Shakala Shakha: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 18:49, 5 March 2022

Shakala Shaka (Sanskrit:शाकल शाखा); IAST:Śākala Śākhā), is the oldest shakha (from skt. śākhā f. "branch" or "recension") of the Rigveda. The Śākala tradition is mainly followed in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. The Mahābhāṣya of Patanjali refers to 21 śākhās of the rigveda; however, according to Śaunaka's Caraṇa-vyuha there are five śākhās for the Rigveda, the Śākala, Bāṣkala, Aśvalayana, Śaṅkhāyana, and Māṇḍukāyana of which only the Śākala and Bāṣkala and very few of the Aśvalayana are now extant. The only complete recension of this text known today is of the Śākala School.^[1] As far as the Rigveda is concerned only Śākala Śākhā is preserved out of 21 which existed at one time. There is a claim that Śaṅkhāyana Śākhā is still known to a few Vedapathis in Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat but this is not certain.^[2]

The main saṃhitā for Śākala Sākhā is the Śākala Saṃhitā and the corresponding brahmana is Aitareya Brāhmaṇa. The main Upanishad of the Śākala Śākhā is Aitareya Upaniṣad. The Shrauta Sutra for Śākala Shākhā is Āśvalāyaṇa Śrauta Sūtra and the Grihya Sutra is Āśvalāyana Gr̥ya Sūtra. The Aranyaka of Śākala Śākhā is Aitareya Āraṇyaka.^[3]^[1]^[4]^[1]^[5]^[6]

Shiksha[edit]

Śikṣā as a term for phonetics, is first used in Taittirīya Upaniṣad, which gives its various components which include Varna (individual sounds) and Svara (accent). The Pratishakhyas are among the earlier texts of Shiksha. Pratiśākhya literally means " belonging to each śākhā". In the Rigveda the Pratishakhya available today is ascribed to Shaunaka. This is also known as Śākala Pratiśākhya and belongs to Śaiśirīya Śākhā, a branch of "Śākala Śākhā".^[7]

Prominent people[edit]

The major āchāryas who belonged to the Śākala Śākhā included:

Padmanabha Tirtha (samadhi 1324 CE), a Hindu Dvaita philosopher, dialectician, the direct disciple of Madhvacharya and the acharya who is known for spreading Tattvavada outside the Tulunadu region.
Jayatirtha (1345 – 1388) - a Hindu Dvaita philosopher, dialectician, polemicist and the 6th peetha of Madhvacharya Peetha.^[8]
Eknath (1533–1599) - a Hindu Advaita Vaishnava saint, scholar, and religious poet of the Varkari Sampradaya^[9]
Samarth Ramdas (1608–1681) - a Hindu Vaishnava saint and devotee of Lord Rama.^[10]
Mahipati (1715 - 1790), an 18th century Hindu Vaishnava Varkari saint.
Manik Prabhu (1817 - 1865) - a Hindu Advaita saint, philosopher, poet and guru of Dattatreya tradition.
Satyadhyana Tirtha (1872 - 1942) - a Hindu Dvaita philosopher-saint, scholar, yogi, mystic, theologian and the 38th peetadhipathi of Uttaradi Math.^[11]

References[edit]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Dalal 2014, p. 18.
↑ Kireet Joshi (1991). The Veda and Indian Culture: An Introductory Essay. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. p. 91. ISBN 9788120808898.
↑ Dalal 2014, p. 61.
↑ Laurie L. Patton (27 June 2005). Bringing the Gods to Mind: Mantra and Ritual in Early Indian Sacrifice. University of California Press. p. 200. ISBN 9780520930889. Retrieved 27 June 2005.
↑ Hermann Oldenberg, trans., Max Müller, ed. Sacred Books of the East Vol. XXIX, "The Grihya-sûtras, rules of Vedic domestic ceremonies", part 1, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1886
↑ Hermann Oldenberg, trans., Max Müller, trans. Sacred Books of the East Vol. XXX, "The Grihya-sûtras, rules of Vedic domestic ceremonies", part 2, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1892
↑ Dalal 2014, p. 75.
↑ Hebbar 2005, p. 227.
↑ Novetzke, Christian Lee (2013). Religion and Public Memory: A Cultural History of Saint Namdev in India. Columbia University Press. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-0-23151-256-5.
↑ Date, V. H. (1975). Spiritual treasure of Saint Rāmadāsa (1st ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 1. ISBN 9780842608053.
↑ Sharma 2000, p. 198.

