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| {{Short description|Indian railway steel arch bridge, Jammu and Kashmir}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Chenab Rail Bridge]] |
| {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
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| {{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
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| {{Infobox bridge
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| |bridge_name = Chenab Bridge
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| |image = Chenab railway bridge 7770b (9288239078).jpg
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| |caption =
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| |official_name =
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| |carries = [[Indian Railways]]
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| |crosses = [[Chenab River]] between Bakkal and Kauri
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| |locale =
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| |maint =
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| |id =
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| |designer =
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| |design = Arch Bridge
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| |builder = <!--Afocons Construction-->
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| |material = Steel and Concrete
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| |pierswater =
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| |length = {{convert|1315|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="SF">{{cite web|url=http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/tender/annexure1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031208010318/http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/tender/annexure1.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2003-12-08|format=PDF|work=Official Webpage of the Konkan Railway Corporation Limited|title=Salient Features of the Chenab and Anji Khad Bridges|accessdate=2008-08-14}}</ref>
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| |width =
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| |height = (river bed to formation) {{convert|359|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="SF"/>
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| |mainspan = {{convert|467|m|ft|abbr=on}}
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| |spans = 17
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| |begin =
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| |open = April 2021
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| |life =
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| |collapsed =
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| |coordinates = {{coord|33|9|3|N|74|52|59|E|}}
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| |extra =
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| }} {{Jammu-Baramulla line}}
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| The '''Chenab Bridge''' is an Indian railway steel and concrete [[arch bridge]] between Bakkal and Kauri in the [[Reasi district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/chenab-arch-bridge-kashmir-7264526/|title=Quixplained: Chenab arch bridge which will connect Kashmir to Kanyakumari|date=7 April 2021|website=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chenab-rail-bridge-to-be-ready-by-next-year/articleshow/77314251.cms|title=Chenab rail bridge to be ready by next year}}</ref> When completed, the bridge will span the [[Chenab River]] at a height of {{convert|359|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the river, making it the [[List of highest bridges in the world|world's highest rail bridge]].<ref name=":000">{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/jammu/worlds-tallest-railway-bridge-on-chenab-to-complete-by-may-2019/|title=World's tallest railway bridge on Chenab to complete by May 2019|date=7 November 2017|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=World's highest rail bridge to come up across Chenab river|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/World-s-highest-rail-bridge-to-come-up-across-Chenab-river/Article1-1012851.aspx|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=2013-02-17|accessdate=2013-02-17|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217170019/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/World-s-highest-rail-bridge-to-come-up-across-Chenab-river/Article1-1012851.aspx|archivedate=2013-02-17}}</ref> In November 2017 the base supports were declared completed allowing for the start of the construction of the main arch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/railways-inaugurates-main-arch-of-chenab-worlds-highest-rail-bridge-an-impressive-feat-but-is-there-much-to-celebrate-4195915.html|title=Railways launches main arch of Chenab: World's highest rail bridge an impressive feat but are celebrations misplaced? - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com}}</ref>
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| In April 2021 the Chenab Bridge was complete absolutely will be opened in December 2021.
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| Key technical data of the bridge include:<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.iitr.ac.in/departments/CE/abe/101-114.pdf |last=Narayan |first=Laxmi |date=March 2006 |title=TECHNICAL PAPER ON ANJI KHAD AND CHENAB BRIDGES |journal=Advances in Bridge Engineering |pages=101–114 |format=pdf |accessdate=2008-01-14}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
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| * Deck height (height above river bed): {{convert|359|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (height above river surface): {{convert|322|m|ft|abbr=on}}
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| * Bridge length: {{convert|1315|m|ft|abbr=on}}, including the {{convert|650|m|ft|abbr=on}} long viaduct on the northern side
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| * Arch span: {{convert|467|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.tekla.com/bim-awards/chenab-bridge| title= Chenab Bridge| date=25 June 2016 | work=Trimble Solutions Corporation}}</ref>
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| * Arch length: {{convert|480|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="afcon1">{{cite web|url=http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=8395|title=Indian Railways makes history;Awards largest bridge contract in J&K|work=Project Monitor|accessdate=2008-08-14|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220020225/http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=8395|archivedate=2008-02-20}}</ref>
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| This makes the Chenab Bridge:
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| * The world's [[List of highest bridges in the world|highest railway bridge]]
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| * The bridge with the longest span in the {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] railway network
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| ==Introduction and topography==
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| [[File:Arial view at construction site at Chenab Bridge.jpg|thumb|Chenab Bridge construction]]
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| Northern Railway has undertaken the mega-project of constructing a [[Jammu–Baramulla line|new railway line]] across the [[India]]n union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] between the towns of [[Udhampur]] near [[Jammu]] and [[Baramulla]] on the northwestern edge of the [[Kashmir Valley]]. This project was declared a national project in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nr.indianrail.gov.in/scripts/static/jammuandkashmir.aspx|work=Northern Railway Website: Official Page on the Kashmir Railway Project|title=J&K Rail Link Project|accessdate=2008-05-08| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080506085448/http://www.nr.indianrail.gov.in/scripts/static/jammuandkashmir.aspx| archivedate = 6 May 2008}}</ref> It is directed by the Northern Railway.
