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| office = General Secretary of the<br>[[Communist Party of India]] | | office = General Secretary of the<br>[[Communist Party of India]] | ||
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1896|12|14|df=y}} | | birth_date = {{Birth date|1896|12|14|df=y}} | ||
| birth_place = [[Mangalore]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] | | birth_place = [[Mangalore]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] | ||
| death_date = {{Death-date and age|28 November 1970|December 14 | | death_date = {{Death-date and age|28 November 1970|December 14 1896}} | ||
| death_place = [[New Delhi, India]] | | death_place = [[New Delhi, India]] | ||
| occupation = Freedom fighter | | occupation = Freedom fighter | ||
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=== Early life === | === Early life === | ||
S.V. Ghate was raised in Mangalore in a [[Marathi people|Maharashtrian]] [[Karhade Brahmin]] family in [[Mangalore]]. With the assistance of his older brother, he attended [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St Aloysius College]] in Mangalore.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kooiman|first=Dick|date=July 19, 1980|title=Bombay Communists and the 1924 Textile Strike|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4368873|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=15|pages=1228–1229|via=JSTOR}}</ref> | S.V. Ghate was raised in Mangalore in a [[Marathi people|Maharashtrian]] [[Karhade Brahmin]] family in [[Mangalore]]. With the assistance of his older brother, he attended [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St Aloysius College]] in Mangalore.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kooiman|first=Dick|date=July 19, 1980|title=Bombay Communists and the 1924 Textile Strike|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4368873|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=15|issue=29|pages=1228–1229|jstor=4368873|via=JSTOR}}</ref> He is quoted as saying that his reading of "Indian philosophy, including [[Ramakrishna]] [[Paramahamsa]], and [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]]" were influential in his becoming a Communist stating, "The main thing in all the topics in philosophy is service of people."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hesse|first=Patrick|date=July 25, 2015|title="To the Masses." Communism and Religion in North India, 1920–47|url=https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/18452/20068/dissertation_hesse_patrick.pdf|journal=Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin|pages=83}}</ref> | ||
=== General Secretary of the Communist Party of India === | === General Secretary of the Communist Party of India === | ||
| Line 58: | Line 58: | ||
=== Meerut Conspiracy Case === | === Meerut Conspiracy Case === | ||
In 1929, he was jailed in the [[Meerut Conspiracy Case]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Windmiller|first=Marshall|date=July 29, 2011|title=Communism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAFBW743Bi4C | In 1929, he was jailed in the [[Meerut Conspiracy Case]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Windmiller|first=Marshall|date=July 29, 2011|title=Communism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAFBW743Bi4C&dq=Sachchidanand+Vishnu+Ghate&pg=PA561|publisher=University of California Press|via=Google Books}}</ref> | ||
While in jail, Ghate was the leader of the Camp No. II prisoners, which included about 200 prisoners, mostly Sikhs, and about 160 Communists and 30 socialists. When Ghate was jailed, [[Gangadhar Adhikari]] became the General Secretary of CPI. Next, when Adhikari was jailed, the CPI was forced underground. After going underground for several years, it successfully reorganised and [[PC Joshi]] took the reigns in 1935 as General Secretary.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Noorani|first=A.G.|date=December 30, 2011|title=Of Stalin, Telangana & Indian revolution|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/article30178283.ece|journal=Frontline|volume=28}}</ref> | While in jail, Ghate was the leader of the Camp No. II prisoners, which included about 200 prisoners, mostly Sikhs, and about 160 Communists and 30 socialists. When Ghate was jailed, [[Gangadhar Adhikari]] became the General Secretary of CPI. Next, when Adhikari was jailed, the CPI was forced underground. After going underground for several years, it successfully reorganised and [[PC Joshi]] took the reigns in 1935 as General Secretary.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Noorani|first=A.G.|date=December 30, 2011|title=Of Stalin, Telangana & Indian revolution|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/article30178283.ece|journal=Frontline|volume=28}}</ref> | ||