Bibliography[edit]

Dalal, Roshen (2014). The Vedas: An Introduction to Hinduism's Sacred Texts. Penguin UK. ISBN 9788184757637.
Hebbar, B.N (2005). The Sri-Krsna Temple at Udupi: The History and Spiritual Center of the Madhvite Sect of Hinduism. Bharatiya Granth Nikethan. ISBN 81-89211-04-8.
Sharma, B. N. Krishnamurti (2000). A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Vol 1. 3rd Edition. Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint). ISBN 978-8120815759.

[FOOTNOTEDalal201418-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Dalal 2014, p. 18.

[2] Kireet Joshi (1991). The Veda and Indian Culture: An Introductory Essay. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. p. 91. ISBN 9788120808898.

[FOOTNOTEDalal201461-3] Dalal 2014, p. 61.

[4] Laurie L. Patton (27 June 2005). Bringing the Gods to Mind: Mantra and Ritual in Early Indian Sacrifice. University of California Press. p. 200. ISBN 9780520930889. Retrieved 27 June 2005.

[5] Hermann Oldenberg, trans., Max Müller, ed. Sacred Books of the East Vol. XXIX, "The Grihya-sûtras, rules of Vedic domestic ceremonies", part 1, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1886

[6] Hermann Oldenberg, trans., Max Müller, trans. Sacred Books of the East Vol. XXX, "The Grihya-sûtras, rules of Vedic domestic ceremonies", part 2, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1892

[FOOTNOTEDalal201475-7] Dalal 2014, p. 75.

[FOOTNOTEHebbar2005227-8] Hebbar 2005, p. 227.

[9] Novetzke, Christian Lee (2013). Religion and Public Memory: A Cultural History of Saint Namdev in India. Columbia University Press. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-0-23151-256-5.

[10] Date, V. H. (1975). Spiritual treasure of Saint Rāmadāsa (1st ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 1. ISBN 9780842608053.

