Ghadar Movement: Difference between revisions

| name         = Ghadar Party  

| colorcode   = #CC0000

| logo         = Ghadar Flag.png

| logo_size   = 150px

| founded     = 15 July 1913

| dissolved   = January 1948

| founders      = [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]]

| president    = [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]]

| ideology    = [[Indian independence movement]]

| position    =  

| international=  

| predecessor  =  Pacific Coast Hindustan Association

| colours     = [[Red]], [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]] and [[Green]]

The '''Ghadar Movement''' ({{lang-pa|ਗ਼ਦਰ ਪਾਰਟੀ}} {{small|([[Gurmukhi]])}}, {{lang|pa|{{nq|غدر پارٹی}}}} {{small| ([[Shahmukhi]])}}) was an early 20th century, international political movement founded by [[expatriate Indians]] to overthrow [[British rule in India]].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/232350/Ghadr|title=Ghadr (Sikh political organization)|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=18 September 2010}}</ref> The early membership was composed mostly of Punjabi Indians who lived and worked on the West Coast of the United States and Canada, but the movement later spread to India and Indian diasporic communities around the world. The official founding has been dated to a meeting on 15 July 1913 in [[Astoria, Oregon]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ogden |first1=Joanna |title=Ghadar, Historical Silences, and Notions of Belonging: Early 1900s Punjabis of the Columbia River |journal=Oregon Historical Quarterly |date=Summer 2012 |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=164–197 |doi=10.5403/oregonhistq.113.2.0164 |jstor=10.5403/oregonhistq.113.2.0164 }}</ref> with the Ghadar headquarters and [[Hindustan Ghadar]] newspaper based in [[San Francisco]], California.

Following the war's conclusion, the party in the United States fractured into a [[Communist]] and an Indian Socialist faction. The party was formally dissolved in 1948.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> Key participants in the Ghadar Movement included [[Bhai Parmanand]], [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle]], [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]], [[Bhagwan Singh Gyanee]], [[Har Dayal]], [[Tarak Nath Das]], [[Bhagat Singh Thind]], [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]], [[Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah]], [[Rashbehari Bose]], and [[Gulab Kaur]]. Although its attempts at overthrowing the British Raj were unsuccessful, the insurrectionary ideals of the Ghadar Party influenced members of the [[Indian Independence Movement]] opposed to Gandhian [[nonviolence]].

''Ghadar'' is a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Urdu]] word derived from [[Arabic]] which means "revolt" or "rebellion."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramnath |first1=Maia |title=Haj to Utopia: How the Ghadar Movement Charted Global Radicalism and Attempted to Overthrow the British Empire |date=2011 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, Los Angeles, London |page=2 |url=muse.jhu.edu/book/26045}}</ref> It is often also spelled Ghadr or Gadar in English. The movement's name was closely associated with its newspaper, the [[Hindustan Ghadar]

The Ghadar party commanded a loyal following the province of [[Punjab region|Punjab]], but many of its most prominent activists were forced into exile to Canada and the United States. It ceased to play an active role in Indian politics after.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

# [[Baba Jawala Singh]] (Vice-President)

# [[Pt. Kanshi Ram]] (Treasurer)

# [[Mangu Ram Mugowalia]]<ref name="Georgia Straight Vancouvers News & Entertainment Weekly 2013">{{cite web | title=Manguram Muggowal, a former Ghadar Party member, later joined the Dalit [the proper term for so-called untouchables] emancipation movement. | website=Georgia Straight Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly | date=26 July 2013 | url=https://www.straight.com/news/404576/gurpreet-singh-bujha-singhs-sacrifice-proves-ghadar-struggle-didnt-end-indian-independence | access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=There were not many Scheduled Caste persons in the Ghadar movement, however; Mangoo Ram recalls only one other Chamar besides himself.|url=http://www.ambedkartimes.com/babu_manguram.htm}}</ref>

# [[Amar Chand]]

# [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle|V. G. Pingle]]