be-heart-of-new-business-district/ |title=Urban planning: MM Alam Road to be heart of new business district&nbsp;– The Express Tribune |date=11 December 2010 |publisher=Tribune.com.pk |access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref> On 20 March 2014, on account of his first death anniversary, the PAF Airbase Mianwali was renamed after him as [[PAF Base M.M. Alam]].<ref name="Dawn: Renaming">{{cite news|title=Pakistan not sending troops to Bahrain or Saudi: PM|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1094412/pakistan-not-sending-troops-to-bahrain-or-saudi-pm|access-date=20 March 2014|newspaper=Dawn|date=20 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Desk |first=Web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/685226/paf-honours-ace-pilot-mm-alam-renames-mianwali-air-base-after-him/ |title=PAF honours ace pilot MM Alam, renames Mianwali air base after him – The Express Tribune |publisher=Tribune.com.pk |date=27 February 2014 |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Imaduddin |url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1-front-top-news/163520-paf-mianwali-base-renamed-as-mm-alam-airbase.html |title=PAF Mianwali Base renamed as M.M. Alam Airbase |publisher=Brecorder.com |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewstribe.com/2014/03/20/pm-nawaz-sharif-names-paf-base-mianwali-after-mm-alam/ |title=PM Nawaz Sharif names PAF base Mianwali after MM Alam |publisher=The News Tribe |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref>
 
== Awards and Decorations ==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Jurat.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}
|
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Diffa.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War Ribbon.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Republic Medal 1956 (Pakistan).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hijri Tamgha.png|width=130}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" |'''[[Sitara-e-Jurat|Sitara-e-Jurat & Bar]]<ref name="MW Note 3" group="note">"Bar" refers to a second award of the same honour</ref>'''
''(Star of Courage)''
 
'''1. [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 War]]'''
 
'''2. [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1965 War]]'''
| colspan="2" |'''[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|Sitara-e-Imtiaz]]'''
'''[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''
 
''(Star of Excellence)''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Diffa]]'''
''(General Service Medal)''
 
'''1. [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 War]] Clasp'''
 
'''2. [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 War]] Clasp'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War]]'''
''(War Star 1965)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War]]'''
''(War Star 1971)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1965)''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1971)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-]]'''
'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]'''
 
''(100th Birth Anniversary of''
 
''[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]])''
 
'''1976'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Jamhuria]]'''
''(Republic Commemoration Medal)''
 
'''1956'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Hijri Tamgha]]'''
''(Hijri Medal)''
 
'''1979'''
|}


==See also==
==See also==
Line 58: Line 126:
* [[Saiful Azam]]
* [[Saiful Azam]]
* [[Manuel J. Fernandez]]
* [[Manuel J. Fernandez]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 19:02, 24 December 2022


Air Commodore

Muhammad Mahmood Alam

Sitara - i -Jurat .png Sitara - i -Jurat .png
Sitara-e-Jurat & Bar[note 1]
SJ & Bar[note 1] SI(M)
MM alam in 2010.jpg
Muhammad Mahmood Alam in 2010
Native name
মহম্মদ মাহমুদ আলম
محمد محمود عالم
Nickname(s)M. M. Alam, Little Dragon
Born(1935-07-06)6 July 1935
Calcutta, British India
Died18 March 2013(2013-03-18) (aged 77)
Karachi, Pakistan
Allegiance Pakistan
Service/branch Pakistan Air Force
Years of service1953–1982
RankUS-O7 insignia.svg Air commodore
Service numberPak/1492
UnitNo. 11 Squadron Arrows (1965)[1]
No. 5 Squadron Falcons
Battles/warsIndo-Pakistani War of 1965
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
Soviet–Afghan War
AwardsSitara-e-Jurat.png Sitara-e-Jurat & Bar[note 1]
Sitara-e-Imtiaz.png Sitara-e-Imtiaz (Military)

Air Commodore Muhammad Mahmood Alam SJ & Bar[note 1] SI(M) (Bengali: মহম্মদ মাহমুদ আলম; Urdu: محمد محمود عالم‎) 6 July 1935 – 18 March 2013) was[2] a Bengali fighter pilot officially credited by the Pakistan Air Force with having downed four Indian jets in under a minute.

