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{{Short description| | {{Short description|Indian revolutionary}} | ||
[[File:Parul Mukherjee.png|thumb|Mukherjee in the 1930s]] | |||
'''Parul Mukherjee''' (1915 – ?) was an [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|Indian revolutionary]] active in the [[Indian independence movement]] in the early 20th century. Mukherjee was an influential member of the revolutionary organisation [[Anushilan Samiti]], with which she partook in militant activities and helped recruit new members. She was particularly important in strengthening the women's wing of Anushilan Samiti through efforts such as recruitment, the organisation of study circles and the teaching of self-defence techniques. | |||
Mukherjee was arrested in [[Titagarh]] on 20 January 1935 after being caught in a house with other revolutionaries and explosives. She spent four years in prison, being released in 1939 as part of a general [[amnesty]] for political prisoners. After her release, Mukherjee retired from public life. In the aftermath of the [[partition of India]], she became the supporter of a refugee colony in Kolkata, where she stood vigil and established schools. | |||
== Background == | |||
Parul Mukherjee was born in [[Comilla]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Sandip |year=1991 |title=Women in the Bengal Revolutionary Movement (1902-1935) |url=http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20files%2065/man_of_tomorrow.pdf |url-status=dead |magazine=Manushi |location= |publisher= |issue=65 |pages=30–35 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020020017/http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20files%2065/man_of_tomorrow.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2016 |access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mandal |first=Tirtha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1tuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Women Revolutionaries of Bengal, 1905-1939 |date=1991 |publisher=Minerva Associates (Publications) |isbn=978-81-85195-41-4 |pages=43, 65, 70, 107–111, 117, 125–126 |language=en}}</ref> or [[Kolkata]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dasgupta |first=Kamala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4gdAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2+%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%22 |title=Svādhīnatā-saṃgrāme Bāṃiāra nārī |date=1963 |publisher=Basudhārā Prakāśanī |pages=143 |language=bn}}</ref> in 1915.<ref name=":2" /> Her father was named Guruprasanna Mukherjee and was originally from [[Dhaka]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=Usha Mukherjee |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?4393 |access-date=8 October 2022 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=English}}</ref> Her mother was named Manorama Devi.<ref name=":2" /> She had an older brother, [[Amulya Mukherjee|Amulya]], and a younger sister, [[Usha Mukherjee|Usha]].<ref name=":0" /> | |||
== | == Revolutionary involvement == | ||
Parul | Parul's older brother Amulya was involved in the revolutionary organisation [[Anushilan Samiti]]<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> and was an important local leader.<ref name=":2" /> Mukherjee consequently grew up in a revolutionary environment as members of Anushilan Samiti often came to her house to meet with her brother. She was inspired to join the revolutionary movement herself due to the courage of her brother and the suffering endured by her family. She was officially recruited into the organisation in 1929.<ref name=":2" /> Her sister Usha also joined Anushilan Samiti.<ref name=":0" /> Women revolutionaries were mostly kept out of planning major strategies and activities and were for the most part allotted and assigned specific duties.<ref name=":1" /> Mukherjee however played a very active role in Anushilan Samiti.<ref name=":2" /> | ||
Mukherjee's main work within Anushilan Samiti were her efforts to strengthen the women's wing of the organisation. She recruited a large number of women, organised study circles, and taught self-defence to female recruits; sometimes they reportedly trained with swords.<ref name=":2" /> Mukherjee also helped organise a [[Students' union|student body]] in Comilla, the Comilla Chhatri Samiti. After some time she had earnt the nickname "Comilla's ''[[goonda]]''".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kasturi |first1=Leela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFAqAAAAYAAJ |title=Women and Indian Nationalism |last2=Mazumdar |first2=Vina |date=1994 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7069-7051-7 |pages=60, 74 |language=en}}</ref> In addition to her organising, Mukherjee also involved herself in more militant activities and reportedly wielded two guns.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Parul Pisi |url=https://www.dhakadoclab.org/parul-pisi/ |access-date=9 October 2022 |website=Dhaka Doc Lab}}</ref> | |||
