Dogri language: Difference between revisions

| nativename      = {{lang|dgo|𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠮, डोगरी, {{nastaliq|ڈوگَرِی}}}}

| states          = [[India]]

| region          = [[Jammu Division|Jammu region]]

| script          = [[Dogri script|Dogra Akkhar]] version of [[Takri script|Takri script]]<br />[[Devanagari]]<br />[[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]] ([[Nastaliq|Nastaʼlīq]])

'''Dogri''' ([[Dogri script|Dogra]]: {{Script|Dogr|𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠮}}, [[Devanagari]]: डोगरी; [[Nastaliq script|Nasta'liq]]: {{nq|ڈوگری}}; pronunciation: {{IPA|[ɖoɡɾi]}}) is a Northern [[Indo-Aryan language]] spoken by about five million people<ref name="book001">

</ref> in [[India]], chiefly in the [[Jammu region]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is also spoken in the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], and in northern [[Punjab]] region, other parts of Jammu and Kashmir, and elsewhere.<ref name="book002">

}}</ref> Dogri speakers are called [[Dogras]], and the Dogri-speaking region is the [[Jammu region]].<ref name="book003">

{{cite book

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BARAAAAAIAAJ

}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKzRN1_zw-IC|title=Social Mobilisation And Modern Society|isbn=9788170998075|last1=Barua|first1=Jayanti|year=2001}}</ref> Dogri is now considered to be a member of the [[Western Pahari]] group of languages.<ref name="book004">

}}</ref> Unusually for an Indo-European language, Dogri is [[tonal language|tonal]],<ref name="book005">

}}</ref> a trait it shares with other Western Pahari languages and Punjabi.

Dogri is one of the 22 official languages of India. It was added in the 8th schedule of the constitution in 2003.{{wtc|Dogri language}}

Dogri was originally written in '''Dogra Akkhar script''' which is one version of [[Dogri script|Takri Script]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15234r-dogra.pdf |title=L2/15-234R: Proposal to encode the Dogra script in Unicode |first1=Anshuman |last1=Pandey |date=2015-11-04}}</ref> It is now more commonly written in [[Devanagari]] in India, and in the [[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaʿliq]] form of [[Perso-Arabic Script|Perso-Arabic]] in Pakistan and Pakistani-administered Kashmir.

The Dogra Script was standardised from "''Parane Dogra Akkhar''" (Old Dogra version of Takri script) during the Dogra rule. This script was then called "''Namme Dogra Akkhar'' " (Dogra: {{Lang|dgo|𑠝𑠢𑠹𑠢𑠳 𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠬 𑠀𑠊𑠹𑠋𑠤}}).<ref>{{Cite web|title=NammeDograAkkhar|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09111-takri.pdf}}</ref>

[[File:Lilavati.png|center|thumb|Lilavati (a Mathematics treatise originally written in Sanskrit) in Dogri language & Dogra Script.]]

![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br/>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]

![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]

![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]

! rowspan="3" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]

|{{IPA|p}}

|{{IPA|t}}

|{{IPA|ʈ}}

|{{IPA|tʃ}}

|{{IPA|pʰ}}

|{{IPA|tʰ}}

|{{IPA|ʈʰ}}

|{{IPA|tʃʰ}}

|{{IPA|b}}

|{{IPA|d}}

|{{IPA|ɖ}}

|{{IPA|dʒ}}

|{{IPA|ɡ}}

|{{IPA|ɳ}}

|({{IPA|f}})

|{{IPA|s}}

|{{IPA|ʃ}}

|({{IPA|z}})

|{{IPA|ɾ}}

|{{IPA|ɽ}}

|{{IPA|w}}

|{{IPA|l}}

* Gemination occurs in all consonants except the consonants /{{IPA|ɾ ʃ ɽ ɳ}}/.

*/{{IPA|f z}}/ only occur from Perso-Arabic loan words, and /{{IPA|f}}/ is also heard as an allophone of an aspirated /{{IPA|pʰ}}/.

![[High vowel|High]]

|{{IPA|i}}

![[Near-high vowel|Near-high]]

|{{IPA|ʊ}}

![[High-mid]]

|{{IPA|e}}

|{{IPA|o}}

![[Mid vowel|Mid]]

|

|{{IPA|ə}}

|

![[Low-mid]]

|{{IPA|ɛ}}

|

|{{IPA|ɔ}}

![[Low vowel|Low]]

| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ɑ}}

* There are nasalized variations of the following vowels [{{IPA|ĩ ʊ̃ ɔ̃ ɑ̃ ɛ̃}}].