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While working in Mangalore in 1934, workers from [[Kannur]] were influenced by Ghate and [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]], the two prominent Mangalorean socialists, to form the Kannur Beedi Thozhilali Union (KBTU).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Franke|first=Richard|title=Democracy at Work in an Indian Industrial Cooperative: The Story of Kerala Dinesh Beedi|publisher=Cornell University Press|date=May 31, 2018|isbn=9781501717550|pages=33|chapter=The Story of Kerala Dinesh Beedi}}</ref> | While working in Mangalore in 1934, workers from [[Kannur]] were influenced by Ghate and [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]], the two prominent Mangalorean socialists, to form the Kannur Beedi Thozhilali Union (KBTU).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Franke|first=Richard|title=Democracy at Work in an Indian Industrial Cooperative: The Story of Kerala Dinesh Beedi|publisher=Cornell University Press|date=May 31, 2018|isbn=9781501717550|pages=33|chapter=The Story of Kerala Dinesh Beedi}}</ref> | ||
In 1935, CPI adopted a [[Popular front|Popular Front]] strategy to ally themselves with other anti-colonial agitators. In 1936, Ghate sought to develop the Communist Party in the [[Madras Presidency]]. When he reached Madras in 1936, he met with and sought to unite political leaders, including [[Malayapuram Singaravelu]], [[V. Subbiah]], [[P. Jeevanandham]], [[K. Murugesan Anandan]], [[B Srinivasa Rao]], and [[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]]. At that time, Ghate came to an agreement with [[Puran Chand Joshi]] and [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] that the CPI and [[Congress Socialist Party]] workers should join forces, and personally promised Narain to work to bring up CSP.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bose|first=K|title=Forward Bloc In Tamil Nadu - A Political Study|publisher=University of Madras| | In 1935, CPI adopted a [[Popular front|Popular Front]] strategy to ally themselves with other anti-colonial agitators. In 1936, Ghate sought to develop the Communist Party in the [[Madras Presidency]]. When he reached Madras in 1936, he met with and sought to unite political leaders, including [[Malayapuram Singaravelu]], [[V. Subbiah]], [[P. Jeevanandham]], [[K. Murugesan Anandan]], [[B Srinivasa Rao]], and [[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]]. At that time, Ghate came to an agreement with [[Puran Chand Joshi]] and [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] that the CPI and [[Congress Socialist Party]] workers should join forces, and personally promised Narain to work to bring up CSP.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bose|first=K|title=Forward Bloc In Tamil Nadu - A Political Study|publisher=University of Madras|date=February 1985|location=Madras|pages=32–33}}</ref> At that time, became the editor of ''[[New Age Weekly|New Age]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sagar|first=Rahul|title=New Age (Communist Party of India)|url=https://www.ideasofindia.org/project/new-age-cpi/|access-date=August 30, 2020|website=Ideas of India}}</ref> | ||
Later on, in 1937, Ghate went to Kerala, where he participated in the formation of the state's first Communist cell.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jeffrey|first=Robin|date=November 1978|title=Matriliny, Marxism, and the Birth of the Communist Party in Kerala, 1930-1940|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=38|issue=1|pages=77–98|doi=10.2307/2054238|jstor=2054238}}</ref> Ghate, the national Communist leader, provided the requisite support for state activists [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]], [[P. Krishna Pillai]], [[K. Damodaran]], [[N.C. Sekhar]] to form the first Communist cell in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pinarayi|first=Vijayan|date=April 2015|title=Welcome Address|url=https://cpim.org/content/address-p-vijayan|access-date=August 30, 2020|website=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}</ref> | Later on, in 1937, Ghate went to Kerala, where he participated in the formation of the state's first Communist cell.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jeffrey|first=Robin|date=November 1978|title=Matriliny, Marxism, and the Birth of the Communist Party in Kerala, 1930-1940|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=38|issue=1|pages=77–98|doi=10.2307/2054238|jstor=2054238}}</ref> Ghate, the national Communist leader, provided the requisite support for state activists [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]], [[P. Krishna Pillai]], [[K. Damodaran]], [[N.C. Sekhar]] to form the first Communist cell in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pinarayi|first=Vijayan|date=April 2015|title=Welcome Address|url=https://cpim.org/content/address-p-vijayan|access-date=August 30, 2020|website=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}</ref> | ||