Mukherjee first ran into trouble with law enforcement in 1932.<ref name=":0" /> In February that year, the student and revolutionary [[Bina Das]] attempted to assassinate Governor [[Stanley Jackson]], resulting in increased efforts from the police to arrest young men and women suspected of revolutionary involvement.<ref name=":2" /> Mukherjee was interned in her own home<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> in Comilla until June 1933.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
As a revolutionary, Mukherjee frequently shifted location, living with Anushilan Samiti units in places such as [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]], [[Barisal]] and [[Khulna]].<ref name=":2" /> In order to operate unnoticed, especially since she was physically trained, Mukherjee at times concealed herself through masquerading as a man, wearing shirts and trousers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mukherjee |first=Ishanee |date=1999 |title=Scaling the Barrier: Women, Revolution and Abscondence in Late Colonial Bengal |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097152159900600104 |journal=Indian Journal of Gender Studies |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=61–78 |doi=10.1177/097152159900600104 |s2cid=143570205 |issn=0971-5215}}</ref> While moving locations, Mukherjee made further efforts to strengthen the Anushilan Samiti; she in 1933 worked to organise women's wings of the organisation in Barisal, Khulna, Comilla, [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]], [[Danapur]], and [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]].<ref name=":2" /> In 1933, the police issued a warrant for her arrest due to her involvement in an interprovincial conspiracy case;<ref name=":0" /> Mukherjee had both defied her internment and was also believed to provide financial assistance to arrested revolutionaries through sending them money with their food in [[Tiffin carrier|tiffin carriers]].<ref name=":2" /> | |||
=== Titagarh conspiracy === | |||
Mukherjee was eventually brought to an Anushilan Samiti hideout in [[Titagarh]], where revolutionaries made and stored explosives.<ref name=":0" /> The house also served as a shelter for revolutionaries who had recently escaped imprisonment.<ref name=":1" /> The local ringleader was Purnananda Dasgupta, who had also recently escaped prison.<ref name=":2" /> The revolutionaries disguised their hideout as a family residence;<ref name=":0" /> Mukherjee, who was in Khulna at the time, was invited and set to pose as the housewife of Dasgupta's nephew.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
In January 1935, the authorities in Titagarh were tipped off by an anonymous letter, which stated that there was a fashionable young woman living in the house without any men living with her and that young men often visited the house and left the next morning.<ref name=":2" /> Finding this suspicious, the police raided the building in the early morning of 20 January 1935.<ref name=":0" /> The two other revolutionaries in the house at the time, Dasgupta and Shyam Binode Pal had been ready to leave just as the police arrived. Pal opened the door after the police knocked, realised that it was the police, and then pushed the policemen out and locked the door again. Dasgupta, Pal and Mukherjee then ran up to the roof to examine the situation. Upon realising that the building was surrounded, Pal and Mukherjee began firing at the policemen with a revolver before Dasgupta, realising the hopelessness of their predicament, seized the revolver and threw it from the roof. Dasgupta and Pal then attempted to escape by jumping across the roof to the next building. Mukherjee meanwhile went back into the house and locked all doors. When the police demanded they be opened, she intentionally delayed in order to have time to destroy as many incriminating documents as possible. Once the police got in, Mukherjee was immediately arrested.<ref name=":2" /> Insided the house, the police found and seized explosives, bomb-making instructions,<ref name=":0" /> and several different chemicals. Mukherjee at first claimed to be called "Khuki" and then claimed to be "Surma Devi" before her real name was uncovered.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
Dasgupta and Pal were also caught.<ref name=":0" /> All three revolutionaries were arrested on the suspicion of their house having served as the headquarters of a "conspiracy to wage war against [[George V|the King-Emperor]] and deprive him by force of the sovereignty of a part of empire".<ref name=":2" /> Mukherjee was first brought to Titagarh Police Station but was on the next day sent to Tollygunge Police Station in southern Kolkata and then to a segregated cell in the [[Howrah]] jail. The police placed Mukherjee under both mental and physical pressure in an attempt to gain information on Anushilan Samiti. Her attendant in jail was a [[leprosy]] patient and she was subjected to physical torture by intelligence officers. At one point, an officer raped her before he was stopped and scolded by another officer. Mukherjee told the police nothing.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
