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| {{Short description|Genocide of Hindus from the Kashmir Valley in the 1990s}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]] |
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| {{Infobox civilian attack
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| | title = Genocide of Kashmiri Hindus
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| | partof = the [[insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
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| | image =
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| | caption =
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| | date = 1989 and afterwards<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/25/world/kashmir-massacre-may-signal-the-coming-of-widespread-violence.html|title=Kashmir Massacre May Signal the Coming of Widespread Violence|last=Waldman|first=Amy|date=2003-03-25|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=10 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211082255/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/25/world/kashmir-massacre-may-signal-the-coming-of-widespread-violence.html|archive-date=11 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
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| | location = [[Kashmir Valley]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
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| | coordinates = {{coord|34.0333|N|74.6667|E|display=inline,title}}
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| | motive = [[Islamisation]], secession from [[India]], merger with [[Pakistan]],{{NoteTag|While a significant amount of Kashmiri Islamists favoured an annexation of the entire region of Jammu and Kashmir by neighbouring Pakistan, Kashmiri Muslims who identified more with the officially secular, Kashmiri nationalist parties and organizations favoured an independent state of Kashmir over the notion of a merger with Pakistan.|name=Note}} [[anti-Hindu sentiment|Hinduphobia]], imposition of [[Sharia law]]<ref name="cali">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zRZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |title=Religion and Security in South and Central Asia |date=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136890192 |editor-last=Warikoo |editor-first=K. |page=78}}</ref>
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| | target = [[Kashmiri Hindus]]
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| | type = Murder, [[arson]], [[wartime sexual violence|rape]],<ref name="Knuth2006">{{cite book|last=Knuth|first=Rebecca|title=Burning books and leveling libraries: extremist violence and cultural destruction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67CWswHay3QC&pg=PA77|access-date=15 March 2012|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-99007-7|pages=77–79}}</ref> assassinations, kidnappings, riots
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| | perps = [[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]], [[Islamic terrorism|Islamist militants]]
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| | fatalities = 200–1,341<ref name="The Genocide of Kashmiri Pandits">{{Cite journal |title=The Genocide of Kashmiri Pandits |url=https://www.efsas.org/publications/study-papers/the-exodus-of-kashmiri-pandits/ |publisher=European Foundation for South Asian Studies |date=July 2017 |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194328/https://www.efsas.org/publications/study-papers/the-exodus-of-kashmiri-pandits/ |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> (297,000–598,000 displaced)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Noor|first=Aliza|date=2020-01-19|title=How, 30 Yrs Ago, Kashmiri Pandits Became Refugees in Their Country|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/exodus-of-kashmiri-pandits-january-1990-refugees-in-their-country-valley-pain-separation-trauma-jammu-delhi-camps|access-date=2020-11-09|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref>
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| {{Violence against Hindus in independent India}}
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| The '''Genocide of Kashmiri Hindus''',{{refn|group=note|Oxford English Dictionary Online defines exodus as- "The departure or going out, usually of a body of persons from a country for the purpose of settling elsewhere. Cf. 'emigration n. 2': The departure of persons from one country, usually their native land, to settle permanently in another.<ref name="OED-lead">
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| {{citation|chapter="Genocide, n."|title=Oxford English Dictionary Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2021|chapter-url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/66307}}</ref>}} who are also called "Kashmiri Pandits", is the migration, especially ''en masse'',<ref>* {{harvnb|Evans|2002|p=20|ps=(p. 19) The present article is structured as follows. First, it tries to explain what
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| happened to KPs in 1990 and beyond. (p. 20) Examining the fall-out of the mass migration, it then looks at the extremist politics that followed, before concluding with an assessment of the contemporary situation. (p. 22) There is a third possible explanation for what happened in 1990; one that acknowledges the enormity of what took place, but that examines carefully what triggered KP migration: KPs migrated ''en masse'' through legitimate fear. (p. 24) While decennial growth rates rose between 1961 and 2001, the same period saw a degree of migration of KPs from Jammu & Kashmir.}}
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| * {{citation|last=Zia|first=Ather|title=Resisting Disappearnce: Military Occupation and Women's Activism in Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6wGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60|page=60|year=2020|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=9780295745008 |quote=In the early 1990s the Kashmiri Hindus, known as the Pandits (a 100,000 to 140,000 strong community), migrated en masse from Kashmir to Jammu, Delhi, and other places.}}
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| * {{citation|last=Hussain|first=Shahla|title=Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g09bDwAAQBAJ|pages=89–112, 105|year=2018|chapter=Kashmiri Visions of Freedom|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107181977 |quote=The rise of insurgency in the region created a difficult situation for the Kashmiri Hindu community, which had always taken pride in their Indian identity. Self-determination was not only seen as a communal demand, but as a secessionist slogan that threatened the security of the Indian state. The community felt threatened when Kashmiri Muslims under the flag of aazadi openly raised anti-India slogans. The 1989 targeted killings of Kashmiri Hindus who the insurgents believed were acting as Indian intelligence agents heightened those insecurities. In the winter of 1990, the community felt compelled to mass-migrate to Jammu, as the state governor was adamant that in the given circumstances he would not be able to offer protection to the widely dispersed Hindu community.}}
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| * {{citation|last=Duschinski|first=Haley|title=Emerging Voices: Experiences of Underrepresented Asian Americans|chapter-url=|year=2014|chapter=Community Identity of Kashmiri Hindus in the United States|publisher=Rutgers University Press|quote=The mass migration of Kashmiri Hindus from Kashmir Valley began in November 1989 and accelerated in the following months. Every family has its departure story. Many families simply packed their belongings into their cars and left under cover of night, without words of farewell to friends and neighbours. In some cases, wives and children left first, while husbands stayed behind to watch for the situation to improve; in other cases, parents sent their teenage sons away after hearing threats against them, and followed them days or weeks later. Many migrants report that they entrusted their house keys and belongings to the Muslim neighbours or servants and expected to return to their homes after a few weeks. Tens of thousands of Kashmiri Hindus left Kashmir Valley in the span of several months. There are also competing perspectives on the factors that led to the mass migration of Kashmiri Hindus during this period. Kashmiri Hindus describe migration as a forced exodus diven by Islamic fundamendalist elements in Pakistan that spilled across the Line of Control into the Kashmir Valley. They think that Kashmiri Muslims had acted as bystanders to violence by not protecting lives and properties fo the vulnerable Hindu community from the militant ... The mass migration, however, was understood differently by the Muslim religious majority in Kashmir. These Kashmiri Muslims, many of whom were committed to the cause of regional independence, believed that Kashmiri Hindus betrayed them by withdrawing their support from the Kashmiri nationalist movement and turning to the government of India for protection at the moment of ... This perspective is supported by claims, articulated by some prominent separatist political leaders, that the Indian government orchestrated the mass migration of the Kashmiri Hindu community in order to have a free hand to crack down on the popular uprising. These competing perspectives gave rise to mutual feelings of suspicion and betrayal—feelings that lingered between Kashmiri Muslims and Kashmiri Hindus and became more entrenched as time continued.}}
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| * {{citation|last=Bhatia|first=Mohita|title=Rethinking Conflict at the Margins: Dalits and Borderland Hindus in Jammu and Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRnxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|page=9|year=2020|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108883467 |quote=Despite witnessing a prolonged spell of insurgency including a few incidents of selective killings, Jammu was still considered to be a relatively safe refuge by the Hindu community of Kashmir, the Pandits. As a minuscule Hindu minority community in the Muslim-majority Kashmir (around 3 per cent of Kashmir's population), they felt more vulnerable and noticeable as insurgency peaked in Kashmir. Lawlessness, uncertainty, political turmoil along with a few target killings of Pandits led to the migration of almost the entire community from the Valley to other parts of the country}}
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| * {{citation|last1=Bhan|first1=Mona|title=Relating Otherwise: Forging Critical Solidarities Across the Kashmiri Pandit-Muslim Divide.|journal=Biography|volume=43|issue=2|pages=285–305|year=2020|doi=10.1353/bio.2020.0030 |quote=...the everyday modes of relating that existed between Kashmiri Pandits and Muslims in the period leading up to the "Migration," as the Pandit departures have come to be called among Kashmiris, both Pandit and Muslim.|last2=Misri|first2=Deepti|last3=Zia|first3=Ather|s2cid=234917696}}
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| * {{citation|last=Duschinski|first=Haley|title=Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPFKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178|pages=172–198, 178–179|year=2018|chapter='Survial Is Now Our Politics': Kashmiri Pandit Community Identiy and the Politics of Homeland|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108226127 |quote='''The Kashmiri Pandit migration''': (p. 178) The onset of the armed phase of the freedom struggle in 1989 was a chaotic and turbulent time in Kashmir (Bose, 2003). Kashmiri Pandits felt an increasing sense of vulnerability}}
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| * {{Harvnb|Zutshi|2003|p=318}} Quote: "Since a majority of the landlords were Hindu, the (land) reforms (of 1950) led to a mass exodus of Hindus from the state. ... The unsettled nature of Kashmir's accession to India, coupled with the threat of economic and social decline in the face of the land reforms, led to increasing insecurity among the Hindus in Jammu, and among Kashmiri Pandits, 20 per cent of whom had emigrated from the Valley by 1950."</ref> or the flight, especially large-scale,<ref>* {{citation|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Kashmir at the Crossroads, Inside a 21st-Century Conflict|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Gq9FEAAAQBAJ&pg=|pages=119–120|year=2021|publisher=Yale University Press |quote=As insurrection gripped the Kashmir Valley in early 1990, the bulk – about 100,000 people – of the Pandit population ''fled'' the Valley over a few weeks in February–March 1990 to the southern Indian J&K city of Jammu and further afield to cities such as Delhi. ... The large-scale flight of Kashmiri Pandits during the first months of the insurrection is a controversial episode of the post-1989 Kashmir conflict.}}
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| * {{citation|last1=Talbot|first1=Ian|title=The Partition of India|pages=136–137|year=2009|series=New Approaches to Asian History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521672566 |quote=Between 1990 and 1995, 25,000 people were killed in Kashmir, almost two-thirds by Indian armed forces. Kashmiris put the figure at 50,000. In addition, 150,000 Kashmiri Hindus fled the valley to settle in the Hindu-majority region of Jammu.|last2=Singh|first2=Gurharpal}}
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| * {{Harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=274|ps=The Hindu Pandits, a small but influential elite community who had secured a favourable position, first under the maharajas, and then under the successive Congress regimes, and proponents of a distinctive Kashmiri culture that linked them to India, felt under siege as the uprising gathered force. Of a population of some 140,000, perhaps 100,000 Pandits fled the state after 1990}}</ref> that caused their displacement from the [[Kashmir Valley]] in 1990.<ref name="rai-bose-jalal-pandit-exodus1990-2">{{citation|last=Rai|first=Mridu|title=Kashmir and the Future of South Asia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K20LEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|pages=91–115, 106|year=2021|editor1-last=Bose|editor1-first=Sugata|series=Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series|chapter=Narratives from exile: Kashmiri Pandits and their construction of the past|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000318845|quote=(p. 92) This compels consideration of a question, uncomfortable to ask about any displaced people, but forced by the nature of the polemic examined in this essay: how much responsibility do some Pandits bear, at least in their rhetoric, for their own excision from Kashmir? (p. 93) As Pandita tells us, his forebears of antiquity 'took the same route to enter Kashmir as their future generations took many times to escape from there, mostly due to religious persecution'.5 The inflection of his memoirs is, therefore, made apparent at the very outset. Informed by his community's recent displacement from Kashmir, he will remember for us their long history of victimization by Muslims. (p. 108) Certainly, Indian political parties of all shades, but especially the Hindu right-wing Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP, successor of the BJS) and its ideological parent the Rashtriya Swayamsevaka Sangh, have dredged the suffering of displaced Pandits for political gold. (p. 111) The reaction of several organizations claiming to represent displaced Kashmiri Pandits bears this out. In late July 2020, Satish Mahaldar, the chairman of a body called Reconciliation, Relief and Rehabilitation of Migrant Kashmiris, speaking ahead of the one-year anniversary of 5 August 2019, demanded not just the restoration of statehood to Jammu and Kashmir but also the return of its special status. The more prominent Kashmiri Pandit organizations outside the Valley were quick in their denunciation, claiming not only that Mahaldar's group did not represent displaced Pandits but, more damningly, that it was a creature of the separatist Hurriyat Conference.|editor2-last=Jalal|editor2-first=Ayesha}}</ref><ref name="bose-sumantra-2021-3">{{citation|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Kashmir at the Crossroads, Inside a 21st-Century Conflict|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Gq9FEAAAQBAJ|page=373|year=2021|publisher=Yale University Press |quote=In addition to the post-1990 displaced Pandits and the Pandits who continue to live in the Valley today, numerous KPs whose families migrated earlier from the Valley live in cities across India.