He was a F-86 Sabre flying ace as per Pakistan Air Force records. He was awarded the Sitara-e-Jurat twice, the nation's third highest military award for his actions.

Early life

Alam born on 6 July 1935 to a family hailing from Calcutta, British India. Born and raised in Bengal, Alam was a fluent Bengali speaker, it being his mother tongue. He was of mixed heritage: his maternal line was of Bengali origin and his paternal line was of Bihari origin, having migrated from Patna and later settled in the Bengal province of British India for a long time.[3] His family migrated from Calcutta to East Bengal (which later became East Pakistan and then Bangladesh) following the creation of Pakistan in 1947.[3] It was in East Pakistan where Alam completed his secondary education, graduating from the Government High School in Dhaka in 1951. He joined the then Royal Pakistani Air Force (now Pakistan Air Force) in 1952, being commissioned on 2 October 1953.[4] Alam's brothers are M. Shahid Alam, an economist and a professor at Northeastern University,[5][6] and M. Sajjad Alam, who was a particle physicist at SUNY Albany.[7]

His family moved to West Pakistan in 1971, after the liberation of Bangladesh.[3] Being the eldest of his 11 siblings, Alam did not marry as he had to assume the responsibilities of the upbringing of his family.[citation needed] Some of his younger brothers became distinguished in various academic careers.[4]

Service with the Pakistan Air Force

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

MM Alam poses with his F-86 Sabre. Indian Flags as kill marks visible on the nose of the sabre. Large flags mean confirmed kills whole smaller ones refer to probable or damaged.

During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Alam claimed to have scored an "ace in a day" on 7 September 1965, with a total of 5 kills. His actions have placed him at the top of the hall of fame list at the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) Museum in Karachi. During the war, he was posted at Sargodha.

According to the PAF, in a single sortie on 7 September 1965, Alam downed five aircraft in less than a minute, establishing a world record.[8][9][10][11] Regarding the last four, he stated: "Before we had completed more than about [sic] 270 degrees of turn, at around 12 degrees per second, all four Hunters had been shot down."[9] In 1978, when he gave a speech at a Karachi university, he said that he saw a spiritual force coming from the sky.[12]

His claims have been contested by retired PAF Air Commodore Sajad S. Haider and the Indian Air Force, which denied losing five Hawker Hunter aircraft on the said day,[11][13][14] Also, the fact that no verifiable gun camera footage of his kills was ever made public by the Pakistani authorities, further casts doubt on his claim.[15]

Later years

In 1967, he was appointed Squadron Commander of the first squadron of Dassault Mirage III fighters procured by the PAF. In 1982, he retired as an Air commodore and took up residence in Karachi.

Death

Alam was admitted to Pakistan Naval Station Shifa Hospital in Karachi where he died on 18 March 2013, aged 77.[16] He was being treated for respiratory problems for 18 months. Alam's funeral prayer was performed at the PAF Base Masroor, where he served some of the significant years of his career. Alam was buried at the Shuhuda (Martyrs) Graveyard, located at PAF Masroor Airbase. Air Chief Marshal Tahir Rafique Butt, Sindh Governor Dr Ishratul Ebad, Air Chief Marshal (Ret.) Farooq Feroze Khan, Sindh corps commander Lt. Gen Ijaz Chaudhry, Pakistan Rangers (Sindh) Director-General Maj. Gen. Rizwan Akhtar, Base Commander PAF Base Masroor Air Commodore Usaid ur Rehman, many war veterans of the 1965 war and Alam's closest colleagues attended the funeral. One of the younger brothers of the deceased, Zubair Alam, was also present.[4]

Memorials

M. M. Alam Road, a major road in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan is named in honour of the flying ace of Pakistan Air Force, Air Commodore Muhammad Mahmood Alam, running from Main Market to Gulberg. The road runs parallel to famous Main Boulevard thus providing an alternate route and is a commercial hub with many restaurants, fashion boutiques, shopping malls, beauty saloons and décor stores. M.M. Alam Road hosts a variety of flamboyant restaurants in modern Lahore.[17] On 20 March 2014, on account of his first death anniversary, the PAF Airbase Mianwali was renamed after him as PAF Base M.M. Alam.[18][19][20][21]