[FOOTNOTESharma2000198-11] Sharma 2000, p. 198.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Śākala Shākha'''  ([[Sanskrit]]:शाकल शाखा) is the oldest [[shakha]] ("branch" or "recension") of [[Rigveda]]. The Śākala tradition is mainly followed in [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Odisha]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Even though [[Mahābhāṣya]] of [[Patanjali]] refers to twenty one Shakhas of [[rigveda]]; according to [[Shaunaka|Śaunaka]]'s Caraṇa-vyuha there are five shakhas for the [[Rig Veda]], the Śākala, Bāṣkala, Aśvalāyana, Śaṅkhāyana, and Māṇḍukāyana of which only the Śākala and Bāṣkala and very few of Asvalayana are now extant. The only complete recension of this text known today is of the Shakala School.{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=18}} As far as Rigveda is concerned only Shakala Shakha alone remains alive out of 21 which existed at one time. There is a claim that Śaṅkhāyana Shakha is still known for few Vedapathis in Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat but this is not certain.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1CJlM2nhlt0C&pg=PA91|title=The Veda and Indian Culture: An Introductory Essay|author=Kireet Joshi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications|year=1991|page=91|isbn=9788120808898}}</ref>
+{{Hindu scriptures}}
+Shakala Shaka ([[Sanskrit]]:शाकल शाखा); [[IAST]]:''Śākala Śākhā''), is the oldest [[shakha]] (from skt. ''śākhā'' f. "branch" or "recension") of the [[Rigveda]]. The Śākala tradition is mainly followed in [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Odisha]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The [[Mahābhāṣya]] of [[Patanjali]] refers to 21 śākhās of the [[rigveda]]; however, according to [[Shaunaka|Śaunaka]]'s Caraṇa-vyuha there are five śākhās for the [[Rigveda]], the Śākala, Bāṣkala, Aśvalayana, Śaṅkhāyana, and Māṇḍukāyana of which only the Śākala and Bāṣkala and very few of the Aśvalayana are now extant. The only complete recension of this text known today is of the Śākala School.{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=18}} As far as the Rigveda is concerned only Śākala Śākhā is preserved out of 21 which existed at one time. There is a claim that Śaṅkhāyana Śākhā is still known to a few Vedapathis in Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat but this is not certain.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1CJlM2nhlt0C&pg=PA91|title=The Veda and Indian Culture: An Introductory Essay|author=Kireet Joshi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications|year=1991|page=91|isbn=9788120808898}}</ref>
-The main [[Samhita]] for Śākala Shākha is the Shakala Samhita and the corresponding brahmana is [[Aitareya Brahmana]]. The main [[Upanishad]] of the Śākala Shākha is [[Aitareya Upanishad]]. The [[Shrauta Sutra]] for Śākala Shākha is Ashvalayana Shrauta Sutra and the [[Grihya-sutra|Grihya Sutra]] is Ashvalayana Grhya Sutra. The [[Aranyaka]] of Śākala Shākha is [[Aitareya Aranyaka]].{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=61}}{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=18}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSZmbbsg9bEC&pg=PA200|title=Bringing the Gods to Mind: Mantra and Ritual in Early Indian Sacrifice|author=Laurie L. Patton|date=27 June 2005|publisher=University of California Press|access-date=27 June 2005|page=200|isbn=9780520930889}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=18}}<ref>Hermann Oldenberg, trans., Max Müller, ed. [[Sacred Books of the East]] Vol. XXIX, [https://archive.org/details/grihyastrasrul01oldeuoft "The Grihya-sûtras, rules of Vedic domestic ceremonies"], part 1, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1886</ref><ref>Hermann Oldenberg, trans., Max Müller, trans. Sacred Books of the East Vol. XXX, [https://archive.org/details/grihyastrasrul02oldeuoft "The Grihya-sûtras, rules of Vedic domestic ceremonies"], part 2, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1892</ref>