*/{{IPA|ʊ}}/ can have a marginal upgliding allophone [{{IPA|ʊᵛ}}] when occurring before a /{{IPA|ɑ}}/ vowel sound.

A word-final /{{IPA|ɑ}}/ can also be realized as drifting toward a centralized [{{IPA|a}}] sound.<ref name=":0" />

![[Dogri script|Dogri Script]]

! Devanagari

! Perso-Arabic

! Transliteration (ISO-15919)

|{{Lang|dgo|𑠁𑠪𑠵}}

| आहो

|{{nastaliq|آہو}}

|āho

|{{Lang|dgo|𑠊𑠝𑠹𑠝𑠳}}

| कन्ने

|kanne

|{{Lang|dgo|𑠊𑠳𑠪𑠹}}

|{{nastaliq|کَہہ}}

|keh

|{{Lang|dgo|𑠊𑠮}}

|{{nastaliq|کى}}

|kī

|{{Lang|dgo|𑠛𑠵𑠁𑠝𑠬}}

| दोआना

|{{nastaliq|دوأنہ}}

|doāna

|Tarbooz (Hindi/Urdu), Hindwana (Urdu/Persian), Hadwana/Mateera (Punjabi), ہؠندٕوؠندٕ [hʲãd̪ɨʋʲãd̪ɨ] (Kashmiri), Indwanna (Pashto)

|{{Lang|dgo|𑠛𑠯𑠝𑠭𑠣𑠬}}

| दुनिया

|{{nastaliq|دُنيہ}}

|duniyā

|Duniya (Hindi/Urdu/Punjabi/Persian/Arabic), دُنیا [d̪unʲjaː] (Kashmiri), Jag (Sanskrit/Hindi/Punjabi), Sansaar (Sanskrit/Hindi/Punjabi)

== Tone Rules ==

* Just like [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], Dogri also uses the letters घ(gʱə), झ(d͡ʒʱə), ढ(ɖʱə), ध(d̪ʱə), भ(bʱə) and ढ़(ɽʱə) for tonal uses. When at the beginning of the word, it has a high-falling tone; ie:- घ(kə́), झ(t͡ʃə́), ढ(ʈə́), ध(t̪ə́), भ(pə́) and ढ़(ɽə́).When in the middle and final position of the word, the preceding vowel has a low-rising tone; ie:- अघ(ə̀ɡ), अझ(ə̀d͡ʒ), अढ(ə̀ɖ), अध(ə̀d̪), अभ(ə̀b) and अढ़(ə̀ɽ). Examples:- घड़ी(kə́ɽɪ)- clock, and औषध(ɔʃə̀d̪),

* Unlike [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], there is no ह(hə) sound and it is tonal in all positions. So, it is having high-falling tone in the beginning position and in the middle positions when as a consonant conjuct; ie:- हत्थ (ə́t̪ʰː)- hand; and a low-rising tone elsewhere; ie:- फतूही (pʰətuːì)- shirt.

* To indicate a low-rising tone in the middle of words, Dogri uses ह् (ह with a [[Virama|halant]]) to indicate it when the preceding vowel is long; ie:- आ(ɑ), ई(i), ऊ(u), ए(e), ऐ(ɛ), ओ(o) and औ(ɔ). Example:- साह्ब(sɑ̀b)- [[Sahib|sahab]]. When the preceding vowel is small; ie:- अ(ə), इ(ɪ) and उ(ʊ); an [[Apostrophe|apostrophe mark (')]] is used. Example:- ल'त्त(lə̀tː).

*The alphabets mentioned in the first point can also be used to indicate high-falling tone in the middle of the words when between a short vowel and a long vowel.

Some common examples are shown below.

![[Dogri script|Dogri Script]]

! [[Devanagari|Devanagari Script]]

|{{Lang|dgo|𑠊𑠵𑠫𑠬 𑠪𑠬।}}

|{{Lang|dgr|कोड़ा हा।}}

|{{Lang|dgo|𑠍𑠵𑠫𑠬 𑠪𑠬।}}

|{{Lang|dgr|घोड़ा हा।}}

|{{Lang|dgo|𑠊𑠵𑠫𑠹𑠪𑠬 𑠪𑠬।}}

|{{Lang|dgr|कोढ़ा हा।}}

|{{Lang|dgo|𑠛𑠩 𑠊𑠭𑠣𑠬𑠷 ?}}

|{{Lang|dgr|दस कीयां?}}

|Why is it ten?

|{{Lang|dgo|𑠛'𑠩 𑠊𑠭𑠣𑠬𑠷 ।}}

|{{Lang|dgr|द'स कीयां?}}

|Tell me how (it happened).