}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Kashmiri Pandits are not considered "refugees" as they have not crossed an international border. Many Pandits would like to be considered Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), but the Indian government has denied them that status, fearing international involvement in Kashmir, which it considers to be its internal affair. The Indian government considers Kashmiri Pandits to be 'migrants.'<ref name=duschinsky-not-IDPs-India-Gov>{{citation|last=Duschinski|first=Haley|chapter=Community Identity of Kashmiri Hindus in the United States|title=Emerging Voices: Experiences of Underrepresented Asian Americans|page=132|publisher = Rutgers University Press| year=2014|chapter-url= |quote=Another key point of contention is the community's status as migrants. Kashmiri Hindus are not considered refugees because they have not crossed an international border to seek sanctuary in another country. This means that they are not covered by a well-defined body of international laws and conventions. They would like to be considered Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) because they believe that this designation would give them some leverage to assert their basic rights in their dealings with the Indian state. The government of India refuses to grant them IDP status because it does not want to facilitate international involvement in its internal affairs.<<Footnote 22>> According to this logic, legally classifying the displaced Kashmiri Hindus as IDPs might attract international attention, initiate third-party involvement in the conflict, and prompt international scrutiny of the government's handling of the Kashmir situation. Kashmiri Hindus are thus classified as migrants, meaning that international agencies such as the UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) do not play a role in their situation. Kashmiri Hindus vehemently dispute their classification as migrants because they believe that it carries the connotation that they have left their homeland of their own will, and are able to return freely, without threat of harm.}}</ref><ref name=duschinsky-not-IDPs-India-Gov-fn22>{{citation|last=Duschinski|first=Haley|chapter=Community Identity of Kashmiri Hindus in the United States|title=Emerging Voices: Experiences of Underrepresented Asian Americans|publisher = Rutgers University Press| page=141|year=2014|chapter-url=|quote=–<<Footnote 22>>: In 1995, the Kashmiri Samiti Delhi issued a petition to the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) demanding that authorities extend to the Kashmiri Pandit community facilities and rights—such as nonrefoulement, humanitarian assistance, and the right to seek asylum—on the basis of their internal displacement. The petition also demanded that the government implement the recommendations of the representative of the UN secretary-general on IDPs and invited the NHRC to meet representatives of the displaced community. The NHRC issued a notice to the state government to respond to the petition. The government, in its response to the NHRC, argued that the Kashmiri Pandits are appropriately described as "migrants" since the word favors the community's return when the situation becomes more conducive. After reviewing the petition and the government's response to it. the NHRC indicated that the Kashmiri Pandits did not meet the typical definition of IDPs in light of the government's benevolent attitude toward them.}}</ref>}}
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| The Valley has been administered by India since 1947 and is a part of the larger [[Kashmir]] region that has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan from approximately the same time.<ref name="britannica-jammu-kashmir">(a) {{citation|last1=Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannia|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories. China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962.";
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| (b) {{citation|title=Encyclopedia Americana|page=328|year=2006|chapter=Kashmir|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";</ref><ref name="Osmanczyk2003">{{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|pages=1191–|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> Before 1947, during the [[British Raj]] in India when [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was a [[princely state]], Kashmiri Pandits, or Kashmiri Hindus, had stably constituted between 4% and 6% of the population of the Kashmir valley in censuses from 1889 to 1941; the remaining 94 to 95% of the population was Kashmiri Muslim.<ref name="rai-stable-population-ratios">{{harvnb|Rai|2004|p=37}}: According to Walter Lawrence, the British settlement commissioner deputed to Kashmir in 1889, the Hindus comprised about 5 to 6 per cent of the population of the valley, the Sikhs about 0.5 per cent and the Muslims (including the Shias) about 93 per cent. The total population, according to him, amounted to 814,214. Walter Lawrence, The Valley of Kashmir (Srinagar: Chinar Publishing House, repr. 1992), p. 284. These numbers remained relatively steady as the 1941 census of India indicated that the Muslims comprised 93.6 per cent and the Hindus about 4 per cent of the total population of the valley. Census of India, Jammu and Kashmir, 1941.</ref> By 1950, their population declined to 5 per cent as many Pandits—owning over 30% of the arable land—moved to other parts of India due to a radical land redistribution policy, the unsettled nature of Kashmir's accession to India, and the threat of socio-economic decline.<ref name="pandit-landownership">{{harvnb|Rai|2004|p=283}}; {{harvnb|Bose|2013|pp=250–251}}</ref>
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| In 1989 an unprecedented insurgency began in Kashmir. Discontent with Indian governance was long-simmering and a rigged [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|assembly election in 1987]] opened the floodgates. The [[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]] (JKLF), an organization whose objectives at the time were political, not religious, led the secessionist uprising but did not abjure violence.<ref name="MandM2012-uprising">{{citation|last1=Metcalf|first1=Barbara D.|title=A Concise History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7UgAwAAQBAJ|page=274|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press |quote=The year 1989 marked the beginning of a continuing insurgency, fuelled by covert support from Pakistan. The uprising had its origins in Kashmiri frustration at the state's treatment by Delhi. The imposition of leaders chosen by the centre, with the manipulation of local elections, and the denial of what Kashmiris felt was a promised autonomy boiled over at last in the militancy of the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front, a movement devoted to political, not religious, objectives. The Hindu Pandits, a small but influential elite community who had secured a favorable position, first under the maharajas and then under the successive Congress governments, and who propagated a distinctive Kashmiri culture that linked them to India, felt under siege as the uprising gathered force. Upwards of 100,000 of them left the state during the early 1990s; their cause was quickly taken up by the Hindu right. As the government sought to locate 'suspects' and weed out Pakistani 'infiltrators', the entire population was subjected to a fierce repression. By the end of the 1990s, the Indian military presence had escalated to approximately one soldier or paramilitary policeman for every five Kashmiris, and some 30,000 people had died in the conflict.|last2=Metcalf|first2=Thomas R.|isbn=9781139537056}}</ref><ref name="talbot-singh-12">{{citation|last1=Talbot|first1=Ian|title=The Partition of India|pages=136–137|year=2009|series=New Approaches to Asian History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521672566 |quote=(Farooq Abdullah's) efforts to establish an all-India oppositional front for more autonomy resulted, first, in his dismissal, and then, in his return to power in alliance with Congress in the rigged assembly elections of June 1987. It was these elections, and the denial of the growing support of the Muslim United Front, that triggered the uprising in the Kashmir valley from 1987 onwards. Thereafter the separatist groups (Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front and Hizbul Mujahideen) transformed decades of ethnic oppression into a generalised uprising against the Indian state. Between 1990 and 1995, 25,000 people were killed in Kashmir, almost two-thirds by Indian armed forces. Kashmirs put the figure at 50,000. In addition, 150,000 Kashmiri Hindus fled the valley to settle in the Hindu-majority region of Jammu. In 1991, Amnesty International estimated that 15,000 people were being detained in the state without trial.|last2=Singh|first2=Gurharpal}}</ref> In early 1990, the vast majority of Kashmiri Hindus fled the valley in a mass-migration.<ref>{{Harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|loc=p. 274: "The Hindu Pandits, a small but influential elite community who had secured a favourable position, first under the maharajas, and then under the successive Congress regimes, and proponents of a distinctive Kashmiri culture that linked them to India, felt under siege as the uprising gathered force. Of a population of some 140,000, perhaps 100,000 Pandits fled the state after 1990"}}</ref><ref name="husain-zutshi-2018">{{citation|last=Hussain|first=Shahla|title=Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g09bDwAAQBAJ|pages=89–112, 105|year=2018|chapter=Kashmiri Visions of Freedom|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107181977 |quote=The rhetoric of aazadi did not hold the same appeal for the minority community. The rise of insurgency in the region created a difficult situation for the Kashmiri Hindu community, which had always taken pride in their Indian identity. Self-determination was not only seen as a communal demand, but as a secessionist slogan that threatened the security of the Indian state. The community felt threatened when Kashmiri Muslims under the flag of aazadi openly raised anti-India slogans. The 1989 targeted killings of Kashmiri Hindus who the insurgents believed were acting as Indian intelligence agents heightened those insecurities. In the winter of 1990, the community felt compelled to mass-migrate to Jammu, as the state governor was adamant that in the given circumstances he would not be able to offer protection to the widely dispersed Hindu community. This event created unbridgeable differences between the majority and the minority; each perceived aazadi in a different light.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Evans|2002|loc=pp. 20, 23: "(p. 20) What occurred in 1990 that led to so many (Kashmiri) Pandits (KPs) leaving? The situation at the time was one of open revolt. The Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) launched its armed campaign for independence from India on 31 July 1988. Two powerful bombs exploded in Srinagar and, for the rest of the year, occasional JKLF attacks saw the security situation in the Kashmir Valley deteriorate. As the violence spread, Muslim–Hindu amity in Kashmir came under strain, particularly given the initial militant targeting of Hindu officials. During the course of 1989, civil disobedience and political violence by Kashmiri Muslims gathered pace, and the Indian government imposed central governor's rule in late January 1990. Governor Malhotra Jagmohan faced a series of challenges, and the internal displacement of Pandits was but one of them. ... (p. 23) My own interviews with a number of KPs in Jammu, many of whom hold Pakistan responsible, suggest suspicions of ethnic cleansing or even genocide are wide of the mark. The two conspiracy theories already described are not evidence-based. As Sumantra Bose observes, those Rashtriya Swamy Sevak publications' claims that large numbers of Hindu shrines were destroyed and Pandits murdered are largely false, to the extent that many of the shrines remain untouched and many of the casualties remain unsubstantiated. Equally, it is important to note that some incidents did take place."}}</ref> According to several scholars, approximately 100,000 of an estimated Kashmiri Pandit population of 140,000 left in the span of a few weeks in February–March 1990.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rai|2004|p=286}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Bose|2003|loc=pp. 119–120: "As the uprising broke out across the Valley in early 1990, approximately one hundred thousand Pandits left their Valley homes for Jammu city and Delhi in a few weeks in February and March, in one of the most controversial episodes of the war in Kashmir."}}</ref> More of them left in the following years so that, by 2011, only around 3,000 families remained.<ref name="evans-migration-1990">{{harvnb|Evans|2002|loc=p. 20: "In early 1990, large numbers of KPs began leaving the Kashmir Valley. Over 100,000 left in a few months; some 160,000 in total have left the Kashmir Valley since. Not all KPs have left; but a mere handful remain today. Most of the original 1990 migrants left for Jammu, where they lived in squalid refugee camps, to begin with, but, by 1997, most had moved on, either to proper homes in Jammu or to cities elsewhere in India. Conditions in the refugee camps were, and still are, grim."}}</ref> Other scholars have suggested a higher figure of approximately 150,000 for the exodus.<ref name="talbot-singh-pandits-exodus-numbers">{{citation|last1=Talbot|first1=Ian|title=The Partition of India|pages=136–137|year=2009|series=New Approaches to Asian History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521672566 |quote=Between 1990 and 1995, 25,000 people were killed in Kashmir, almost two-thirds by Indian armed forces. Kashmirs put the figure at 50,000. In addition, 150,000 Kashmiri Hindus fled the valley to settle in the Hindu-majority region of Jammu.|last2=Singh|first2=Gurharpal}}</ref><ref name="evans-pandits-exodus-numbers">{{harvnb|Evans|2002|loc=p. 19: "Most Kashmiri Pandits living in the Kashmir Valley left in 1990 as militant violence engulfed the state. Some 95% of the 160,000-170,000 community left in what is often described as a case of ethnic cleansing."}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Still another estimates it to be 190,000 of a total population of 200,000.<ref>{{Harvnb|Madan|2008|p=25}}</ref> The [[CIA Factbook]] estimated the number to be 300,000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=South Asia. India|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/|url-status=live|website=|date=21 December 2021|publisher=[[The World Factbook|The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref>}}