Like many other women revolutionaries, Mukherjee spent a long time detained without a trial.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Sampa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TU-AAAAMAAJ |title=Political Participation of Women in a Changing Society |date=1996 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-81-210-0344-5 |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref> Her case was eventually tried before a tribunal in [[Alipore]] Court.<ref name=":2" /> On 21 September 1935 she was convicted under the [[Bengal Criminal Law Amendment]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=13 August 2022 |title=India at 75 {{!}} In Kolkata, a tribute to forgotten revolutionaries |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/kolkatas-cultural-space-highlights-indias-lesser-known-revolutionaries-on-75th-year-of-independence/article65765538.ece |access-date=8 October 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> for the possession of unlicensed firearms<ref name=":2" /> and sentenced to one year rigorous imprisonment.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> For the Titagarh conspiracy itself,<ref name=":2" /> she was again tried on 27 April 1937 and was sentenced to three years rigorous imprisonment.<ref name=":3" /> In addition to Mukherjee, Dasgupta and Pal, fourteen others<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Kalpana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_SVuAAAAMAAJ |title=Challenge, a Saga of India's Struggle for Freedom |date=1984 |publisher=People's Publishing House |pages=56 |language=en |chapter=Chittagong Uprising and the Role of Muslims}}</ref> detained in [[Bengal]] were also convicted for involvement in the conspiracy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Santimoy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77pHAAAAMAAJ |title=The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement: Its Contribution to India's Freedom Struggle |date=1993 |publisher=Antaranga Prakashana |pages=127 |language=en}}</ref> While in the [[Alipore Jail]], Mukherjee was at times beaten by the wardress.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
== Later life == | |||
Mukherjee was released from prison in 1939 as part of a general [[amnesty]] for political prisoners.<ref name=":2" /> After being released, Mukherjee retired from public life. She never married.<ref name=":1" /> After the [[partition of India]], Mukherjee settled in and supported a refugee colony in Kolkata.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> She is recorded to have stood vigil during the nights with a stick and a torch, sheltered stray animals, and to have set up schools for the refugees.<ref name=":4" /> She became the [[headmistress]] of one of the schools she set up.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Biswas |first=Samata |date=2020 |title=Calcutta: Migrant City |journal=Refugee Watch: A South Asian Journal on Forced Migration |volume=55 |pages=108–114 |issn=2347-405X}}</ref> Due to her activities and support, she eventually became known as "Parul pishi", ''pishi'' being a word for a paternal aunt.<ref name=":4" /> | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
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[[Category:People from Kolkata]] | [[Category:People from Kolkata]] | ||
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]] | [[Category:Indian revolutionaries]] | ||
[[Category:Female revolutionaries]] | |||
[[Category:1915 births]] | [[Category:1915 births]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Indian independence activists from West Bengal]] | ||
[[Category:Anushilan Samiti]] | |||
Latest revision as of 23:37, 22 October 2022
Parul Mukherjee (1915 – ?) was an Indian revolutionary active in the Indian independence movement in the early 20th century. Mukherjee was an influential member of the revolutionary organisation Anushilan Samiti, with which she partook in militant activities and helped recruit new members. She was particularly important in strengthening the women's wing of Anushilan Samiti through efforts such as recruitment, the organisation of study circles and the teaching of self-defence techniques.
Mukherjee was arrested in Titagarh on 20 January 1935 after being caught in a house with other revolutionaries and explosives. She spent four years in prison, being released in 1939 as part of a general amnesty for political prisoners. After her release, Mukherjee retired from public life. In the aftermath of the partition of India, she became the supporter of a refugee colony in Kolkata, where she stood vigil and established schools.