The Greek astrologer Pulomi, accompanying [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] in his 323 B.C. campaign into the Indian subcontinent, referred to some inhabitants of Duggar as "a brave Dogra family living in the mountain ranges of Shivalik."<ref name="book0a1">{{cite book |title=Dogri in the family of world languages (Translated) |first=Balkrishan |last=Shastri |publisher=Dogri Research Centre, Jammu University|year=1981}}</ref> In the year 1317, [[Amir Khusro]], the famous [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] poet, referred to Duger (Dogri) while describing the languages and dialects of India as follows: ''"Sindhi-o-Lahori-o-Kashmiri-o-Duger."''<ref name="book0a2">{{cite book |title=Dogri Prose Writing before Independence (Translated) |first=Ram Nath |last=Shastri |publisher=Dogri Research Centre, Jammu University |year=1981}}</ref><ref name="book0a3">{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |first=Amaresh |last=Datta |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1987 |isbn=9780836422832 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R89jAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

Intellectuals in the court of [[Maharaja]] Ranbir Singh s/o Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir, described 'Duggar' as a distorted form of the word 'Dwigart,' which means "two troughs," a possible reference to the Mansar and Sruinsar Lakes.<ref name="book0b1">

Yet another proposal stems from the presence of the word 'Durger' in the Bhuri Singh Museum (in Chamba, Himachal Pradesh). The word Durger means 'invincible' in several Northern Indian languages, and could be an allusion to the ruggedness of the Duggar terrain and the historically militarized and autonomous Dogra societies. In Himachal, Dogri is majorly spoken in Hamirpur, Barsar, Una, Chintpurni, Kangra, and Bilaspur regions.

In 1976, the experts attending the Language Session of the 'All India Oriental Conference' held in Dharwad, [[Karnataka]], could not reach consensus on the 'Dwigart' and 'Durger' hypotheses, but did manage agreement on a Doonger-Duggar connection. In a subsequent 'All India Oriental Conference' held at [[Jaipur]] in 1982, the linguists agreed that the culture, language and history of Rajasthan and Duggar share some similarities. It was also suggested that the words 'Duggar' and 'Dogra' are common in some parts of Rajasthan. Specifically, it was asserted that areas with many forts are called Duggar, and their inhabitants are accordingly known as Dogras. The land of Duggar also has many forts, which may support the opinion above. An article by Dharam Chand Prashant in the literary magazine Shiraza Dogri suggested that ''"the opinion that the word 'Duggar' is a form of the word 'Duggarh' sounds appropriate."''<ref name="book0b3">

In modern times, a notable Dogri translation (in the Takri script) of the [[Sanskrit]] classic mathematical opus ''[[Lilavati]]'', by the noted mathematician [[Bhaskara II|Bhaskaracharya]] (b. 1114 AD), was published by the Vidya Vilas Press, Jammu in 1873.<ref name="book0c0">

|title=Century Old Printed Dogri Literature

Dogri programming features regularly on [[Radio Kashmir]] (a division of [[All India Radio]]), and [[Doordarshan]] (Indian state television) broadcasts in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. However, Dogri does not have a dedicated state television channel yet, unlike Kashmiri (which has the Doordarshan Koshur channel, available on cable and satellite television throughout India). [https://straightlinemag.com/ The Straight Line], a digital news portal in Jammu took the initiative of [https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKGEifopoJVNSv6RcBe9k-g2cyf2nMhek Dogri news reporting] by creating more than 700 videos in Dogri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dogri Suno - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKGEifopoJVNSv6RcBe9k-g2cyf2nMhek|access-date=2021-03-16|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Pragya Salhotra,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dogri Bhasha Academy felicitates journalists for promoting Dogri language|url=https://news.statetimes.in/dogri-bhasha-academy-felicitates-journalists-for-promoting-dogri-language/|access-date=2021-03-16|website=State Times|language=en-GB}}</ref> their Dogri head helped in bringing Dogri to the mainstream by reporting on serious issues, doing satire as well as having discussions in Dogri. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Network|first=Straight Line News|date=2020-11-20|title=Two years down, many more to go!|url=https://straightlinemag.com/two-years-down-many-more-to-go/|access-date=2021-03-16|website=Straight Line|language=en-US}}</ref> Her signature style “''Aaun Pragya Salhotra tunda mata mata malaar karni aan”'' was loved and adored by many.

  }}</ref>

* [[Dogri–Kangri languages]]

[[Category:Pahari languages]]