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| The reasons for this migration are vigorously contested. In 1989–1990, as calls by Kashmiri Muslims for independence from India gathered pace, many Kashmiri Pandits, who viewed self-determination to be anti-national, felt under pressure.<ref name="shahla-hussain-3">{{citation|last=Hussain|first=Shahla|title=Kashmir in the Aftermath of the Partition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_URFEAAAQBAJ|pages=320, 321|year=2021|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108901130 |quote=The Counter-narrative of Aazadi: Kashmiri Hindus and Displacement of the Homeland (p. 320) The minority Hindu community of the Valley, which had always presented itself as a group of true Indian patriots wedded to their Indian identity, now found itself in an extreme dilemma as the tehreek-i-aazadi threatened their security. The community felt safer as a part of Hindu-majority India, as it feared political domination in Muslim-majority Kashmir. It had thus often opposed Kashmiri Muslim calls for self-determination, equating this with anti-nationalism.}}</ref> Political violence, especially the killings in the 1990s of a number of Pandit officials, may have shaken the community's sense of security, although it is thought some Pandits—by virtue of their evidence given later in Indian courts—may have acted as agents of the Indian state.<ref name="rai-bose-jalal-violence1990">{{citation|last=Rai|first=Mridu|title=Kashmir and the Future of South Asia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K20LEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106|pages=91–115, 106|year=2021|editor1-last=Bose|editor1-first=Sugata|series=Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series|chapter=Narratives from exile: Kashmiri Pandits and their construction of the past|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000318845|quote=An important element in the recollections of many Pandits is the effect the killing in the early 1990s of a number of Pandit officials had in shaking their sense of security. Various groups of militants claim that their targets were Indian government 'agents' and so, in eliminating them, they were essentially waging war against the state. Contrariwise, Pandits insist that the targets being exclusively Hindu indicated a 'communal' threat. It is only common sense that not every Pandit could have been an informer or a spy. But what is perplexing is that while the connection of numerous Pandits with the state's intelligence apparatus is denied in discussions relating to their roles in Kashmir, it is well advertised when making demands upon the state's resources in Indian law courts. The latter became an important arena for shaping Pandit narratives. ... At any rate, these testimonies freely given in Indian courts corroborate the claim of militants that at least some Pandits did act as agents of the state in Kashmir; of course, this does not offer justification for killing them.|editor2-last=Jalal|editor2-first=Ayesha}}</ref> The Pandits killed in targeted assassinations by the [[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]] (JKLF) included some high-profile ones.<ref name="bose-sumantra-2021">{{citation|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Kashmir at the Crossroads, Inside a 21st-Century Conflict|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Gq9FEAAAQBAJ&pg=|pages=119–120|year=2021|publisher=Yale University Press|quote=JKLF's series of targeted assassinations that began in August 1989 (see Chapter 1) included a number of prominent Pandits. Tika Lal Taploo, the president of the Hindu nationalist BJP's Kashmir Valley unit, was killed in September 1989, followed in November by Neelkanth Ganjoo, the judge who had sentenced the JKLF pioneer Maqbool Butt to death in 1968 (the execution was carried out in 1984). As the Valley descended into mayhem in early 1990, Lassa Koul, the Pandit director of the Srinagar station of India's state-run television, was killed on 13 February 1990 by JKLF gunmen. The murders of such high-profile members of the community may have spread a wave of fear among Pandits at large.}}</ref> Calls were made from mosques on loudspeakers threatening Pandits to leave the valley and invoking the creation of an Islamic state.<ref name="snedden-1">{{citation|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|title=Independent Kashmir: An Incomplete Aspiration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfEuEAAAQBAJ|page=132|year=2021|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=9781526156150|quote=Some other slogans were clearly directed against pro-India Kashmiri Pandits. ... by the end of January 1990, loudspeakers in Srinagar mosques were broadcasting slogans like 'Kafiron Kashmir chhod do [Infidels, leave our Kashmir]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tiku |first=Kumar M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aRmDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT19&hl=en |title=Humans on the Run: Of Exiles and Asylum |date=2018-05-21 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909530-8 |pages=19-20 |language=en}}</ref> News of threatening letters created fear,<ref name="shahla-hussain-2">{{citation|last=Hussain|first=Shahla|title=Kashmir in the Aftermath of the Partition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_URFEAAAQBAJ|pages=320, 321|year=2021|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108901130 |quote=The polarized political positions that the two communities had adopted since 1947 reached a breaking point in the new political climate of the 1990s, when Kashmiri Muslims openly invoked anti-India slogans and demanded aazadi. As the new valorization of armed resistance gripped the region, targeted killings of prominent members of the Kashmiri Hindu community whom the JKLF insurgents believed to be Indian intelligence agents sent shivers down the spine of the minority community. Stories of Kashmiri Pandits, branded as "informers," and killed in their own homes or in their alleys, and survived by grieving wives and children, had a tremendous impact on the psyche of the minority community. Their fears were heightened as religious slogans merged with the cry for independence emerging from the mosques of Kashmir. Certain militant groups even wrote threatening letters to the Kashmiri Hindu community, asking them to leave the Valley.}}</ref> though in later interviews the letters were seen to have been sparingly received.<ref name="evans-migration-1990-3">{{harvnb|Evans|2002|loc=p.23: "P. S. Verma echoes this; his interviews with migrant Pandits found few who had actually been personally harmed or threatened to leave the Valley (and many who had been begged to stay by their Muslim neighbours). A research study conducted by postgraduate politics students at the University of Jammu in 2001 found that 2% of KPs surveyed had received threatening letters; however, over 80% had not received any form of direct threat. Nevertheless, as Verma states, most of these migrants 'felt very much threatened in an atmosphere of unabated violence, particularly during January–February 1990 when the major exodus took place'. My own interviews with a number of KPs in Jammu, many of whom hold Pakistan responsible, suggest suspicions of ethnic cleansing or even genocide are wide of the mark."}}</ref> In addition, Pandit women were abducted and raped and many Pandits' properties were torched. Human Rights Watch reported that Hindu villagers were massacred and Hindu temples were destroyed by millitants.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA211&hl=en |title=Hindu Nationalism: A Reader |date=2009-01-10 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6 |pages=212 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Byman |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ommRmaG8Q4wC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA167&hl=en |title=Deadly Connections: States that Sponsor Terrorism |date=2005-06-27 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-44595-5 |pages=127 |language=en}}</ref> There were disparities between the accounts of the two communities, the Muslims and the Pandits.<ref>{{harvnb|Datta|2017|loc=p. 61–63: "While most accounts of events in Kashmir featured militancy and demonstrations against the Indian state, few references are made to the Pandits. The slogans the Pandits refer to have never been reported or recorded officially at the time and suggest a gap between what was recorded and what the Pandits describe.... Yet conversations [with Kashmiri Muslims] regarding the Pandit exodus were complicated by their insistence that the Pandits were not targeted by the Muslims. They denied hearing (p.63) the slogans, even those threatening women, from the demonstrations which the Pandits draw attention to."}}</ref> Many Kashmiri Pandits believed they were forced out of the Valley either by Pakistan and the militants it supported or the Kashmiri Muslims as a group as a plot to expunge their community from the region and establish a theocratic Islamic state.<ref>{{harvnb|Evans|2002|loc=p. 20: "Most KPs believe that they were forced out of the Kashmir Valley; whether by Pakistan and the militant groups it backed, or by Kashmiri Muslims as a community. Representing the latter variant, Pyarelal Kaul contends that the Pandit departure was a clear case of communal intimidation by Muslims, designed to expel Hindus from the Valley. Mosques 'were used as warning centres. Threatening the Hindus and conveying to them what terrorists and many Muslims of Kashmir wanted to achieve.'"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hussain |first=Shahla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_URFEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA320&hl=en |title=Kashmir in the Aftermath of Partition |date=2021-06-10 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-90113-0 |pages=320 |language=en}}</ref> Many Muslims in the Valley believed that the then Governor, Jagmohan had encouraged the Pandits to leave so as to have a free hand in more thoroughly pursuing reprisals against Muslims.<ref name="bhan-etal-communal-views">{{citation|last1=Bhan|first1=Mona|title=Resisting Occupation in Kashmir|date=20 April 2018|pages=25–27|editor1-last=Duschinski|editor1-first=Haley|chapter=Introduction. 'Rebels of the Streets': Violence, Protest, and Freedom in Kashmir|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwVODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=9780812249781 |quote=. Their stories of departure are deeply contested; while many in Kashmir view their departure from Kashmir as Governor Jagmohan Malhotra' grand design to exterminate Muslims once Kashmir's Hindu minority had fled the valley, many Kashmiri Pandits track the onset of Kashmir's armed rebellion in 1989 to a new brand of Islamic extremism, which in their view posed a grave threat to Kashmir's Hindu minority (Duschinski 2008).|last2=Duschinski|first2=Haley|last3=Zia|first3=Ather|editor2-last=Bhan|editor2-first=Mona|editor3-last=Zia|editor3-first=Ather|editor4-last=Mahmood|editor4-first=Cynthia}}</ref><ref name="shahla-hussain-1">{{citation|last=Hussain|first=Shahla|title=Kashmir in the Aftermath of the Partition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_URFEAAAQBAJ|pages=320, 321|year=2021|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108901130 |quote=In this violent and unstable atmosphere, rumors spread that the exodus of Kashmiri Hindus was the machinations of the state governor who planned to use unrestrained force to suppress Kashmiri Muslim resistance and thus viewed the presence of the Kashmiri Hindus in the neighborhoods as a hindrance to the army in quickly and efficiently carrying out its plan.'!" Many Kashmiri Muslims claimed to have "witnessed departing Pandits boarding vehicles organized by the state," and felt fearful about their own security. A senior Indian administrator, Wajahat Habibullah, posted in Kashmir at this critical juncture, denied the involvement of the government in a coordinated plan for Kashmiri Hindu departure. However, he emphasized that the state governor did little to stop the Pandits from leaving the Valley. Jagmohan remained adamant that he would not be able to offer protection to the Valley's widely dispersed Hindu community, and rejected Habibullah's suggestion to televise "the request of hundreds of Muslims to their Pandit compatriots not to leave the valley." Instead, the government reassured Pandits of their support in settling them in refugee camps in Jammu and paying the civil servants their salaries, if the community decided to leave}}</ref> Several scholarly views chalk the migration to genuine panic among the Pandits that stemmed as much from the religious vehemence among some of the insurgents as by the absence of guarantees for the Pandits' safety issued by the Governor.<ref name="ganguly">{{citation|last=Ganguly|first=Sumit|title=The Crisis in Kashmir: Portents of War; Hopes of Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi66mjIqR1IC|page=107|year=1997|series=Woodrow Wilson Center Series|location=Washington DC and Cambridge, UK|publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521655668|quote=However, two factors undermined the sense of security and safety of the pandit community in Kashmir. First, the governor hinted that the safety and security of the Hindu community could not be guaranteed. Second, the fanatical religious zeal of some of the insurgent groups instilled fear among the Hindus of the valley. By early March, according to one estimate, more than forty thousand Hindu inhabitants of the valley had fled to the comparative safety of Jammu.}}</ref><ref name="evans-migration-1990-2">{{harvnb|Evans|2002|loc=p. 22: "There is a third possible explanation for what happened in 1990; one that acknowledges the enormity of what took place, but that examines carefully what triggered KP migration: KPs migrated en masse through legitimate fear. Given the killings of 1989 and 1990, and the ways in which rumour spread fast in the violent conditions of early 1990, might KPs have been terrified by uncertainty as much as by direct threats? There was collective unease at the situation as it unfolded. While the numbers of dead and injured were low, militant attacks between 1988 and 1990 induced panic within the Pandit community. There was widespread fear and a sense of impending trouble, fuelled by extremist propaganda on both sides. By late March 1990, the ASKPC was appealing to the administration to assist Pandits in 'shifting to Jammu'. The public rhetoric of some of the more Islamist militants in the Valley, with calls for an Islamic state, although aimed primarily at Indian rule, struck a chilling chord with KPs. This in turn sparked off an exodus, which was not actively combated by Governor Jagmohan's administration (during whose tenure, almost 90% of the departures took place)."}}</ref>
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| The cause of the Pandits was quickly championed by right-wing Hindu groups in India,<ref name="MetcalfandMetcalf-7">{{Harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|loc=p. 274: "Their cause was quickly taken up by the Hindu right."}}</ref> which also preyed on their insecurities and further alienated them from Kashmiri Muslims.<ref name="hussain-9">{{citation|last=Hussain|first=Shahla|title=Kashmir in the Aftermath of the Partition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_URFEAAAQBAJ|page=323|year=2021|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108901130 |quote=The Pandits' situation was further complicated by the indifference of Indian political parties, especially the Congress and the 1989-90 National Front government.' Kashmiri Pandits perceived themselves as "true patriots" who had "sacrificed greatly for their devotion to the Indian nation." As such, they saw the inability of the state to provide support in exile as a moral failure and a betrayal. This vacuum was filled by Hindu rightist groups, who, while advocating for Kashmiri Pandits, preyed on their insecurities and further alienated them from Kashmiri Muslims.}}</ref> Many Kashmiri Muslims did not support violence against religious minorities; the departure of the Kashmiri Pandits offered an excuse for casting Kashmiri Muslims as Islamic radicals,<ref name="verma-1">{{citation|last=Verma|first=Saiba|title=The Occupied Clinic: Militarism and Care in Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2n9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|page=26|year=2020|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=9781478012511|quote=Although Kashmiri Muslims did not support violence against religious minorities, the exodus of Kashmiri Pandits (who are Hindus) and their unresolved status continues to be a pain often "weaponized" by the Indian state to cast Kashmiris Muslims as Islamic radicals.}}</ref> thereby contaminating their more genuine political grievances,<ref name="zutshi-oxford-kashmir-2">{{citation|last=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|title=Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7cfXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT123|year=2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-099046-6 |quote=These developments subverted the popular nature of the insurgency, tarnishing the very real political grievances that underlay it with the brush of criminality and Islamic radicalism.}}</ref> and offering a rationale for their surveillance and violent treatment by the Indian state.<ref name="verma-2">{{citation|last=Verma|first=Saiba|title=The Occupied Clinic: Militarism and Care in Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2n9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|page=62|year=2020|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=9781478012511 |quote=Soon after Jammu and Kashmir became a disturbed area in 1990, the change registered in the landscape. Armed forces occupied protected forests, temples, orchards, and gardens. Cricket grounds became desiccated ovals in the middle of the city. Historical sites became interrogation centers; cinemas became military bunkers. Counterinsurgency tactics, such as sieges, crackdowns, and cordon-and-search operations, transformed village after village. Checkpoints, roadblocks, and identity checks became everyday realities.}}</ref> The return to the homeland in Kashmir also constitutes one of the main points of the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s election platform.<ref name="bhan-etal-8">{{citation|last1=Bhan|first1=Mona|title=Resisting Occupation in Kashmir|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwVODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|page=26|year=2018|editor1-last=Duschinski|editor1-first=Haley|chapter=Introduction. 