Background[edit]
Parul Mukherjee was born in Comilla[1][2] or Kolkata[3] in 1915.[2] Her father was named Guruprasanna Mukherjee and was originally from Dhaka.[4] Her mother was named Manorama Devi.[2] She had an older brother, Amulya, and a younger sister, Usha.[4]
Revolutionary involvement[edit]
Parul's older brother Amulya was involved in the revolutionary organisation Anushilan Samiti[2][4] and was an important local leader.[2] Mukherjee consequently grew up in a revolutionary environment as members of Anushilan Samiti often came to her house to meet with her brother. She was inspired to join the revolutionary movement herself due to the courage of her brother and the suffering endured by her family. She was officially recruited into the organisation in 1929.[2] Her sister Usha also joined Anushilan Samiti.[4] Women revolutionaries were mostly kept out of planning major strategies and activities and were for the most part allotted and assigned specific duties.[1] Mukherjee however played a very active role in Anushilan Samiti.[2]
Mukherjee's main work within Anushilan Samiti were her efforts to strengthen the women's wing of the organisation. She recruited a large number of women, organised study circles, and taught self-defence to female recruits; sometimes they reportedly trained with swords.[2] Mukherjee also helped organise a student body in Comilla, the Comilla Chhatri Samiti. After some time she had earnt the nickname "Comilla's goonda".[5] In addition to her organising, Mukherjee also involved herself in more militant activities and reportedly wielded two guns.[6]
Mukherjee first ran into trouble with law enforcement in 1932.[4] In February that year, the student and revolutionary Bina Das attempted to assassinate Governor Stanley Jackson, resulting in increased efforts from the police to arrest young men and women suspected of revolutionary involvement.[2] Mukherjee was interned in her own home[2][4] in Comilla until June 1933.[2]
As a revolutionary, Mukherjee frequently shifted location, living with Anushilan Samiti units in places such as Rangpur, Barisal and Khulna.[2] In order to operate unnoticed, especially since she was physically trained, Mukherjee at times concealed herself through masquerading as a man, wearing shirts and trousers.[7] While moving locations, Mukherjee made further efforts to strengthen the Anushilan Samiti; she in 1933 worked to organise women's wings of the organisation in Barisal, Khulna, Comilla, Faridpur, Danapur, and Rangpur.[2] In 1933, the police issued a warrant for her arrest due to her involvement in an interprovincial conspiracy case;[4] Mukherjee had both defied her internment and was also believed to provide financial assistance to arrested revolutionaries through sending them money with their food in tiffin carriers.[2]
Titagarh conspiracy[edit]
Mukherjee was eventually brought to an Anushilan Samiti hideout in Titagarh, where revolutionaries made and stored explosives.[4] The house also served as a shelter for revolutionaries who had recently escaped imprisonment.[1] The local ringleader was Purnananda Dasgupta, who had also recently escaped prison.[2] The revolutionaries disguised their hideout as a family residence;[4] Mukherjee, who was in Khulna at the time, was invited and set to pose as the housewife of Dasgupta's nephew.[2]
In January 1935, the authorities in Titagarh were tipped off by an anonymous letter, which stated that there was a fashionable young woman living in the house without any men living with her and that young men often visited the house and left the next morning.[2] Finding this suspicious, the police raided the building in the early morning of 20 January 1935.[4] The two other revolutionaries in the house at the time, Dasgupta and Shyam Binode Pal had been ready to leave just as the police arrived. Pal opened the door after the police knocked, realised that it was the police, and then pushed the policemen out and locked the door again. Dasgupta, Pal and Mukherjee then ran up to the roof to examine the situation. Upon realising that the building was surrounded, Pal and Mukherjee began firing at the policemen with a revolver before Dasgupta, realising the hopelessness of their predicament, seized the revolver and threw it from the roof. Dasgupta and Pal then attempted to escape by jumping across the roof to the next building. Mukherjee meanwhile went back into the house and locked all doors. When the police demanded they be opened, she intentionally delayed in order to have time to destroy as many incriminating documents as possible. Once the police got in, Mukherjee was immediately arrested.[2] Insided the house, the police found and seized explosives, bomb-making instructions,[4] and several different chemicals. Mukherjee at first claimed to be called "Khuki" and then claimed to be "Surma Devi" before her real name was uncovered.[2]