+The main [[Samhita|saṃhitā]] for Śākala Sākhā is the Śākala Saṃhitā and the corresponding brahmana is [[Aitareya Brahmana|Aitareya Brāhmaṇa]]. The main [[Upanishad]] of the Śākala Śākhā is [[Aitareya Upanishad|Aitareya Upaniṣad]]. The [[Shrauta Sutra]] for Śākala Shākhā is Āśvalāyaṇa Śrauta Sūtra and the [[Grihya-sutra|Grihya Sutra]] is Āśvalāyana Gr̥ya Sūtra. The [[Aranyaka]] of Śākala Śākhā is [[Aitareya Aranyaka|Aitareya Āraṇyaka]].{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=61}}{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=18}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSZmbbsg9bEC&pg=PA200|title=Bringing the Gods to Mind: Mantra and Ritual in Early Indian Sacrifice|author=Laurie L. Patton|date=27 June 2005|publisher=University of California Press|access-date=27 June 2005|page=200|isbn=9780520930889}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=18}}<ref>Hermann Oldenberg, trans., Max Müller, ed. [[Sacred Books of the East]] Vol. XXIX, [https://archive.org/details/grihyastrasrul01oldeuoft "The Grihya-sûtras, rules of Vedic domestic ceremonies"], part 1, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1886</ref><ref>Hermann Oldenberg, trans., Max Müller, trans. Sacred Books of the East Vol. XXX, [https://archive.org/details/grihyastrasrul02oldeuoft "The Grihya-sûtras, rules of Vedic domestic ceremonies"], part 2, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1892</ref>
 ==Shiksha==
-Shiksha as a term for phonetics, is first used in [[Taittirīya Upanishad]], which gives its various components which include Varna (individual sounds) and Svara (accent). The Pratishakhyas are among the earlier texts of Shiksha. Pratishakhya literally means " belonging to each Shakha". In Rigveda the Pratishakhya available today is ascribed to [[Shaunaka]]. This is also known as ''Shakala Pratishakhya'' and belongs to ''Shaishiriya Shaka'', a branch of "Shakala Shakha".{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=75}}
+Śikṣā as a term for phonetics, is first used in [[Taittiriya Upanishad|Taittirīya Upaniṣad]], which gives its various components which include Varna (individual sounds) and Svara (accent). The Pratishakhyas are among the earlier texts of Shiksha. Pratiśākhya literally means " belonging to each śākhā". In the Rigveda the Pratishakhya available today is ascribed to [[Shaunaka]]. This is also known as ''Śākala Pratiśākhya'' and belongs to ''Śaiśirīya Śākhā'', a branch of "Śākala Śākhā".{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=75}}
+==Prominent people==
+The major āchāryas who belonged to the Śākala Śākhā included:
+*[[Padmanabha Tirtha]] (samadhi 1324 CE), a [[Hindu]] [[Dvaita]] philosopher, dialectician, the direct disciple of [[Madhvacharya]] and the acharya who is known for spreading [[Tattvavada]] outside the Tulunadu region.
+*[[Jayatirtha]] (1345 – 1388) - a [[Hindu]] [[Dvaita]] philosopher, dialectician, polemicist and the 6th peetha of [[Madhvacharya]] Peetha.{{Sfn|Hebbar|2005|p=227}}
+* [[Eknath]] (1533–1599) - a [[Hindu]] [[Advaita]] [[Vaishnava]] saint, scholar, and religious poet of the [[Varkari]] [[Sampradaya]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Religion and Public Memory: A Cultural History of Saint Namdev in India |first=Christian Lee |last=Novetzke |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-23151-256-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SqUdRVOv9TUC |pages=141–142}}</ref>
+* [[Samarth Ramdas]] (1608–1681) - a [[Hindu]] [[Vaishnava]] saint and devotee of Lord [[Rama]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Date|first1=V. H.|title=Spiritual treasure of Saint Rāmadāsa|date=1975|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|isbn=9780842608053|page=1|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R_CqRVMo1OIC&pg=PA1}}</ref>
+*[[Mahipati]] (1715 - 1790), an 18th century [[Hindu]] [[Vaishnava]] [[Varkari]] saint.
+*[[Manik Prabhu]] (1817 - 1865) - a [[Hindu]] [[Advaita]] saint, philosopher, poet and guru of Dattatreya tradition.
+*[[Satyadhyana Tirtha]] (1872 - 1942) - a [[Hindu]] [[Dvaita]] philosopher-saint, scholar, yogi, mystic, theologian and the 38th peetadhipathi of [[Uttaradi Math]].{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=198}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 11: / Line 22: @@
 ==Bibliography==
 *{{Cite book|title=The Vedas: An Introduction to Hinduism's Sacred Texts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCEoAwAAQBAJ|first=Roshen|last=Dalal|publisher=Penguin UK|year=2014|isbn = 9788184757637}}
+*{{cite book|title= The Sri-Krsna Temple at Udupi: The History and Spiritual Center of the Madhvite Sect of Hinduism|first=B.N|last=Hebbar|publisher=Bharatiya Granth Nikethan|year=2005|isbn=81-89211-04-8}}
+* {{cite book|title = A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Vol 1. 3rd Edition|first = B. N. Krishnamurti| last = Sharma| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint) |isbn = 978-8120815759| year= 2000 }}
 [[Category:Vedas]]