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| The extraordinary challenge lies in a large number of tunnels (totalling 63 km in length<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-30/india/29599906_1_chenab-bridge-rail-bridge-highest-railway-bridge |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105204349/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-30/india/29599906_1_chenab-bridge-rail-bridge-highest-railway-bridge |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-05 |journal=[[The Times of India]] |title=At 359 metres, rail bridge over Chenab will be world's highest |accessdate=2011-05-31}}</ref>) and bridges (7.5 km) to be implemented in highly rugged and mountainous terrain, with the difficult [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] geology. The most difficult part is believed to be the crossing of the deep gorge of the Chenab River, near Salal Hydro Power Dam,<ref name="location">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/17/stories/2008011757570500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120120958/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/17/stories/2008011757570500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-01-20|title=Chenab bridge will be highest in the world|accessdate=2008-08-14|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2008-01-17}}</ref> by the Chenab Bridge.
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| Another, smaller, arch bridge proposed on the new railway line was the {{convert|657|m|ft|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|189|m|ft|abbr=on}} high [[Anji Khad Bridge]] between [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] and [[Reasi]] over the [[Chenab River|Chenab river tributary]] river. This proposal was abandoned by the railway due to the specific geology of the location and a cable-stayed bridge is proposed which will be Indian Railways first cable stayed bridge
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| ==Design==
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| After many deliberations, taking into account aesthetics, economy, and availability of local expertise and construction materials, the Chenab Bridge was designed as a large span single arch steel bridge with approach viaducts on either side.
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| The arch is two-ribbed, fabricated from large steel trusses. The chords of the trusses are sealed steel boxes, internally stiffened and filled with concrete to assist in controlling wind-induced forces on the bridge. Another advantage of concrete filling is that internal painting will not be required.
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| The number of bearings has been minimized, particularly on the approach viaduct, through the use of continuous construction. This is advantageous, as it reduces the maintenance and inspection efforts, and improves the riding quality. The viaduct piers are of concrete, while the piers near the arch are steel.
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| The design of major arch rail bridges requires considerations of a number of additional parameters, such as fatigue, global stability, second order effects, composite action, etc. It also requires that such a bridge is designed to achieve a consistent level of reliability for all load cases, and that the design standards match the construction standards.
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| Indian construction standards such as the Indian Railway Standards (IRS), the Indian Road Congress (IRC) and the Indian Standards (IS) were found inadequate for the large spans of the Chenab Bridge. For example, the Indian Railway Standards (IRS) is primarily intended for simply supported bridges with spans up to 100m (although these have been successfully used for higher spans up to 154m). The spans for the Chenab Bridge greatly exceed this limit, and are continuous. Therefore, to assure a safe design, Indian national standards have been supplemented with International standards such as British Standards (BS), [[International Union of Railways]] (UIC) and Euro. Also, many global experts with versatile and relevant experience, have been involved in order to facilitate making the project a success.
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| Following are some of the design considerations taken into account:
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| * Limit state philosophy of design has been decided to be followed as per BS codes
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| * Computation of wind load effects as per wind tunnel tests
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| * Site specific seismic spectra developed by Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee
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| * Provision of Euro code 8 for ductility detailing of very tall and hollow rectangular RCC piers
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| * Provision of long welded rail (LWR) over the bridges and resulting force calculation as per UIC – 774-3R guidelines
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| * Blast resistant design used
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| * Design checking for fatigue as per BS codes
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| * Deformation limits as per comfort criteria of UIC – 776-2R and UIC 776 -3R guidelines
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| * Redundancy provided in the structures, for lower level of operation during mishaps and against collapse in extreme cases of one pier failure
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| The Quality aspect has been emphasised, as the quantum of fabrication and welding is colossal. Mostly indigenous material compliant to IS codes has been planned to be used, whereas for the design, international codes have been referred, which means the Quality Control work is still difficult.