Dasgupta and Pal were also caught.[4] All three revolutionaries were arrested on the suspicion of their house having served as the headquarters of a "conspiracy to wage war against the King-Emperor and deprive him by force of the sovereignty of a part of empire".[2] Mukherjee was first brought to Titagarh Police Station but was on the next day sent to Tollygunge Police Station in southern Kolkata and then to a segregated cell in the Howrah jail. The police placed Mukherjee under both mental and physical pressure in an attempt to gain information on Anushilan Samiti. Her attendant in jail was a leprosy patient and she was subjected to physical torture by intelligence officers. At one point, an officer raped her before he was stopped and scolded by another officer. Mukherjee told the police nothing.[2]
Like many other women revolutionaries, Mukherjee spent a long time detained without a trial.[8] Her case was eventually tried before a tribunal in Alipore Court.[2] On 21 September 1935 she was convicted under the Bengal Criminal Law Amendment[9] for the possession of unlicensed firearms[2] and sentenced to one year rigorous imprisonment.[2][9] For the Titagarh conspiracy itself,[2] she was again tried on 27 April 1937 and was sentenced to three years rigorous imprisonment.[9] In addition to Mukherjee, Dasgupta and Pal, fourteen others[10] detained in Bengal were also convicted for involvement in the conspiracy.[11] While in the Alipore Jail, Mukherjee was at times beaten by the wardress.[2]
Later life[edit]
Mukherjee was released from prison in 1939 as part of a general amnesty for political prisoners.[2] After being released, Mukherjee retired from public life. She never married.[1] After the partition of India, Mukherjee settled in and supported a refugee colony in Kolkata.[6][12] She is recorded to have stood vigil during the nights with a stick and a torch, sheltered stray animals, and to have set up schools for the refugees.[6] She became the headmistress of one of the schools she set up.[12] Due to her activities and support, she eventually became known as "Parul pishi", pishi being a word for a paternal aunt.[6]
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Bandyopadhyay, Sandip (1991). "Women in the Bengal Revolutionary Movement (1902-1935)" (PDF). Manushi. No. 65. pp. 30–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 Mandal, Tirtha (1991). The Women Revolutionaries of Bengal, 1905-1939. Minerva Associates (Publications). pp. 43, 65, 70, 107–111, 117, 125–126. ISBN 978-81-85195-41-4.
- ↑ Dasgupta, Kamala (1963). Svādhīnatā-saṃgrāme Bāṃiāra nārī (in Bengali). Basudhārā Prakāśanī. p. 143.
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 Mahotsav, Amrit. "Usha Mukherjee". Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
- ↑ Kasturi, Leela; Mazumdar, Vina (1994). Women and Indian Nationalism. Vikas Publishing House. pp. 60, 74. ISBN 978-0-7069-7051-7.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "Parul Pisi". Dhaka Doc Lab. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
- ↑ Mukherjee, Ishanee (1999). "Scaling the Barrier: Women, Revolution and Abscondence in Late Colonial Bengal". Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 6 (1): 61–78. doi:10.1177/097152159900600104. ISSN 0971-5215. S2CID 143570205.
- ↑ Guha, Sampa (1996). Political Participation of Women in a Changing Society. Inter-India Publications. p. 79. ISBN 978-81-210-0344-5.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Singh, Shiv Sahay (13 August 2022). "India at 75 | In Kolkata, a tribute to forgotten revolutionaries". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
- ↑ Joshi, Kalpana (1984). "Chittagong Uprising and the Role of Muslims". Challenge, a Saga of India's Struggle for Freedom. People's Publishing House. p. 56.
- ↑ Roy, Santimoy (1993). The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement: Its Contribution to India's Freedom Struggle. Antaranga Prakashana. p. 127.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Biswas, Samata (2020). "Calcutta: Migrant City". Refugee Watch: A South Asian Journal on Forced Migration. 55: 108–114. ISSN 2347-405X.