'Rebels of the Streets': Violence, Protest, and Freedom in Kashmir|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |quote=Since the mid-1990s, Kashmiri Pandits have become caught up in the nationalist movement more so than before, as the idea of return to homeland constitutes one of the main points in Modis BJP mandate. The manifesto emphasizes the BJP's long-standing commitment to the return of Kashmiri Pandits to "the land of their ancestors" with "full dignity, security and assured livelihood" (Bharatiya Janata Party 2014, 8). The recurring call for separate security zones for Kashmiri Pandits reveals the extent to which notions of security have become Hinduized in Kashmir. Community leaders of small but vocal and politically positioned groups such as Panun Kashmir, headquartered in Delhi and Bombay, have all along demanded a separate homeland for Kashmiri Pandits, carved out of the existing state of J&K. The BJP's return to power has reenergized such groups.|last2=Duschinski|first2=Haley|last3=Zia|first3=Ather|isbn=9780812249781|editor2-last=Bhan|editor2-first=Mona|editor3-last=Zia|editor3-first=Ather|editor4-last=Mahmood|editor4-first=Cynthia}}</ref> Some displaced Kashmiri Pandits have formed an organization called [[Panun Kashmir]] ("Our own Kashmir"), which has asked for a separate homeland for Kashmiri Hindus in the Valley but has opposed autonomy for Kashmir on the grounds that it would promote the formation of an Islamic state.<ref name="hussain-8">{{citation|last=Hussain|first=Shahla|title=Kashmir in the Aftermath of the Partition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_URFEAAAQBAJ|page=323|year=2021|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108901130 |quote=Some Kashmiri Pandits adopted a radical approach and organized the "Panun Kashmir" (Our Own Kashmir) movement, demanding a homeland carved out from the Valley. Panun Kashmir claimed that the entire Valley had originally been inhabited by Hindus, giving them a right to it in the present. The movement argued that to prevent the total disintegration of India, Kashmiri Pandits "who have been driven out of Kashmir in the past" or "who were forced to leave on account of the terrorist violence in Kashmir" should be given their own separate homeland in the Valley. The movement's slogan was "Save Kashmiri Pandits, Save Kashmir, and Save India. Kashmiri Hindus, according to its leaders, had borne the cross of Indian secularism for several decades and their presence had played a major role in the restoration of the Indian claim on Kashmir. The organization warned India that restoring any form of autonomy to the state would indirectly mean conceding the creation of an Islamic state. As historian Mridu (p. 324) Rai has argued, ironically, while "Panun Kashmir opposes demands for Aazadi as an illegitimate demand of Islamist separatists, their own territorial claims are no less separatist." The exclusionary nature of their organization was immediately visible from their maps, which depicted a Valley denuded of Muslim religious sites. As Rai argues, maps such as Panun Kashmir's are "fashioned to enable easy pleating into that of India, the status quo power in the Valley."}}</ref> Kashmiri Pandits are not considered "refugees" as they have not crossed an international border. Many would like to be considered Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), but the Indian government has denied them that status, fearing international involvement in Kashmir, which it considers to be its internal affairs. The Indian government considers Kashmiri Pandits to be 'migrants.'
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| At the time of their exodus, very few Pandits expected their exile to last beyond a few months.<ref name="evans-migration-1990-5">{{harvnb|Evans|2002|loc=p. 23: "Once it became clear that the government could not protect senior KP officials—and would pay their salaries in absentia—many other KPs in state employment decided to move. At the outset, few of these migrants expected their exile to last more than a few months."}}</ref> Kashmiri Pandits initially moved to the [[Jammu Division]], the lower half of what is today the Indian-administered union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], where they lived in refugee camps, sometimes in unkempt and unclean surroundings. As the exile lasted longer, many displaced Pandits who were in the urban elite were able to find jobs in other parts of India, but those in the lower-middle-class, especially those from rural areas languished longer in refugee camps, with some living in poverty; this generated tensions with the host communities—whose social and religious practices, although Hindu, differed from those of the [[brahmin]] Pandits—and rendered assimilation more difficult.<ref name="hussain-18">{{citation|last=Hussain|first=Shahla|title=Kashmir in the Aftermath of the Partition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_URFEAAAQBAJ|page=323|year=2021|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108901130 |quote=Interestingly, themes of omission, anger, and betrayal are absent from the narratives of those Kashmiri Pandits who stayed in the Valley and refused to (p. 323) migrate. Even though life was extremely difficult without the support of their own community, their stories emphasize human relationships that transgressed the religious divide, and highlighted the importance of building bridges between communities. Pandits' experience of displacement varied depending on their class status. While the urban elite found jobs in other parts of India, lower-middle-class Hindus, especially those from rural Kashmir, suffered the most, many living in abject poverty. The local communities into which they migrated saw their presence as a burden, generating ethnic tensions between the "refugees" and the host community.' Adding to the tension, Kashmiri Hindus from the Valley, mostly Brahmans, had their own social and religious practices that differed from the Hindus of Jammu. They wanted to retain their own cultural and linguistic traditions, which made it difficult for them to assimilate into Jammu society.}}</ref> Many displaced Pandits in the camps succumbed to emotional depression and a sense of helplessness.<ref name="rai-bose-jalal-pandit-camps1990">{{citation|last=Rai|first=Mridu|title=Kashmir and the Future of South Asia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K20LEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93|pages=91–115, 106|year=2021|editor1-last=Bose|editor1-first=Sugata|series=Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series|chapter=Narratives from exile: Kashmiri Pandits and their construction of the past|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000318845|quote=According to the Indian home ministry's annual report for 2009–10, 20 years after the exodus, there were 57,863 Pandit refugee families, of whom 37,285 resided in Jammu, 19,338 in Delhi, and 1,240 in other parts of the country. Countless writers have described the miserable conditions of the Pandits living in camps, especially those who are still languishing in those established in and around Jammu. Unwelcomed by their host communities, entirely deprived of privacy and basic amenities, many succumbed to depression, ageing-related diseases, and a sense of desperate helplessness. Needless to say, there were some who fared better – those with wealth and older connections – but for those many others with none of these advantages, it was as being plunged with no safety net. Ever since 1990, Indian politicians promised much and delivered next to nothing for the camp-dwellers.|editor2-last=Jalal|editor2-first=Ayesha}}</ref> Kashmiri Pandits in exile have also written autobiographical memoirs, novels, and poetry to record their experiences and to understand them.<ref name="hussain-7">{{citation|last=Hussain|first=Shahla|title=Kashmir in the Aftermath of the Partition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_URFEAAAQBAJ|page=321|year=2021|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108901130 |quote=Several displaced Kashmiri Pandits wrote autobiographies, novels, and poetry to record their experiences of violence and give their community an outlet to make sense of their forced "exile."}}</ref> As a result of the persecution and harassment of the Pandits perpetrated by militant forces, their population in the Kashmir Valley dropped from roughly 160,000-200,000 in 1991 to 5,000 or fewer currently.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnston |first=Douglas |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Faith_Based_Diplomacy_Trumping_Realpolit/_82uCQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT71&printsec=frontcover |title=Faith- Based Diplomacy Trumping Realpolitik |date=2003-03-27 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-988292-2 |pages=71 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ling |first=Huping |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJfrLhHyjM8C&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA131&hl=en |title=Emerging Voices: Experiences of Underrepresented Asian Americans |date=2008 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-4342-0 |pages=131 |language=en}}</ref> 19 January is observed by the Kashmiri Hindu communities as '''Genocide Day'''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-19|title=When will we finally return home, ask displaced Kashmiri Pandits|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/when-will-we-finally-return-home-ask-displaced-kashmiri-pandits-2590640.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-08|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-01-18|title=Kashmiri Pandits recreate "exodus" through Jan 19 exhibition|newspaper=The Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kashmiri-pandits-recreate-exodus-through-jan-19-exhibition/story-sMjKC0ZSPLoxqnGkJpH2KL.html|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref>
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| == Background ==
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| {{main|1986 Kashmir Riots|Indira-Sheikh Accord|Muslim United Front}}
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| Under the [[Indira–Sheikh Accord|1975 Indira–Sheikh Accord]], [[Sheikh Abdullah]] agreed to measures previously undertaken by the central government in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] to integrate the state into [[India]].{{sfn|Hussain|2015|pp=102, 103}} Farrukh Faheem, a sociologist at the [[University of Kashmir]], states that it was met with hostility among the people of Kashmir and laid the groundwork for the future [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|insurgency]].{{sfn|Faheem|2018|pp=233, 234}} Those opposed to the accords included [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]], People's League in Indian Jammu and Kashmir, and the [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front|Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF)]] based in [[Pakistan|Pakistani]]-administered [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chowdhary|first1=Rekha |title=Jammu and Kashmir: Politics of identity and separatism |year=2015 |publisher= Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-2oCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |isbn=978-1317414056}}</ref> Since the mid-1970s, communalist rhetoric was being exploited in the state for [[votebank]] politics. Around this time, Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence|Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)]] tried to spread [[Wahhabism]] in place of [[Sufism]] to foster religious unity within their nation, and the communalization aided their cause.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahadevan|first1=Prem |title= The Politics of Counterterrorism in India: Strategic Intelligence and National Security in South Asia |year = 2011 | publisher= I.T. Tauris|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=k5EAAwAAQBAJ&q=communalist+isi&pg=PA84 |page=84|isbn=9780857720962 }}</ref> [[Islamization]] of Kashmir began in the 1980s when Sheikh Abdullah's government changed the names of about 300 places to [[Islam|Islamic]] names.<ref>{{citation |last=Koul |first=Mohan Lal |title=Kashmir: Past and Present |chapter=Sheikh Abdullah Sows Seeds of Destruction |url=https://ikashmir.net/pastpresent/chapter14.html |publisher=Manav Publications and Sehyog Prakashan |year=1994}}
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| </ref>{{refn|group=note|Other sources claim that he changed 2,500 place names.<ref>{{citation |chapter=Rehabilitation and reintegration: India's policy approach in Jammu and Kashmir |first=Tara |last=Kartha |title=Terrorist Deradicalisation in Global Contexts: Success, Failure and Continuity |editor1=Rohan Gunaratna |editor2=Sabariah Hussin |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=9781000707540 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6R-yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT87 |page=87}}</ref>}}
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| Sheikh also started delivering communal speeches in [[Mosque|mosques]] that were similar to his confrontational pro-independence speeches in the 1930s. Additionally, he referred to [[Kashmiri Hindus]] as ''mukhbir'' ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: {{Lang-hi|मुख़बिर|label=none}}, {{Lang-ur|مخبر|label=none}}), or [[Informant|informants]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces in Jammu and Kashmir|Indian military]].<ref>
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| {{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=K. C. |title=Kashmir violence- possible solution |website=The Shillong Times |date=6 September 2016 |url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2016/09/06/kashmir-violence-possible-solution/}}
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| </ref><ref>
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| {{citation |last1=Bakaya |first1=Priyanka |last2=Bhatti |first2=Sameer |title=Kashmir Conlict: A Study of What Led to the Insurgency in Kashmir Valley & Proposed Solutions |website=web.stanford.edu |year=2005}}
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| </ref>
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|
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| The ISI's initial attempts to sow widespread unrest in Kashmir against the [[Government of India|Indian administration]] were largely unsuccessful until the late-1980s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murphy|first1=Eamon |title= The Making of Terrorism in Pakistan: Historical and Social Roots of Extremism |publisher= Routledge | year=2013 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=19mPVOBZ_9YC&q=kashmir+protests+1980s&pg=PA123 |pages=122–123 |isbn=9780415565264 }}</ref> The [[United States|American]]- and Pakistani-backed [[Mujahideen#Afghanistan|Afghan mujahideen]]'s armed struggle against the [[Soviet Union]] in the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], the [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic Revolution in Iran]] and the [[Khalistan movement|Sikh insurgency in Indian Punjab]] against the Indian government became sources of inspiration for large numbers of [[Kashmiri Muslims|Kashmiri Muslim]] youth.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zRZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |title=Religion and Security in South and Central Asia |date=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136890192 |editor-last=Warikoo |editor-first=K. |page=77}}</ref><ref name="SinghFenech2014">{{citation |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |chapter='Khalistan' as Political Critique |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA575 |year=2014 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-100411-7 |page=575}}</ref> Both the pro-independence JKLF and pro-Pakistan [[Islamism|Islamist]] groups including [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]] mobilized the rapidly-growing anti-Indian sentiments amongst the [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri population]]; the year of 1984 saw a pronounced rise in terrorist violence in Kashmir. Following the execution of JKLF militant [[Maqbool Bhat]] in February 1984, strikes and protests by [[Kashmiri nationalists]] broke out in the region, where large numbers of Kashmiri youth participated in widespread anti-India demonstrations and consequently faced heavy-handed reprisals by state security forces.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sikand|first=Yoginder|date=2002-07-01|title=The Emergence and Development of the Jama'at-i-Islami of Jammu and Kashmir (1940s–1990)|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/emergence-and-development-of-the-jamaatiislami-of-jammu-and-kashmir-1940s1990/9534CAE065534CAE782211C0E3679960|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=36|issue=3|pages=705–751 (745–6)|doi=10.1017/S0026749X02003062|s2cid=145586329|issn=1469-8099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817190954/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/emergence-and-development-of-the-jamaatiislami-of-jammu-and-kashmir-1940s1990/9534CAE065534CAE782211C0E3679960|archive-date=17 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Swami|2007|p=157}}