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| ==Construction==
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| The Chenab Bridge was originally intended to be completed in December 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=J&K to have world's tallest bridge|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-05/india/27960621_1_chenab-bridge-tallest-bridge-reasi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018211747/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-05/india/27960621_1_chenab-bridge-tallest-bridge-reasi|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-10-18|date=2007-11-05 |work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> However, in September 2008 the project was halted due to fears over the bridge's stability and safety.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chenab-bridge-plan-back-on-track-despite-safety-worries/articleshow/4690088.cms|title=Chenab bridge plan back on track despite safety worries | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
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| Work on the bridge restarted in 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news87583.html|title=Work Resumes on Tallest Rail Bridge in India - Railway Technology|date=10 June 2010|publisher=}}</ref> with the plan to complete it in 2015.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-18/india/32298584_1_chenab-bridge-katra-dharam-topography-and-fragile-geology| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511224400/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-18/india/32298584_1_chenab-bridge-katra-dharam-topography-and-fragile-geology| url-status=dead| archive-date=11 May 2013| work=[[The Times of India]]| title= Highest railway bridge in J&K to be ready by 2015| date=18 June 2012 }}</ref>
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| The design and construction was awarded to [[Afcons Infrastructure]],<ref name="afcons">{{cite web|url=https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/chenab-bridge-jammu-kashmir/|title=Chenab Bridge, Jammu and Kashmir, India|work=Railway Technology|accessdate=2013-07-04}}</ref> a part of the [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group]], the third-largest construction group in India with the help of IISc Bangalore.DRDO helped in designing it as a blast proof by using special steel.<ref name="DRDO">{{cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/kashmir-to-get-blast-proof-worlds-highest-railway-bridge-over-river-chenab/|title=Kashmir To Get "Blast-Proof" World’s Highest Railway Bridge Over River Chenab|work=The Eurasian Times|accessdate=2018-12-28}}</ref>
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| The erection scheme for the bridge is a project in itself.
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| Two pylons (about 130 m and 100 m high) were erected on either side of the river, and two auxiliary self-propelled cable cranes (capacity of 20t each) were used to tow temporary auxiliary ropes across these pylons. The ropes were used to support the partly finished arch parts. After arch completion, the trusses will be added, finally the girder will be constructed as a horizontal sliding type platform.
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| * Jul 2017: construction work resumes.
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| * Nov 2017:The Work Arch Bridge To Completed By "May 2019".<ref name=":0" />
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| * Nov 2018: Bridge under active construction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/worlds-highest-railway-bridge-taller-than-eiffel-tower-nearing-completion-in-jk-2155242.html|title=World's highest railway bridge, taller than Eiffel Tower, nearing completion in J&K|date=13 November 2018|website=Zee News}}</ref>
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| * Dec 2018: Project may not complete by end of 2019.<ref>https://thekashmirwalla.com/2018/12/kashmir-rail-link-to-see-further-delay-after-work-stops-yet-again/ {{Bare URL inline|date=June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thepolicytimes.com/chenab-rail-bridge-to-miss-2020-deadline/|title=Chenab rail bridge to miss 2020 deadline|first=T. P. T.|last=Bureau|date=3 December 2018}}</ref>
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| * Aug 2019: 80% work completed. To be opened in mid of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/railway-project-to-link-kashmir-with-rest-of-india-put-on-fast-track-119081901302_1.html|title=Railway project to link Kashmir with rest of India put on fast track|first=Shine|last=Jacob|date=19 August 2019|via=Business Standard}}</ref>
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| *Nov 2019: 83% work completed. To be opened in March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/indian-railways-chenab-bridge-worlds-highest-railway-bridge-to-be-ready-by-this-date-project-details/1758312/|title=Indian Railways Chenab bridge, world s highest railway bridge, to be ready by this date; project details|date=25 December 2019|via=Financial Express}}</ref>
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| * Jan 2020: To be opened in December 2021.<ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/chenab-bridge-worlds-highest-rail-bridge-taller-than-eiffel-tower-can-withstand-blasts-10-stunning-facts/1824028/ {{Bare URL inline|date=June 2021}}</ref>
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| * April 2021: Both the end of the arch touched and closed on 5 April 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Arch Closure Ceremony of Chenab Bridge on USBRL Project , Northern Railway|work=USBRL|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdBXZe8Feio}}</ref> To be opened in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Railways completes world's highest rail bridge arch: Why Chenab bridge is called an 'engineering marvel'|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/railways-completes-worlds-highest-rail-bridge-arch-why-chenab-bridge-is-called-an-engineering-marvel/741721|access-date=2021-04-15|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref>
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| ==Maintenance==
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| Regular painting of large bridges is an intimidating task; hence, a painting scheme was developed, having renewal of over 15 years, compared to approx. 5 to 7 years in most other Indian railway bridges.<ref>Tiwari, Neelam. [http://www.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-NAN-a-rail-bridge-taller-than-the-eiffel-tower-over-the-chenab-5589266-PHO.html?ref=ht "World Tallest Railway Bridge, Being Built Over Chenab In Jammu and Kashmir "], ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'',3 May 2017</ref>
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| ==See also==
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| * {{Portal-inline|Transport}}
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| * {{Portal-inline|Engineering}}
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| * [[Anji Khad Bridge]]
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| == References ==
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| {{reflist|30em}}
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| == External links ==
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| *{{Structurae|id=20013811}}
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| *[http://cadmec.com/video.html Video simulation of the construction process]
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| *[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3540272.ece Report on bridge's progress including photo, June 2012]
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| [[Category:Proposed rail infrastructure in India]]
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| [[Category:Bridges in Jammu and Kashmir]]
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| [[Category:Proposed bridges in India]]
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| [[Category:2021 in rail transport]]
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| [[Category:Bridges over the Chenab River]]
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| [[Category:Reasi district]]
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| [[Category:Buildings and structures under construction in India]]
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