In March 1939, he was ordered to leave [[Chennai|Madras]] and reside within [[Mangalore]] city limits. Despite complying with the order, in 1944 he was arrested and detained.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 25, 2014|title=Seventy years ago: | In March 1939, he was ordered to leave [[Chennai|Madras]] and reside within [[Mangalore]] city limits. Despite complying with the order, in 1944 he was arrested and detained.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 25, 2014|title=Seventy years ago: 'Habeas Corpus' prayer dismissed|work=Dawn|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1095445/seventy-years-ago-habeas-corpus-prayer-dismissed|access-date=August 30, 2020}}</ref> Upon his arrest, he was transported to [[Deoli, Rajasthan|Deoli]] Detention jail where he was held with other prominent Communists who had interfered with the British. [[S.S. Mirajkar]] is quoted as saying, "When Ghate was taken away, [[Gangadhar Adhikari|Adhikari]] became secretary. When Adhikari was taken away, I was made secretary and I continued for some time till I disappeared from the scene."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Noorani|first=A.G.|date=May 4, 2012|title=Making of a Thesis|work=Frontline|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30165459.ece|access-date=October 25, 2021}}</ref> | ||
[[File:Indian Communists meeting Kerala.jpg|thumb|Hindu Communists S.V. Ghate (standing L) and [[M. N. Govindan Nair]] (standing C), at the meeting of Indian Communists.]] | |||
== The Three Ps Document == | == The Three Ps Document == | ||
| Line 78: | Line 79: | ||
== Political Views == | == Political Views == | ||
Ghate | CPI leaders, including Ghate and Dange, whose base was with the working class and trade unions advocated for an end to the violent [[Telangana Rebellion]] and for participation in general elections.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Vijay|date=April 2015|title=Document on the Tactical Line of Communist Party of India|url=https://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv21n1/introcpitactics.htm|journal=Revolutionary Democracy|volume=21}}</ref> | ||
== Personal Life == | |||
Ghate is the uncle of the founder-president and former General Secretary of [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]], [[Prabhakar Ghate]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Special Correspondent|date=August 17, 2018|title='Vajpayee acted as he preached'|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/vajpayee-acted-as-he-preached/article24710349.ece|access-date=October 25, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=September 11, 2005|title=Former BMS Gen Secy Ghate passes away|work=Zee News|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/former-bms-gen-secy-ghate-passes-away_240978.html|access-date=October 25, 2021}}</ref> and grand-uncle of Karnataka-state [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]] General Secretary and Magnum Intergrafiks founder and Managing Director, [[Sudhir Ghate]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Special Correspondent|date=October 22, 2021|title=Magnum founder Sudhir Ghate passes away|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/magnum-founder-sudhir-ghate-passes-away/article37125714.ece|access-date=October 25, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|date=October 22, 2021|title=Magnum founder Sudhir Ghate dies in Mangaluru|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/magnum-founder-bjp-leader-sudhir-ghate-dies-mangaluru-7586278/|access-date=October 25, 2021}}</ref> | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
Latest revision as of 07:11, 20 December 2021
Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate | |
|---|---|
| General Secretary of the Communist Party of India | |
| In office 1925–1933 | |
| Preceded by | Position Created |
| Succeeded by | Gangadhar Adhikari |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 14 December 1896 Mangalore, Madras Presidency, British India |
| Died | 28 November 1970 (aged 73) New Delhi, India |
| Political party | Communist Party of India |
| Occupation | Freedom fighter |
Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate (December 14, 1896 – November 28, 1970), also known as S.V. Ghate,[1] was a freedom fighter and first General Secretary of the Communist Party of India.[2][3][4] The Communist Party of India Karnataka State headquarters, Ghate Bhavan, is named in his honor.[5]
Biography[edit | edit source]
Early life[edit | edit source]
S.V. Ghate was raised in Mangalore in a Maharashtrian Karhade Brahmin family in Mangalore. With the assistance of his older brother, he attended St Aloysius College in Mangalore.[6] He is quoted as saying that his reading of "Indian philosophy, including Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, and Vivekananda" were influential in his becoming a Communist stating, "The main thing in all the topics in philosophy is service of people."[7]
General Secretary of the Communist Party of India[edit | edit source]
In December 1925 the first Communist Conference of India was held at Kanpur with the leadership of Satya Bhakta that an amalgamation of many small left-wing parties allowed for the founding of an all-India organisation under the name of the “Communist Party of India”.