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|
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| Critics of the then-[[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|chief minister]], [[Farooq Abdullah]], charged him with losing control of the situation. His visit to [[Pakistani-administered Kashmir]] during this time became an embarrassment, where according to [[Hashim Qureshi]], he shared a platform with the JKLF.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 December 2017|title=Vajpayee offered Pakistan to keep Azad Kashmir, says Farooq Abdullah|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/251810-vajpayee-offered-pakistan-to-keep-azad-kashmir-says-farooq-abdullah|url-status=live|website=The News International Pakistan}}</ref> Abdullah asserted that he went on behalf of [[Indira Gandhi]] and his father, so that sentiments there could "be known first hand", although few people believed him. There were also allegations that he had allowed [[Khalistan movement|Khalistani]] militants to train in [[Jammu Division|Jammu]], although these were never proved to be true. On 2 July 1984, [[Ghulam Mohammad Shah]], who had support from Indira Gandhi, replaced his brother-in-law Farooq Abdullah and assumed the role of chief minister after Abdullah was dismissed, in what was termed a "political coup".{{sfn|Swami|2007|p=157}}
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|
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| G. M. Shah's administration, which did not have people's mandate, turned to Islamists and opponents of India, notably the [[Molvi Iftikhar Hussain Ansari]], [[Mohammad Shafi Qureshi]] and Mohinuddin Salati, to gain some legitimacy through religious sentiments. This gave political space to Islamists who previously lost overwhelmingly in the 1983 state elections.{{sfn|Swami|2007|p=157}} In 1986, Shah decided to construct a mosque within the premises of an ancient Hindu temple inside the New Civil Secretariat area in Jammu to be made available to the Muslim employees for '[[Namaz]]'. People of Jammu took to streets to protest against this decision, which led to a Hindu-Muslim clash.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Verma|first1=P. S.|title=Jammu and Kashmir at the Political Crossroads|date=1994|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|isbn=9780706976205|page=214|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl5uAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> In February 1986, Shah on his return to Kashmir valley retaliated and incited the Kashmiri Muslims by saying {{Lang|ur|Islam Khatre Mein Hey}} ({{Translation|Islam is in danger}}). As a result, this led to the [[1986 Kashmir riots]] where Kashmiri Hindus were targeted by the Kashmiri Muslims. Many incidents were reported in various areas where Kashmiri Hindus were killed and their properties and temples damaged or destroyed. The worst hit areas were mainly in South Kashmir and [[Sopore]]. In Vanpoh, Lukbhavan, [[Anantnag]], Salar and Fatehpur, Muslim mobs plundered or destroyed the properties and temples of Hindus. During the Anantnag riot in February 1986, although no Hindu was killed, many houses and other properties belonging to Hindus were looted, burnt or damaged.<ref name="Tikoo">
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| {{cite book |last=Tikoo |first=Colonel Tej K |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuURFTHTU0EC&pg=PT397 |title=Kashmir: Its Aborigines and Their Genocide |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-935501-58-9 |pages=397–}}
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| </ref> An investigation of Anantnag riots revealed that members of the 'secular parties' in the state, rather than the Islamists, had played a key role in organising the violence to gain political mileage through religious sentiments. Shah called in the army to curb the violence, but it had little effect. His government was dismissed on 12 March 1986, by the then Governor [[Jagmohan]] following communal riots in south Kashmir. This led Jagmohan to rule the state directly. The political fight was hence being portrayed as a conflict between "Hindu" New Delhi (Central Government), and its efforts to impose its will in the state, and "Muslim" Kashmir, represented by political Islamists and clerics.{{sfn|Swami|2007|p=158}}
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|
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| The Islamists had organised under a banner named [[Muslim United Front]], with a manifesto to work for Islamic unity and against political interference from the centre, and contested the [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987 state elections]], in which they lost again. However, the 1987 elections are widely believed to have been rigged so as to help bring the secular parties ([[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|NC]] and [[Indian National Congress|INC]]) in Kashmir at the forefront.<ref>
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| *{{Cite book |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War |date=2000 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=9781860648984 |pages=137 |author-link=Victoria Schofield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC&pg=PA137}}
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| *{{harvnb|Swami|2007|pp=159-}}
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| *{{cite web |title=How Mufti Mohammad Sayeed Shaped The 1987 Elections In Kashmir |work=Caravan Magazine |date=23 March 2016 |first=Praveen|last=Donthi |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/mufti-mohammad-sayeed-shaped-1987-kashmir-elections}}
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| *{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Altaf |date=14 September 2002 |title=Kashmir's flawed elections |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2223364.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226225810/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2223364.stm |archive-date=26 February 2017 |website=news.bbc.co.uk}}
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| *{{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=Eamon |title=The Making of Terrorism in Pakistan: Historical and Social Roots of Extremism |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-56526-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19mPVOBZ_9YC&q=kashmir+protests+1980s&pg=PA123}}
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| </ref> The corruption and alleged electoral malpractices were the catalysts for an [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|insurgency]].<ref>
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| {{cite book |last=Murphy |first=Eamon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19mPVOBZ_9YC |title=The Making of Terrorism in Pakistan: Historical and Social Roots of Extremism |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-56526-4 |language=en |page=123 |quote=The blatant corruption and rigging of the March 1987 election in Kashmir by Rajiv Gandhi's government was the catalyst for the rebellion}}
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| </ref><ref>
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| {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2223364.stm |publisher= [[BBC]] |title=Kashmir's flawed elections |last=Hussain |first=Altaf |date=14 September 2002 |quote=It is widely believed that the elections of 1987 were rigged in favour of Mr Abdullah's party.}}
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| </ref><ref>
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| {{cite news |title=One election that wasn't rigged |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=10 October 2002 |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2002/10/10/one-election-that-wasnt-rigged |quote=Election rigging got India into trouble in Jammu & Kashmir, its only Muslim majority state, but it will take more than one relatively fair election to get India out. Kashmiris took up arms against the Indian government after the state's 1987 elections, widely regarded as a stitch-up by the National Conference, the current ruling party.}}
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| </ref> The Kashmiri militants killed anyone who openly expressed pro-India policies. Kashmiri Hindus were targeted specifically because they were seen as presenting Indian presence in Kashmir because of their faith.<ref>
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| {{cite book |last1=Rothbart |first1=Daniel |last2=Rajput |first2=Sudha G. |chapter=15 |title=Questioning Causality: Scientific Explorations of Cause and Consequence Across Social Contexts |editor1=Rom Harré |editor2=Fathali M. Moghaddam |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2016 |pages=243, 244}}
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| </ref> Though the insurgency had been launched by JKLF, groups rose over the next few months advocating for establishment of ''Nizam-e-Mustafa'' (administration based on [[Sharia]]) on Islamist groups proclaimed the Islamicisation of socio-political and economic set-up, merger with Pakistan, unification of ''[[ummah]]'' and establishment of an Islamic Caliphate. Liquidation of central government officials, Hindus, liberal and nationalist intellectuals, social and cultural activists was described as necessary to rid the valley of un-Islamic elements.<ref>
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| {{cite book |author=Debata |first=Mahesh Ranjan |title=Religion and Security in South and Central Asia |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 |isbn=9781136890208 |editor=K. Warikoo |pages=129, 130 |chapter=10}}
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| </ref><ref>
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| {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zRZBwAAQBAJ&q=nizam+e+mustafa+sharia+kashmir&pg=PA77 |title = Religion and Security in South and Central Asia |isbn = 9781136890208 |last1 = Warikoo |first1 = K. |date = November 2010}}
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| </ref> The relations among the semi-secular and Islamist groups were generally poor and often hostile. The JKLF had also utilized Islamic formulations in its mobilization strategies and public discourse, using Islam and independence interchangeably. It demanded equal rights for everyone, however this had a distinct Islamic flavour as it sought to establish an [[Islamic democracy]], protection of minority rights per [[Quran]] and [[Sunnah]] and an economy of [[Islamic socialism]]. The pro-separatist political practices at times deviated from their stated secular position.<ref name="Hogan">
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| {{cite book |author=Hogan |first=Patrick Colm |title=Imagining Kashmir: Emplotment and Colonialism |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=2016 |pages=60}}
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| </ref><ref name="Behera">
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| {{cite book |author=Behera |first=Navnita Chadha |title=Demystifying Kashmir |publisher=Brookings Institution |year=2006 |pages=150}}
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| </ref><ref>
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| {{Cite web |last=Tikoo |first=Col (Dr) (Retd.) Tej Kumar |date=19 January 2021 |title=Kashmiri Pandits offered three choices by Radical Islamists (Book Excerpt: Kashmir: Its Aborigines and their Genocide) |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/kashmiri-pandits-offered-three-choices-by-radical-islamists/ |access-date=2020-11-09 |website=Indian Defence Review}}
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| </ref>
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|
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| == Insurgency activity ==
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| In July 1988, the [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]] (JKLF) began a separatist insurgency for secession of Kashmir from India.<ref name="IndiaToday">
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| {{Cite news |title=Genocide of Kashmiri Pandits: What happened on January 19, 26 years ago? |newspaper=India Today |date=19 January 2016 |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/exodus-of-kashmiri-pandits-january-19-jammu-and-kashmir/1/574071.html}}
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| </ref> The group targeted a Kashmiri Hindu for the first time on 14 September 1989, when they killed [[Tika Lal Taploo]], an advocate and a prominent leader of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in Jammu and Kashmir, in front of several eyewitnesses.<ref name="EFSAS">
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| {{Cite journal |title=The Genocide of Kashmiri Pandits |url=https://www.efsas.org/publications/study-papers/the-exodus-of-kashmiri-pandits/ |url-status=live |journal= |publisher=[[European Foundation for South Asian Studies (EFSAS)]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194328/https://www.efsas.org/publications/study-papers/the-exodus-of-kashmiri-pandits/ |archive-date=1 July 2018 |access-date=14 August 2018}}
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| </ref><ref name="The Hindu Rahul">
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| {{cite news |title=When the water in the spring turned black |last=Pandita |first=Rahul |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2013-01-19 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/When-the-water-in-the-spring-turned-black/article12308690.ece}}
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| </ref> This instilled fear in the Kashmiri Hindus especially as Taploo's killers were never caught which also emboldened the terrorists. The Hindus felt that they were not safe in the valley and could be targeted any time. The killings of Kashmiri Hindus, including many prominent ones.<ref name="Tikoo p.414">
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| {{cite book |author=Tikoo |first=Colonel Tej K |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuURFTHTU0EC&q=september+14+1989+kashmiri+pandits&pg=PT414 |title=Kashmir: Its Aboriginies and Their Genocide |publisher=Lancer Publishers |year=2012 |isbn=9781935501589 |page=414}}
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| </ref>
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|
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| In order to undermine his political rival [[Farooq Abdullah]] who at that time was the Chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir, the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]] convinced [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[V.P. Singh]] to appoint Jagmohan as the governor of the state. Abdullah resented Jagmohan who had been appointed as the governor earlier in April 1984 as well and had recommended Abdullah's dismissal to [[Rajiv Gandhi]] in July 1984. Abdullah had earlier declared that he would resign if Jagmohan was made the Governor. However, the Central government went ahead and appointed him as Governor on 19 January 1990. In response, Abdullah resigned on the same day and Jagmohan suggested the dissolution of the State Assembly.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
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|
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| Most of the Kashmiri Hindus left Kashmir valley and moved to other parts of India, particularly to the refugee camps in [[Jammu Division|Jammu region]] of the state.<ref>
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| {{Cite news |title=World Agenda – Give me land |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=2017-06-06 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1246_land/page9.shtml}}
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| </ref>
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|
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| === Attack and threats ===
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| On 14 September 1989, [[Tika Lal Taploo]], who was a lawyer and a [[BJP]] member, was murdered by the JKLF in his home in [[Srinagar]].<ref name="The Hindu Rahul"/><ref name="EFSAS"/> Soon after Taploo's death, Nilkanth Ganjoo, a judge of [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court|Srinagar High court]] who had sentenced Maqbul Bhat to death, was shot dead.<ref name="EFSAS"/> <br>
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| On 4 November 1989, high court judge in Kashmir [[Neelkanth Ganjoo]] was killed near the High Court in Srinagar.