Awards and Decorations

Template:Ribbon devices/alt Template:Ribbon devices/alt
Template:Ribbon devices/alt Template:Ribbon devices/alt Template:Ribbon devices/alt Template:Ribbon devices/alt
Template:Ribbon devices/alt Template:Ribbon devices/alt Template:Ribbon devices/alt Template:Ribbon devices/alt
Sitara-e-Jurat & Bar[note 1]

(Star of Courage)

1. 1965 War

2. 1965 War

Sitara-e-Imtiaz

(Military)

(Star of Excellence)

Tamgha-e-Diffa

(General Service Medal)

1. 1965 War Clasp

2. 1971 War Clasp

Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War

(War Star 1965)

Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War

(War Star 1971)

Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War

(War Medal 1965)

Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War

(War Medal 1971)

Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-

Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam

(100th Birth Anniversary of

Muhammad Ali Jinnah)

1976

Tamgha-e-Jamhuria

(Republic Commemoration Medal)

1956

Hijri Tamgha

(Hijri Medal)

1979

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Bar" refers to a second award of the same honour

References

  1. ↑ "Events – M M Alam's F-86". Pakistan: Pakistan Air Force (official website). Retrieved 5 March 2010.
  2. ↑ Dawn Newspaper, [1];
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Knowing MM Alam". The Nation. 6 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Iconic war veteran MM Alam passes away, The News International. Retrieved on 19 March 2013.
  5. ↑ Institute for Policy Research & Development, Advisory Board Archived 4 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine; Dr. M. Shahid Alam Archived 4 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ↑ Cihan Aksan, State of Nature, On Islam: An Interview with M. Shahid Alam
  7. ↑ Department of Physics, M. Sajjad Alam.
  8. ↑ Air Cdre M Kaiser Tufail. "Alam's Speed-shooting Classic". Defencejournal.com. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Fricker, John (1979). Battle for Pakistan: the air war of 1965. pp. 15–17. ISBN 9780711009295.
  10. ↑ Polmar, Norman; Bell, Dana (2003). One hundred years of world military aircraft. Naval Institute Press. p. 354. ISBN 978-1-59114-686-5. Mohammed Mahmood Alam claimed five victories against Indian Air Force Hawker Hunters, four of them in less than one minute! Alam, who ended the conflict with 9 kills, became history's only jet "ace-in-a-day."
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 O' Nordeen, Lon (1985). Air Warfare in the Missile Age. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 84–87. ISBN 978-0-87474-680-8.
  12. ↑ 30 Seconds Over Sargodha – The Making of a Myth: 1965 Indo-Pak Air War, Chapter 5 Archived 7 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Bharat Rakshak
  13. ↑ Pakistan's Sabre Ace by Jon Guttman, Aviation History, Sept 1998.
  14. ↑ Haider, Sajad S. (2009). Flight of the Falcon- Demolishing Myths of Indo Pak Wars 1965-1971. Lahore, Pakistan: Vanguard Books Pvt Ltd. pp. 69. ISBN 9789694025261.

    It is tactically and mathematically very difficult to resurrect the incident in which all five Hunters in a hard turn were claimed to have been shot down in a 270-degree turn in 23 seconds.
  15. ↑ Bowman, Martin W. (30 January 2016). Cold War Jet Combat: Air-to-Air Jet Fighter Operations, 1950–1972. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-7462-6.
  16. ↑ M. M. Alam passes away in Karachi, Dawn (newspaper). Retrieved on 19 March 2013.
  17. ↑ Haq, Shahram (11 December 2010). "Urban planning: MM Alam Road to be heart of new business district – The Express Tribune". Tribune.com.pk. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  18. ↑ "Pakistan not sending troops to Bahrain or Saudi: PM". Dawn. 20 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  19. ↑ Desk, Web (27 February 2014). "PAF honours ace pilot MM Alam, renames Mianwali air base after him – The Express Tribune". Tribune.com.pk. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  20. ↑ Imaduddin. "PAF Mianwali Base renamed as M.M. Alam Airbase". Brecorder.com. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  21. ↑ "PM Nawaz Sharif names PAF base Mianwali after MM Alam". The News Tribe. Retrieved 21 March 2022.

Further reading

Template:Recipients of Sitara-e-Jurat Template:Military of Pakistan

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