During the first Communist Conference in India held at Kanpur in December 1925, there was a debate among the leaders on the appropriate name for the party. While Satya Bhakta opined that the party was to be named “Indian Communist Party”, other leaders such as S.V. Ghate, K.N. Joglekar, R.S. Nimbkar stressed that the general international norm was that it was called the Communist Party of this country or that country, hence, insisted that the party should be called the “Communist Party of India”.[8] As a result of this, Satya Bhakta formed a separate party and called it the “National Communist Party” and the party was officially announced as the “Communist Party of India”. Finally, on December 26, 1925, the Communist Party of India was formed and Ghate was chosen as the first General Secretary.[9]
In 1927, Ghate became the first Communist to be elected as an All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) office bearer during the Kanpur session. Ghate's accession to AITUC signalled a shift in the organisation's philosophy. Gradually, the Communist faction gained further influence over the organisation and were successful in reorienting it toward their ideology.[10]
When the Communist Party purchased an old military jeep from the Indian Army, Ghate would pick up Party staff and leaders and transport them to the Communist Party's Central Office. His fellow Communist Party members, including Chandra Rajeswara Rao, dubbed this jeep the GTS, or Ghate Transportation Service.[11]
Workers’ and Peasants' Party (WPP)[edit | edit source]
Ghate and colleagues transformed the Socialist Group within the Congress into a WPP in 1927, with S. S. Mirajkar as the general secretary, and soon spread to other provinces. Ghate also initiated Young Workers’ League. He played a crucial role in the Boycott Simon Commission movement of 1927-28. It was an upsurge in Bombay, and the Commission had to by- pass Bombay on way to Poona. Seven effigies were burnt for seven members of the Commission. More than 50 thousand people came out in a historic procession led by the WPP. Ghate and Mirajkar met Shapurji Saklatvala when he came to Bombay in January 1927, and organized a huge public reception in his honour. Ghate was in-charge of one of the centres of Girni Kamgar Union (GKU) during the historic textile strike of 1928. He along with Dange, Joglekar, NM Joshi and others was a member of the Central Strike Committee. The all India conference of WPP was held in Albert Hall, Calcutta in December, 1928. Ghate played a central role. WPP also brought out a massive demonstration before the Congress pandal, demanding acceptance of resolution on full independence. Communist Party also held its meetings under his guidance.
Meerut Conspiracy Case[edit | edit source]
In 1929, he was jailed in the Meerut Conspiracy Case.[12]
While in jail, Ghate was the leader of the Camp No. II prisoners, which included about 200 prisoners, mostly Sikhs, and about 160 Communists and 30 socialists. When Ghate was jailed, Gangadhar Adhikari became the General Secretary of CPI. Next, when Adhikari was jailed, the CPI was forced underground. After going underground for several years, it successfully reorganised and PC Joshi took the reigns in 1935 as General Secretary.[13]
Later political activities[edit | edit source]
While working in Mangalore in 1934, workers from Kannur were influenced by Ghate and Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, the two prominent Mangalorean socialists, to form the Kannur Beedi Thozhilali Union (KBTU).[14]
In 1935, CPI adopted a Popular Front strategy to ally themselves with other anti-colonial agitators. In 1936, Ghate sought to develop the Communist Party in the Madras Presidency. When he reached Madras in 1936, he met with and sought to unite political leaders, including Malayapuram Singaravelu, V. Subbiah, P. Jeevanandham, K. Murugesan Anandan, B Srinivasa Rao, and Puchalapalli Sundarayya. At that time, Ghate came to an agreement with Puran Chand Joshi and Jayaprakash Narayan that the CPI and Congress Socialist Party workers should join forces, and personally promised Narain to work to bring up CSP.[15] At that time, became the editor of New Age.[16]
Later on, in 1937, Ghate went to Kerala, where he participated in the formation of the state's first Communist cell.[17] Ghate, the national Communist leader, provided the requisite support for state activists E. M. S. Namboodiripad, P. Krishna Pillai, K. Damodaran, N.C. Sekhar to form the first Communist cell in the state.[18]
In March 1939, he was ordered to leave Madras and reside within Mangalore city limits. Despite complying with the order, in 1944 he was arrested and detained.[19] Upon his arrest, he was transported to Deoli Detention jail where he was held with other prominent Communists who had interfered with the British. S.S. Mirajkar is quoted as saying, "When Ghate was taken away, Adhikari became secretary. When Adhikari was taken away, I was made secretary and I continued for some time till I disappeared from the scene."[20]
The Three Ps Document[edit | edit source]
The Communist Party underwent a period of turmoil and dysfunction during which time leaders were put in jail and the organisation was forced to operate underground. During this tumultuous period, Ghate and his fellow leaders sought to unify the party. Writing under pseudonyms, Ghate, Shripad Amrit Dange, and Ajoy Ghosh — Purushottam, Prabodh Candra, and Prakash, respectively — released the "Three Ps Document" on September 30, 1950. The document sought to unify a party that had been brought to the brink of annihilation. It was written in opposition to both B. T. Ranadive's Ranadive Line, which sought to emulate the Russian Zhdanov Doctrine, and the Andhra Thesis, which advocated emulating the Communist Party of China's path.[21][22]
As the Three Ps Document put it, "The old leadership talked about the 'Russian way', the new leadership talks about [the] 'Chinese way'. The older leadership talked about 'revolutionary upsurge', the new leadership talks about 'civil war' ... Neither bothered to understand and analyse the situation in our own country." Instead, the Three Ps Document proposed an Indian path that took into account the local conditions and circumstances of India.[22]
Political Views[edit | edit source]
CPI leaders, including Ghate and Dange, whose base was with the working class and trade unions advocated for an end to the violent Telangana Rebellion and for participation in general elections.[23]
Personal Life[edit | edit source]
Ghate is the uncle of the founder-president and former General Secretary of Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh, Prabhakar Ghate[24] [25] and grand-uncle of Karnataka-state Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha General Secretary and Magnum Intergrafiks founder and Managing Director, Sudhir Ghate.[26] [27]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Ghate, Sachchidanand Vishnu (July 29, 1971). "S. V. Ghate: Our First General Secretary: A Memorial Volume". Communist Party Publication – via Google Books.