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| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jammukashmirnow.com/Encyc/2019/11/4/4th-Nov-1989-When-Justice-Neelkanth-Ganjoo-was-brutally-killed-in-broad-daylight-by-JKLF-terrorists-30-Yrs-of-planned-and-organized-secessionist-terrorism.html|title=4th Nov 1989, When Justice Neelkanth Ganjoo was brutally killed in broad daylight by JKLF terrorists, 30 Yrs of planned and organized secessionist-terrorism|newspaper=JK Now}}</ref>
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|
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| In December 1989, members of JKLF [[1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed|kidnapped Dr. Rubaiya Sayeed]], daughter of the-then Union Minister [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]] demanding release of five militants, which was subsequently fulfilled.<ref name="Hindustan times">{{cite news |title=We planned to release Rubaiya anyway: JKLF |last=Joshi |first=Arun |date=2008-06-22 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/we-planned-to-release-rubaiya-anyway-jklf/story-kfi9K7YJ1nbmwSolWUoYDO.html}}</ref><ref name="TOI Rubi">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/14-yrs-down-JKLF-admits-Rubaiya-kidnap/articleshow/484093.cms |title=14 yrs down, JKLF admits Rubaiya kidnap – Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2018-06-12 |year=2004 }}</ref><ref name="Swami p.165">{{harvnb|Swami|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=z2l9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA165 165]}}</ref>
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|
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| On 4 January 1990, [[Srinagar]]-based newspaper ''Aftab'' released a message, threatening all Hindus to leave Kashmir immediately, sourcing it to the militant organization [[Hizbul Mujahideen]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/story/207367.html |title=On 'Holocaust' day, Kashmiris seek probe into Pandit exodus |last=DIN |first=ZAHIR-UD |date=20 January 2016 |location=[[Srinagar]] |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701222257/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/story/207367.html |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.kashmirink.in/news/coverstory/probe-the-exodus/133.html |title=PROBE THE EXODUS |last=Din |first=Zahir-ud |date=1 April 2016 |publisher=Kashmir Ink |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701193934/http://www.kashmirink.in/news/coverstory/probe-the-exodus/133.html |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rediff">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/19kanch.htm |title=19/01/90: When Kashmiri Pandits fled Islamist terror |date=19 January 2005 |publisher=Rediff |access-date=10 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126101005/http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/19kanch.htm |archive-date=26 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 April 1990, another [[Srinagar]] based newspaper named ''Al-safa'' republished the same warning.<ref name="EFSAS"/><ref>
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| *{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oiwpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66 |title=The T.N. Madan Omnibus: The Hindu Householder |last=Madan |first=T. N. |date=2010-11-03 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199088317 |language=en}}
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| *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMM-xRVr5qgC&pg=PA232 |title=Kashmiri Pandits: Looking to the Future|last=Kaw|first=M. K.|date=2001|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788176482363|language=en}}
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| *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTPCpA6xg0QC&pg=PA44 |title=Home Away from Home: Inland Movement of People in India|date=2005|publisher=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies|isbn=9788179750872|language=en}}
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| *{{cite web|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/kashmiri-pandits-offered-three-choices-by-radical-islamists/|title=Kashmiri Pandits offered three choices by Radical Islamists|date=15 December 2017}}
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| *{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InAwDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT310 |title=A Long Dream of Home: The persecution, exile and exodus of Kashmiri Pandits |last=Siddhartha Gigoo, Varad Sharma |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9789386250254 |date=2016-10-18 }}
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| *{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfF1pTv0PgkC |title=Cultural Heritage of Kashmiri Pandits |last1=Toshakhānī |first1=Śaśiśekhara|last2=Warikoo |first2=Kulbhushan |publisher=Pentagon Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-8182743984 |page=354}}</ref> The newspaper did not claim ownership of the statement and subsequently issued a clarification.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Walls were pasted with posters with threatening messages to all [[Kashmiris]] to strictly follow [[Islamic rules]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VwpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |title=On Trauma and Traumatic Memory |last=Majoul |first=Bootheina |date=2017-06-23 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=9781443874830 |page=14|language=en}}</ref> which included abidance by the Islamic dress code, a prohibition on alcohol, cinemas, and video parlors<ref name=":2">{{harvnb|Swami|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=z2l9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 167]}}</ref> and strict restrictions on women.<ref>{{harvnb|Swami|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=z2l9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 168]}}</ref> Unknown masked men with [[Kalashnikovs]] forced people to reset their time to [[Pakistan Standard Time]]. Offices buildings, shops, and establishments were colored [[Green in Islam|green]] as a sign of Islamic rule.<ref name="Rediff"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.earlytimes.in/m/newsdet.aspx?q=167899 |title=Why Kashmiri Pandits need a Separate Homeland? |last=Jalali |first=Ravinder |work=Early Times|access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194140/http://www.earlytimes.in/m/newsdet.aspx?q=167899 |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Shops, factories, temples and homes of Kashmiri Hindus were burned or destroyed. Threatening posters were posted on doors of Hindus asking them to leave Kashmir immediately.<ref name="Rediff"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/column/24-years-on-nothing-has-changed-for-the-exiled-kashmiri-pandits/20140119.htm |title=24 years on, nothing has changed for the exiled Kashmiri Pandits |date=19 January 2014 |publisher=Rediff |language=en |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701193951/http://www.rediff.com/news/column/24-years-on-nothing-has-changed-for-the-exiled-kashmiri-pandits/20140119.htm |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the middle of the night of 18 and 19 January, a blackout took place in the [[Kashmir Valley]] where electricity was cut except in mosques{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}} which broadcast divisive and inflammatory messages, asking for a purge of Kashmiri Hindus.<ref name="Tej">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuURFTHTU0EC&pg=PT437 |title=Kashmir: Its Aborigines and Their Genocide |last=Tikoo |first=Colonel Tej K. |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=9781935501589 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="s">{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InAwDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT310 |title=A Long Dream of Home: The persecution, exile and exodus of Kashmiri Pandits |last=Siddhartha Gigoo, Varad Sharma |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9789386250254 |date=2016-10-18 }}</ref>
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|
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| On 21 January 1990, two days after Jagmohan took over as governor, the [[Gawkadal massacre]] took place in Srinagar, in which the Indian security forces had opened fire on protesters, leading to the death of at least 50 people, and likely over 100. These events led to chaos. Lawlessness took over the valley and the crowd with slogans and guns started roaming around the streets. News of violent incidents kept coming and many of the Hindus who survived the night saved their lives by traveling out of the valley.<ref>{{citation|last=Ananth|first=V. Krishna|title=India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X62Sc3muOyQC&pg=PA353|year=2010|pages=353–|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2567-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/basicfacts/politics/political_history.html|title=Chronicle of Important events/date in J&K's political history|publisher=Kashmir Politics web site|access-date=27 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=IndiaToday />
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| On 25 January 1990, Rawalpora shooting incident took place, wherein four [[Indian Air Force]] personnel, Squadron Leader Ravi Khanna, Corporal D.B. Singh, Corporal Uday Shankar and Airman Azad Ahmad were killed and 10 other IAF personal were injured, while they were waiting at Rawalpora bus stand for their vehicle to pick them up in the morning. Altogether around 40 rounds were fired by the terrorists, apparently from 2 to 3 automatic weapons and one semi-automatic pistol. The Jammu and Kashmir Armed Police post located nearby, with 7 armed constables and one head constable, did not react. Such was the ascendancy enjoyed by the terrorists. [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]] (JKLF), with its leader [[Yasin Malik]] in particular, were allegedly involved in the killings. Incidents like these further expedited the exodus of Hindus from Kashmir.<ref>{{citation|last=Malhotra|first=Jagmohan|title=My Frozen Turbulence in Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CWjLtfi-ssIC&pg=PA27|year=2006|pages=875–|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=8177649957}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/30-years-after-4-iaf-men-s-murder-jklf-s-yasin-malik-6-others-charged/story-kQNXEfa3y7aIaAJkaadWRL.html|title=30 years after 4 IAF men's murder, JKLF's Yasin Malik, 6 others charged|date = 16 March 2020|newspaper=Hindustan Times|first=Ravi Krishnan|last=Khajuria}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jklf-chief-yasin-malik-charged-in-1990-case/article31084959.ece|title=JKLF chief Yasin Malik charged in 1990 case|date = 16 March 2020|newspaper=The Hindu|first=Ashiq|last=Peerzada}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/tada-court-frames-charges-separatist-yasin-malik-6-others-killing-4-iaf-personnel-30-years-ago-1502866530.html|title=TADA court frames charges against separatist Yasin Malik, 6 others for killing 4 IAF personnel 30 years ago|date = 16 March 2020|newspaper=The Statesman|first=SP|last=Sharma}}</ref>
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| On 29 April 1990, Sarwanand Kaul Premi, a veteran Kashmiri poet was gruesomely murdered.<ref>*{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/mar/25guest.htm |title=The real tragedy of Kashmir |date=25 March 2003 |publisher=Rediff |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110195932/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/mar/25guest.htm |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=live}}
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| *{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/sarvanand-premi-remembered/582719.html |title=Sarvanand Premi remembered |date=1 May 2018 |newspaper=The Tribune |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702081134/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/sarvanand-premi-remembered/582719.html |archive-date=2 July 2018 |url-status=live}}
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| *{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kuY1glf2n0YC&pg=PT91 |title=Our Moon Has Blood Clots: A Memoir of a Lost Home in Kashmir |last=Pandita |first=Rahul |date=2017-10-29 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=9788184003901 |language=en}}
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| *{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuURFTHTU0EC&pg=PT437 |title=Kashmir: Its Aborigines and Their Genocide |last=Tikoo |first=Colonel Tej K. |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=9781935501589 |language=en}}
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| *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VwpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |title=On Trauma and Traumatic Memory|last=Majoul|first=Bootheina|date=2017-06-23|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=9781443874830|language=en}}</ref> Several intelligence operatives were assassinated, over the course of January.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CWjLtfi-ssIC&pg=PA363 |title=My FrozenTturbulence in Kashmir (7th Ed.)|last=Jagmohan|date=2006|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=9788177649956|language=en|page=363}}</ref><ref name="Swami p.165"/>
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| On 2 February 1990, Satish Tikoo, a young Hindu social worker was murdered near his own house in Habba Kadal, [[Srinagar]].<ref name="EFSAS"/><ref>
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| *{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/a-cry-for-pandits-from-down-south/article6305956.ece |title=A cry for Pandits from down south |last=Pandita |first=Rahul |date=2014-08-12 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en}}
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| *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CWjLtfi-ssIC |title=My FrozenTturbulence in Kashmir (7th Ed.)|author=Jagmohan|year=2006|publisher=Allied Publishers|page=357|isbn=9788177649956}}
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| *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pS5uAAAAMAAJ&q=Satish+Tikoo|title=The Lost Rebellion|first=Manoj|last=Joshi|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books|page=62|isbn=9780140278460}}
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| *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_UhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Satish+Tikoo|title=Jihad in Kashmir: A Critical Analysis|last=Jalali|first=Girdhari Lal|date=2004|publisher=Vakil Publications|language=en}}</ref>
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| On 13 February 1990, [[Lassa Kaul]], Station Director of Srinagar Doordarshan, was shot dead.<ref name="EFSAS"/><ref>
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| *{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CWjLtfi-ssIC |title=My FrozenTturbulence in Kashmir (7th Ed.) |last=Jagmohan |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=2006 |isbn=9788177649956 |page=365}}
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| *{{Cite web |url=https://thewire.in/19364/to-die-while-dreaming-of-return/ |title=To Die While Dreaming of Return |last=GIGOO |first=SIDDHARTHA |date=17 January 2016 |publisher=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |language=en |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108233458/https://thewire.in/19364/to-die-while-dreaming-of-return/ |archive-date=8 January 2018 |url-status=live}}
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| *{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-brave-chronicler-of-kashmirs-militancy/article2999353.ece |title=A brave chronicler of Kashmir's militancy |last=Khosa |first=Aash |date=16 March 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=India |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126122333/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-brave-chronicler-of-kashmirs-militancy/article2999353.ece |archive-date=26 November 2017 |url-status=live}}
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| *{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Why-Pandits-arent-returning-to-roots/articleshow/8201485.cms |title=Why Pandits aren't returning to roots |last=Nandal |first=Randeep Singh |date=9 May 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719220611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Why-Pandits-arent-returning-to-roots/articleshow/8201485.cms |archive-date=19 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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| On June 4, 1990, Girija Tickoo, a Kashmiri Hindu teacher was gang raped by terrorists, who ripped her abdomen and chopped her body into two pieces with a [[saw]] machine while she was still alive.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tikoo |first=Colonel Tej K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuURFTHTU0EC&pg=PT441 |title=Kashmir: Its Aborigines and Their Genocide |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=978-1-935501-58-9 |language=en}}</ref>
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| In December 1992, Hriday Nath Wanchoo, a trade union leader and human rights activist, was murdered<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLyfMmZuByQC&pg=PA136 |title=Jihadis in Jammu and Kashmir: A Portrait Gallery|last=Santhanam|first=K.|date=2003|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0761997856|language=en}}</ref> with Kashmir separatist [[Ashiq Hussain Faktoo]] being convicted for the murder.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/jk-separatist-leader-completes-23-years-in-jail/article8199339.ece|title=J&K separatist leader completes 23 years in jail|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
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| Many Kashmiri Pandit women were kidnapped, raped and murdered, throughout the time of exodus.<ref>
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| *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VwpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |title=On Trauma and Traumatic Memory|last=Majoul|first=Bootheina|date=2017-06-23|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=9781443874830|language=en}}
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| *{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/humanrightscrisi00asia |url-access=registration |title=The Human Rights Crisis in Kashmir: A Pattern of Impunity|publisher=Human Rights Watch|page=[https://archive.org/details/humanrightscrisi00asia/page/189 189]|isbn=9781564321046|year=1993}}
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| *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0anDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT188 |title=Speaking Peace: Women's Voices from Kashmir|last=Butalia|first=Urvashi|date=2014-03-28|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=9789383074709|language=en}}
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| *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kuY1glf2n0YC&pg=PT92 |title=Our Moon Has Blood Clots: A Memoir of a Lost Home in Kashmir|last=Pandita|first=Rahul|date=2017-10-29|publisher=Random House India|isbn=9788184003901|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
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| == Aftermath ==
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| In response to the exodus, the organisation [[Panun Kashmir]] was formed. In late 1991, the organisation adopted the ''Margdarshan Resolution'', which stated the need for a separate [[Union Territory]] in [[Kashmir division]], [[Panun Kashmir]]. Panun Kashmir would serve as a homeland for [[Kashmiri Hindus]] and would resettle the displaced Kashmiri Pandits.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/separate-homeland-would-satisfy-aspirations-of-kashmiri-pandits-panun-kashmir/articleshow/28052075.cms?from=mdr |title=Separate homeland would satisfy aspirations of Kashmiri Pandits: Panun Kashmir |website=The Economic Times |date=December 28, 2013 |access-date=March 7, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.ph/buVko |archive-date=March 7, 2022}}</ref>
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| The militancy in Kashmir had increased after the exodus. The militants had targeted the properties of Kashmiri Hindus after their exodus.<ref name="Tikoo p.468">{{citation |last=Tikoo |first=Colonel Tej K |title=Kashmir: Its Aborigines and Their Genocide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuURFTHTU0EC&pg=PT468 |year=2012 |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=978-1-935501-58-9 |pages=468–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Defence Review: Volume 8 |year=1994 |page=32 |publisher=Lancer International}}</ref> In 2009 [[Oregon Legislative Assembly]] passed a resolution to recognise 14 September 2007, as Martyrs Day to acknowledge ethnic cleansing and campaigns of terror inflicted on non-Muslim minorities of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] by militants seeking to establish an [[Islamic state]].<ref>
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| {{cite web |title=Senate Joint Resolution 23 – 75th OREGON LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY—2009 Regular Session |url=http://www.leg.state.or.us/09reg/measpdf/sjr1.dir/sjr0023.intro.pdf |publisher=Oregon Legislative Assembly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515012207/http://www.leg.state.or.us/09reg/measpdf/sjr1.dir/sjr0023.intro.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}
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| </ref>
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| Kashmiri Hindus continue to fight for their return to the valley and many of them live as refugees.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35923237 |title=Kashmiri Hindus: Driven out and insignificant |last=Ahmed |first=Zubair |date=2016-04-06 |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=2017-02-10 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613140726/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35923237 |archive-date=13 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The exiled community had hoped to return after the situation improved. Most have not done so because the situation in the Valley remains unstable and they fear a risk to their lives. Most of them lost their properties after the exodus and many are unable to go back and sell them. Their status as displaced people has adversely harmed them in the realm of education. Many Hindu families could not afford to send their children to well regarded public schools. Furthermore, many Hindus faced institutional discrimination by predominantly Muslim state bureaucrats. As a result of the inadequate ad hoc schools and colleges formed in the refugee camps, it became harder for Hindu children to access education. They suffered in higher education as well, as they could not claim admission in PG colleges of Jammu university, while getting admitted in the institutes of Kashmir valley was out of question. The Indian Government has taken up the issue of education of the displaced students from Kashmir, and helped them get admissions in various [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]]s and major educational institutions & universities across the country.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SP49MH_vl7UC&q=kashmiri+pandit |title=Kashmiri Pandits: A Contemporary Perspective |last=Pandit |first=T. N. |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=9788176488129 |pages=3, 9, 63–}}</ref> In 2010, the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]] noted that 808 Hindus families, comprising 3,445 people, were still living in the Valley and that financial and other incentives put in place to encourage others to return there had been unsuccessful. According to a Jammu and Kashmir government report, 219 members of the Hindus community out of total 1400 Hindus, had been killed in the region between 1989 and 2004 but none thereafter.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/24/stories/2010032461230900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325203907/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/24/stories/2010032461230900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-03-25 |title=Front Page : "219 Kashmiri Pandits killed by militants since 1989" |date=2010-03-24 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-kashmiri-pandits-are-being-missed-in-kashmir/20110428.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=29 April 2011 |first=Archana |last=Masih |title=The tragedy of Kashmiri Pandits (Part IV) |access-date=7 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ldquo219-Kashmiri-Pandits-killed-by-militants-since-1989rdquo/article16006510.ece|title=219 Kashmiri Pandits killed by militants since 1989|last=Bukhari|first=Shujaat|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-12-17|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128055218/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ldquo219-Kashmiri-Pandits-killed-by-militants-since-1989rdquo/article16006510.ece|archive-date=28 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
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| The local organisation of Hindus in [[Kashmir]], Kashmir Pandit Sangharsh Samiti (KPSS) after carrying out a survey in 2008 and 2009, said that 399 [[Kashmiri Hindus]] were killed by insurgents from 1990 to 2011 with 75% of them being killed during the first year of the Kashmiri insurgency, and that during the last 20 years, about 650 Hindus have been killed in the valley.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/kashmirtheforgottenconflict/2011/07/201176134818984961.html |title=Kashmiri Pandits: Why we never fled Kashmir – Kashmir: The forgotten conflict |publisher=Al Jazeera English |first=Azad |last=Essa |access-date=2012-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/mobi/news/news/399-pandits-killed-since-1990-kpss/97140.html |title=399 Pandits killed since 1990 KPSS |date=20 June 2011 |publisher=Greater Kashmir |access-date=2012-05-24}}</ref> Kashmiri Pandit Sangharsh Samiti, estimates 357 Hindus were killed in Kashmir in 1990.<ref>https://globalpressjournal.com/asia/indian-administered_kashmir/25-years-after-islamists-drove-out-hindus-kashmiris-debate-repatriation-incentives/</ref>
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| [[Panun Kashmir]], a political group representing the Hindus who fled Kashmir, has published a list of about 1,341 Hindus killed since 1990.<ref name="The Genocide of Kashmiri Pandits">{{Cite journal |title=The Genocide of Kashmiri Pandits |url=https://www.efsas.org/publications/study-papers/the-exodus-of-kashmiri-pandits/ |publisher=European Foundation for South Asian Studies |date=July 2017 |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194328/https://www.efsas.org/publications/study-papers/the-exodus-of-kashmiri-pandits/ |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An organisation called Roots of Kashmir filed a petition in 2017 to reopen 215 cases of more than 700 alleged murders of Kashmiri Hindus, however the [[Supreme Court of India]] refused its plea.<ref>https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-refuses-to-reopen-215-cases-in-kashmiri-pandits-killings-1728500</ref> They have also demanded the creation of a "special crimes tribunal" to look into the ethnic cleansing and crimes committed. They also demanded a one time compensation for displaced [[Kashmiri Hindus]] who are not able to apply for govt jobs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/panun-kashmir-reiterates-demand-for-separate-homeland-in-valley-932564.html |title=Panun Kashmir reiterates demand for separate homeland in valley |website=Deccan Herald |date=December 28, 2020 |access-date=March 7, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.ph/4FgAC |archive-date=March 7, 2022}}</ref>
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| == Recent developments ==
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| The Indian Government has tried to rehabilitate the Hindus and the separatists have also invited the Hindus back to Kashmir. Tahir, the commander of a separatist Islamist group, ensured full protection to the Kashmiri Hindus.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1246_land/page9.shtml |title=BBC World Service {{!}} World Agenda – Give me land |website=www.bbc.co.uk |access-date=2017-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109093913/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1246_land/page9.shtml |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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| The apathy on the part of the government and the sufferings of the Kashmiri Hindus have been highlighted in a play titled 'Kaash Kashmir'.