- ↑ SV Ghate: First General Secretary of CPI, in New Age Weekly. No. 69, 2021. pp. 11-12
- ↑ "Remembering S.V. Ghate - Mainstream Weekly". www.mainstreamweekly.net.
- ↑ "Kanpur Communist Conference (December 1926)". Communist Party of India (Marxist). April 28, 2015.
- ↑ IPA Staff (December 27, 2019). "Jharkhand Defeat Is A Definite Shift - India Press Agency". IPA Newspack. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
- ↑ Kooiman, Dick (July 19, 1980). "Bombay Communists and the 1924 Textile Strike". Economic and Political Weekly. 15 (29): 1228–1229. JSTOR 4368873 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ Hesse, Patrick (July 25, 2015). ""To the Masses." Communism and Religion in North India, 1920–47" (PDF). Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin: 83.
- ↑ Noorani, A.G. (May 18, 2012). "Origins of Indian Communism". Frontline. 28.
- ↑ Chandra, Bipin (9 August 2016). India's Struggle for Independence 1857-1947. Penguin Books. p. 295. ISBN 9788184751833.
- ↑ Dinesh, Sharma (2002). "Anti congressism and nation building with special reference to post independence period" (PDF). Department of Political Science T.D. College Jaunpur: 116–117 – via Shodhganga.
- ↑ Balakrishnan, P.K. (June 14, 2014). "Com CR: A Fearless Warrior of Indian Revolution". Mainstream Weekly. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ↑ Windmiller, Marshall (July 29, 2011). "Communism in India". University of California Press – via Google Books.
- ↑ Noorani, A.G. (December 30, 2011). "Of Stalin, Telangana & Indian revolution". Frontline. 28.
- ↑ Franke, Richard (May 31, 2018). "The Story of Kerala Dinesh Beedi". Democracy at Work in an Indian Industrial Cooperative: The Story of Kerala Dinesh Beedi. Cornell University Press. p. 33. ISBN 9781501717550.
- ↑ Bose, K (February 1985). Forward Bloc In Tamil Nadu - A Political Study. Madras: University of Madras. pp. 32–33.
- ↑ Sagar, Rahul. "New Age (Communist Party of India)". Ideas of India. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
- ↑ Jeffrey, Robin (November 1978). "Matriliny, Marxism, and the Birth of the Communist Party in Kerala, 1930-1940". The Journal of Asian Studies. 38 (1): 77–98. doi:10.2307/2054238. JSTOR 2054238.
- ↑ Pinarayi, Vijayan (April 2015). "Welcome Address". Communist Party of India (Marxist). Retrieved August 30, 2020.
- ↑ "Seventy years ago: 'Habeas Corpus' prayer dismissed". Dawn. March 25, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
- ↑ Noorani, A.G. (May 4, 2012). "Making of a Thesis". Frontline. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
- ↑ Joshi, P. C. (December 25, 2007). "Remembering S.V. Ghate". Mainstream Weekly. 46.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Lockwood, David (2016). The Communist Party of India and the Indian Emergency. SAGE Publications India. ISBN 9789351505778.
- ↑ Singh, Vijay (April 2015). "Document on the Tactical Line of Communist Party of India". Revolutionary Democracy. 21.
- ↑ Special Correspondent (August 17, 2018). "'Vajpayee acted as he preached'". The Hindu. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
{{cite news}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ↑ "Former BMS Gen Secy Ghate passes away". Zee News. September 11, 2005. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
- ↑ Special Correspondent (October 22, 2021). "Magnum founder Sudhir Ghate passes away". The Hindu. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
{{cite news}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ↑ PTI (October 22, 2021). "Magnum founder Sudhir Ghate dies in Mangaluru". The Indian Express. Retrieved October 25, 2021.