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| Some consider the now-abrogated Article 370 as a roadblock in the resettlement of Kashmiri Hindus as the [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]] does not allow those living in India outside Jammu and Kashmir to freely settle in the state and become its citizens.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwW3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT113 |title=Jammu & Kashmir: A State in Turbulence |last=Sahagala |first=Narendra |date=2011-01-01 |publisher=Suruchi Prakashan |isbn=9788189622831 |pages=214–215}}</ref><ref name="Tikoo1">{{citation |last=Tikoo |first=Colonel Tej K |title=Kashmir: Its Aborigines and Their Genocide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuURFTHTU0EC&pg=PT281 |year=2012 |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=978-1-935501-58-9 |pages=281–}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bjp.org/images/pdf_2014/full_manifesto_english_07.04.2014.pdf Election Manifesto 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704041114/http://www.bjp.org/images/pdf_2014/full_manifesto_english_07.04.2014.pdf |date=4 July 2017 }}, Bharatiya Janata Party, 2014.</ref>
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| Sanjay Tickoo, president of Kashmiri Pandit Sangarsh Samiti (KPSS), says that the 'Article 370' affair is different from the issue of exodus of Kashmiri Hindus and both should be dealt with separately. He remarks that, linking both the affairs is an "utterly insensitive way to deal with a highly sensitive and emotive issue".{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
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| As of 2016, a total of 1,800 Kashmiri Hindu youths have returned to the Valley since the announcing of Rs. 1,168-crore package in 2008 by the UPA government. R.K. Bhat, president of Youth All India Kashmiri Samaj criticised the package to be a mere eyewash and claimed that most of the youths were living in cramped prefabricated sheds or in rented accommodation. He also said that 4,000 vacancies have been lying vacant since 2010 and alleged that the BJP government was repeating the same rhetoric and was not serious about helping them. In an interview with NDTV on 19 January, Farooq Abdullah created controversy when he stated that the onus was on Kashmiri Hindus to come back themselves and nobody would beg them to do so. His comments were met with disagreement and criticism by Kashmiri Hindu authors Neeru Kaul, [[Siddhartha Gigoo]], Congress MP [[Shashi Tharoor]] and Lt. General [[Syed Ata Hasnain]] (retd.). He also said that during his tenure as Chief Minister in 1996, he had asked them to return but they refused to do so. He reiterated his comments on 23 January and said that the time had come for them to return.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/when-will-we-finally-return-home-ask-displaced-kashmiri-pandits-2590640.html |title=When will we finally return home, ask displaced Kashmiri Pandits |work=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>
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| {{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/pandits-in-kashmir-threaten-to-quit-jobs/187655.html |title=Pandits in Kashmir threaten to quit jobs |author=Tribune News Service |work=The Tribune (Chandigarh)}}</ref><ref>
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| {{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/time-has-come-for-kashmiri-pandits-to-return-to-valley-farooq-abdullah-1269311|title=Time Has Come For Kashmiri Pandits To Return To Valley: Farooq Abdullah |author=Press Trust of India |date=23 January 2016 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/onus-on-kashmiri-pandits-to-return-no-one-will-beg-them-farooq-abdullah-1267521 |title=Onus on Kashmiri Pandits To Return, No One Will Beg Them: Farooq Abdullah |first=Barkha |last=Dutt |date=19 January 2016 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>
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| The issue of separate townships for Kashmiri Hindus has been a source of contention in Kashmir valley with Islamists, separatists as well as mainstream political parties all opposing it.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kps-seeks-centres-intervention-on-kashmiri-pandits-township-issue-2814059/ |title=KPS seeks Centre's intervention on Kashmiri Pandits township issue|work=The Indian Express|date=22 May 2016 |access-date=20 January 2016}}</ref> [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] militant, [[Burhan Muzaffar Wani]], had threatened of attacking the "Hindu composite townships" which were meant to be built for the rehabilitation of the non-Muslim community. In a 6-minute long video clip, Wani described the rehabilitation scheme as resembling [[Israeli settlements|Israeli designs]].<ref>[http://www.kashmirawareness.org/bjp-protests-burhan-wanis-warning-of-action-against-sainik-pandit-colonies-in-lc/ BJP protests Burhan Wani's warning of action against Sainik, Hindu colonies in LC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111201009/http://www.kashmirawareness.org/bjp-protests-burhan-wanis-warning-of-action-against-sainik-pandit-colonies-in-lc/ |date=11 November 2016 }}, Kashmirawareness.org, 9 June 2016.</ref> However, Burhan Wani welcomed the Kashmiri Hindus to return and promised to guard them. He also promised a safe [[Amarnath Yatra]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/burhan-wani-syed-ali-shah-geelani-hizbul-mujahideen-jammu-and-kashmir-police/story/1/11394.html |title=Homecoming of Pandits in Kashmir's new age of militancy |website=www.dailyo.in |access-date=2017-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003120714/http://www.dailyo.in/politics/burhan-wani-syed-ali-shah-geelani-hizbul-mujahideen-jammu-and-kashmir-police/story/1/11394.html |archive-date=3 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kashmiri Hindus residing in the Valley also mourned Burhan Wani's death.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/story/222981.html |title=Pandits of Tral grieved at Burhan's death |last=Maqbool |first=Zahid |date=15 July 2016 |work=Greater Kashmir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020213112/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/story/222981.html |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Burhan Wani's self-styled successor in the Hizbul Mujahideen, Zakir Rashid Bhat, also asked the Kashmiri Hindus to return and ensured them protection.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/burhan-wani-s-successor-requests-kashmiri-pandits-to-return-assures-safety/story-Qhej9xMOJbjf8BSpizA49K.html |title=Burhan Wani's successor requests Kashmiri Pandits to return, assures safety |date=2016-10-18 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=2017-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211113039/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/burhan-wani-s-successor-requests-kashmiri-pandits-to-return-assures-safety/story-Qhej9xMOJbjf8BSpizA49K.html |archive-date=11 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thequint.com/india/2016/10/19/zakir-rashid-bhat-kashmir-pandits-burhan-wani-hizbul-mujahideen-militants-militancy-return-to-valley |title=Hizbul Mujahideen Asks Kashmiri Pandits to Return to Valley |work=The Quint |access-date=2017-05-07}}</ref>
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| During the [[2016 Kashmir unrest]], transit camps housing Kashmir Hindus in Kashmir were attacked by mobs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/burhan-wani-kashmir-protests-amarnath-pilgrims-stranded-after-vehicular-traffic-suspended-along-the-jammu-srinagar-highway-2903700/ |title=Amarnath pilgrims stranded after vehicular traffic suspended along Jammu-Srinagar highway |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=9 July 2016 |access-date=8 August 2016}}</ref> About 200–300 Kashmiri Hindu employees fled the transit camps in Kashmir during night time on 12 July due to the attacks by protesters on the camps and held protests against the government for attacks on their camp and demanded that all Kashmiri Hindus employees in Kashmir valley be evacuated immediately. Over 1300 government employees belonging to the community had fled the region during the unrest.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/pandits-leave-valley-threaten-not-to-join-jobs-in-kashmir/946544 |title=Pandits Leave Valley, Threaten Not to Join Jobs in Kashmir |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=13 July 2016 |access-date=8 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/jammu-and-kashmir/kashmiri-pandits-hold-protest-for-second-day_1907841.html |title=Kashmiri pandits hold protest for second day |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=15 July 2016 |access-date=8 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/jammu-kashmir-bjp-kashmiri-pandit-employees-protest-12th-day-kashmir-valley-jammu-2935545/ |title=Jammu & Kashmir: BJP panel to meet Kashmiri Pandit employees as protest enters 12th day |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=26 July 2016 |access-date=8 August 2016}}</ref> Posters threatening the Hindus to leave Kashmir or be killed were also put up near transit camps in [[Pulwama]] allegedly by the militant organisation [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-another-migration-stares-at-kashmiri-pandits-2242002 |title=Terror group Lashkar-e-Islam threatens Kashmiri pandits asking them to leave or get killed |newspaper=[[Daily News & Analysis]] |date=7 August 2016 |access-date=8 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/posters-warn-kashmiri-pandits-to-leave-valley-or-face-death/story-lJQRQNt4jvc9ceHkfeGqoN.html |title=Posters warn Kashmiri Pandits to leave Valley or 'face death' |first=Toufiq |last=Rashid |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=7 August 2016 |access-date=8 August 2016}}</ref>
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| The employment package was also extended to Hindus who did not migrate out of the valley with an amendment to ''J&K Migrants (Special Drive) Recruitment Rules, 2009'' in October 2017.<ref>http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/non-migrant-kps-get-benefits-pm-package/</ref>
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| [[Village Defence Committees]] were set up in 1995 to protect Hindus from attacks in remote areas. Following the murder of a [[Kashmiri Hindus|Kashmiri Hindu]] [[Sarpanch]] Ajay Pandita Bharti in June 2020, former [[Jammu and Kashmir Police|Jammu and Kashmir police]] chief had said [[Shesh Paul Vaid]] that minority Hindus could be armed and Village Defence Committees could be set up with proper planning.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|last=Bhat|first=Sunil|date=13 June 2020|title=Give arms training, weapons to minority Hindus, vulnerable Muslims in Kashmir: Former J&K DGP Vaid|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/give-arms-training-weapons-to-minority-hindus-vulnerable-muslims-in-kashmir-former-j-k-dgp-vaid-1688502-2020-06-13|access-date=2020-06-16|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Arun|date=2019-07-17|title=J&K cops overhaul village defence committees, PDP says Centre design to arm RSS workers|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-cops-overhaul-village-defence-committees-pdp-says-centre-design-to-arm-rss-workers-5833095/|access-date=2020-06-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
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| == In popular culture ==
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| ===Movies===
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| * 2020 Hindi film ''[[Shikara (2020 film)|Shikara]]'' by [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] is based on the exodus of Kashmiri Hindus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vidhu-vinod-chopras-shikara-a-love-letter-from-kashmirs-trailer-to-be-out-on-this-day/amp_articleshow/73096909.cms|title=Vidhu Vinod Chopra's 'Shikara – A Love Letter From Kashmir's' trailer to be out on THIS day|date=5 January 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en-US|access-date=10 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/shikara-trailer-out-vidhu-vinod-chopra-brings-searing-pain-of-kashmiri-pandit-exodus-on-film-1634654-2020-01-07|title=Vidhu Vinod Chopra brings searing pain of Kashmiri Pandit exodus on film|date=7 January 2020|website=India Today|language=en-US|access-date=10 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/shikara-trailer-vidhu-vinod-chopra-highlights-untold-story-of-exodus-of-kashmiri-pandits-in-1990-2449265.html|title=Vidhu Vinod Chopra Highlights 'Untold Story' of Genocide of Kashmiri Pandits in 1990|date=7 January 2020|website=India Today|language=en-US|access-date=10 January 2020}}</ref>
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| *2022 film ''[[The Kashmir Files]]'' directed by [[Vivek Agnihotri]] starring [[Anupam Kher]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and [[Darshan Kumar]].<ref>https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/the-kashmir-files-true-portrayal-of-kashmiri-hindu-tragedy/</ref>
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| ===Book===
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| *''[[Our Moon Has Blood Clots]]'', 2013 book by Indian journalist [[Rahul Pandita]] is based on the firsthand account of the exodus.
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| * ''[[My Frozen Turbulence in Kashmir]]'' by [[Jagmohan]]
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| * ''[[Hindus of Kashmir - A Genocide Forgotten]]'' by Bansi Pandit
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| * ''On Uncertain Ground - Displaced Kashmiri Pandits in Jammu and Kashmir'' by Ankur Datta
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| * ''A Long Dream of Home - The persecution, exile and exodus of Kashmiri Pandits'' by Siddhartha Gigoo and Varad Sharma
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| * ''Kasheer: A Diabolical Betrayal of Kashmiri Hindus'' by Sahana Vijayakumar
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|
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| ==See also==
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|
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| * [[1998 Wandhama massacre|1998 Wandhama massacre of Kashmiri Hindus]]
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| * [[1998 Chapnari massacre|1998 Chapnari massacre of Kashmiri Hindus]]
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| * [[1998 Prankote massacre|1998 Prankote massacre of Kashmiri Hindus]]
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| * [[Chittisinghpura massacre|2000 Chittisinghpura massacre of Sikhs]]
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| * [[2001 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre]]
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|
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| *[[2001 Kishtwar massacre|2001 Kishtwar massacre of Kashmiri Hindu]]
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| *[[2002 Qasimnagar massacre of hindus|2002 Qasim Nagar(Kashmir) massacre of Hindu]]
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| *[[2002 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre]]
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| *[[2003 Nadimarg massacre|2003 Nadimarg massacre of Kashmiri Hindus]]
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| *[[2006 Doda massacre|2006 Doda massacre of Kashmiri Hindus]]
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| *[[Persecution of Hindus]]
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| *[[Anti-Hindu sentiment]]
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| *[[Panun Kashmir]]
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| *[[Farooq Ahmed Dar]]
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| *[[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
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| *[[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]]
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| *[[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]]
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|
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| == Notes ==
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| {{Reflist|group=note}}
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|
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| == References ==
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| {{Reflist}}
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|
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| == Bibliography ==
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| * {{citation |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-674-01173-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC}}
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| * {{Citation |last=Bose |first=Sumantra |title=The challenge in Kashmir: democracy, self-determination, and a just peace |publisher=Sage Publications |location=New Delhi |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8039-9350-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EhuAAAAMAAJ}}
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| * {{cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Alexander |title=A departure from history: Kashmiri Pandits, 1990–2001 |journal=Contemporary South Asia |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=2002 |pages=19–37 |issn=0958-4935 |doi=10.1080/0958493022000000341 |s2cid=145573161}}
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| * {{citation |last=Faheem |first=Farrukh |chapter=Interrogating the Ordinary: Everyday Politics and the Struggle for Azadi in Kashmir |editor1=Haley Duschinski |editor2=Mona Bhan |editor3=Ather Zia |editor4 =Cynthia Mahmood |title=Resisting Occupation in Kashmir |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WaBODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA233 |year=2018 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-9496-5 |pages=230–247}}
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| * {{Citation |last=Hussain |first=Shahla |chapter=Kashmiri Visions of Freedom: The Past and the Present |editor=Chitralekha Zutshi |title=Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation |year=2015 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g09bDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 |isbn=978-1107181977}}
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| *{{citation |last=Madan |first=T. N. |author-link=Triloki Nath Madan |chapter=Kashmir, Kashmiris, Kashmiriyat: An Introductory Essay |pages=1–36 |editor-last=Rao |editor-first=Aparna |title=The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture? |year=2008}}
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| * {{Citation |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara |author-link1=Barbara Metcalf |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |author-link2=Thomas R. Metcalf |year=2006 |title=A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories) |publisher=Cambridge and New York: [[Cambridge University Press]]. Pp. xxxiii, 372 |isbn=978-0-521-68225-1}}
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| *{{Citation |last=Rai |first=Mridu |author-link=Mridu Rai |title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir |year=2004 |publisher=Princeton University Press/Permanent Black. Pp. xii, 335. |isbn=978-81-7824-202-6}}
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| *{{citation|last=Swami|first=Praveen|author-link=Praveen Swami|title=India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir, 1947–2004|date=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2l9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-13752-7}}
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| * {{citation |last=Zutshi |first=Chitralekha |title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlBjzE-1ML8C&pg=PA318 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |isbn=978-1-85065-700-2 |year=2003 }}
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|
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| == Further reading ==
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| *{{citation|title=The Administrator, Volume 35|publisher=[[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]] |date=1990 |pages=69–73}}
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| ==External links==
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| {{Wikiquote}}
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| * {{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1269592 |title=Kashmir's Pandits |author-link=A. G. Noorani |date=9 July 2016 |publisher=Dawn |access-date=2017-05-26 |author=A. G. Noorani}}
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| {{Religious_persecution}}
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| {{Kashmir conflict}}
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| [[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia]]
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| [[Category:Forced migration]]
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| [[Category:Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir]]
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| [[Category:Internal migration]]
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| [[Category:Kashmir conflict]]
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| [[Category:1980s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
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| [[Category:1990s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
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| [[Category:Kashmiri nationalism]]
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