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The city has been a part of Chola Dynasty. A lot of religious places are located with in the city. A mosque in the city is believed to be built by Tipu Sultan the ruler of Mysore Kingdom in the present day of Karnataka. The town and the surrounding hilly regions were part of the [[Chola dynasty]] and was part of the trade route with the [[Roman empire]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Far East Kingdoms of South Asia: Cheras|url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaCheras.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217112250/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaCheras.htm|archive-date=17 February 2017|access-date=25 February 2017|work=The History Files|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was later governed by [[Poligars]], who built temples and forts in and around the city.<ref>{{cite book|author=E. H. Warmington|title=The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1107-432-14-7|page=144}}</ref> It was part of the [[Vijayanagara empire]] before being captured by [[Hyder Ali]] during the early 18th century, after the [[Mangammal#War with Mysore|Mysore-Madurai war]]. It was ceded to the British in 1768 and the area became part of the struggle between [[Kongu Nadu]] led by [[Dheeran Chinnamalai]] and the British.<ref>{{cite news|author=Asha Sridhar|date=30 January 2015|title=Winding the clock back, anti-colonial wise|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/winding-the-clock-back-anticolonial-wise/article6835999.ece|access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref> Salem became part of [[Salem district]] since independence in 1947. Salem district was the first district to be formed in India on 4 April 1792 that spread over 7,530&nbsp;sq&nbsp;km comprising the present-day [[Namakkal]], [[Dharmapuri]], [[Krishnagiri]]. Alexander Reed was the collector of the Salem district from 1792 to 1799.<ref>{{cite news|last=S.P.Saravanan|first=Saravanan|date=10 April 2016|title=Salem’s history on a map|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=The Hindu|location=Salem|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/salems-history-on-a-map/article8456869.ece|url-status=live|access-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909014038/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/salems-history-on-a-map/article8456869.ece|archive-date=9 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
The city has been a part of Chola Dynasty. A lot of religious places are located with in the city. A mosque in the city is believed to be built by Tipu Sultan the ruler of Mysore Kingdom in the present day of Karnataka. The town and the surrounding hilly regions were part of the [[Chola dynasty]] and was part of the trade route with the [[Roman empire]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Far East Kingdoms of South Asia: Cheras|url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaCheras.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217112250/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaCheras.htm|archive-date=17 February 2017|access-date=25 February 2017|work=The History Files|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was later governed by [[Poligars]], who built temples and forts in and around the city.<ref>{{cite book|author=E. H. Warmington|title=The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1107-432-14-7|page=144}}</ref> It was part of the [[Vijayanagara empire]] before being captured by [[Hyder Ali]] during the early 18th century, after the [[Mangammal#War with Mysore|Mysore-Madurai war]]. It was ceded to the British in 1768 and the area became part of the struggle between [[Kongu Nadu]] led by [[Dheeran Chinnamalai]] and the British.<ref>{{cite news|author=Asha Sridhar|date=30 January 2015|title=Winding the clock back, anti-colonial wise|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/winding-the-clock-back-anticolonial-wise/article6835999.ece|access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref> Salem became part of [[Salem district]] since independence in 1947. Salem district was the first district to be formed in India on 4 April 1792 that spread over 7,530&nbsp;sq&nbsp;km comprising the present-day [[Namakkal]], [[Dharmapuri]], [[Krishnagiri]]. Alexander Reed was the collector of the Salem district from 1792 to 1799.<ref>{{cite news|last=S.P.Saravanan|first=Saravanan|date=10 April 2016|title=Salem’s history on a map|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=The Hindu|location=Salem|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/salems-history-on-a-map/article8456869.ece|url-status=live|access-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909014038/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/salems-history-on-a-map/article8456869.ece|archive-date=9 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
==History==
{{More citations needed|section|date=September 2021}}
{{main|History of Salem, Tamil Nadu}}
=== Early period ===
During the 3rd century BCE, there was period of [[Bogar]] – a notable Tamil [[Siddhar]] and at that time [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]] arrived. Around the beginning of the [[common era]], the existence of a culturally and economically advanced society in Salem two thousand years ago is evident from the discovery of silver coins of the [[Roman Emperor]] [[Nero|Tiberices Claudices Nero]] (37–68 CE) in Koneripatti of Salem in 1987. Later [[Pandya dynasty]] started ruling the region around Salem. Later [[Pallava dynasty]] rises in Salem. After that [[Mahendra Varma Pallava]] came to Salem and [[Saivite]] principles rise. After Mahednra Varma Pallava, [[Narasimha Varma Pallava]] came. Soon Pandya dynasty came to Salem. The Hoysala rule established in Salem and parts of few Salem remained under Pandya dynasty.
=={{anchor|Geography and Climate}}Geography and climate==
{{Main|Geography of Salem}}
Salem is located at {{Coord|11.67|N|78.14|E|}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Salem.html |title=Falling Rain Genomic s, Inc&nbsp;– Salem |publisher=Fallingrain.com |access-date=10 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013121956/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Salem.html |archive-date=13 October 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> at an average elevation of 278&nbsp;m (912&nbsp;ft.). The city is surrounded by hills: Nagaramalai on the north, Jarugumalai on the south, [[Kanjamalai]] on the west, [[Godumalai]] on the east and the [[Shevaroy Hills]] on the northeast. Kariyaperumal Hill is in southwestern Salem.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/people-throng-tourist-spots-on-kaanum-pongal/article6798283.ece|title=People throng tourist spots on 'Kaanum Pongal'|author=Syed Muthahar Saqaf|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 January 2015|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205131013/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/people-throng-tourist-spots-on-kaanum-pongal/article6798283.ece|archive-date=5 February 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Thirumanimutharu River]] flows through the city, dividing it in two.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/river-thirumanimuthar-cries-for-attention/article7804532.ece|title=River Thirumanimuthar cries for attention|author=SS.P. Saravanan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 October 2015|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130548/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/river-thirumanimuthar-cries-for-attention/article7804532.ece|archive-date=5 February 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The fort area is the oldest part of Salem.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonatech.ac.in/about-sona/salem-district.html|title=ABOUT SALEM CITY|publisher=sonatech.in|access-date=February 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424005956/http://www.sonatech.ac.in/about-sona/salem-district.html|archive-date=24 April 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Salem lies in the foothills of [[Shevaroy Hills|Shevaroy hills]] which houses the famous hill Station '[[Yercaud]]'.
Salem has a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Aw''). January and February are generally pleasant; the hot summer begins in March, with the year's highest temperatures during April. Pre-monsoon thunderstorms occur during April and May. The Southwest monsoon season lasts from June to September. The [[Monsoon#Northeast monsoon|northeast monsoon]] occurs from October to December.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/TamilNadu/Salem.pdf|title=DISTRICT GROUNDWATER BROCHURE SALEM DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU|publisher=Central Ground Water Board|access-date=February 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403092016/http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/TamilNadu/Salem.pdf|archive-date=3 April 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnenvis.nic.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/file/9_SALEM_RAINFALL.pdf|title=Ground Water Augmentation Of Kannankuruchi Lake, Salem, TamilNadu Using GIS|publisher=International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)|access-date=February 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184519/http://www.tnenvis.nic.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/file/9_SALEM_RAINFALL.pdf|archive-date=5 February 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location = Salem, Tamil Nadu (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 37.2
| Feb record high C = 39.4
| Mar record high C = 41.7
| Apr record high C = 42.8
| May record high C = 42.8
| Jun record high C = 42.8
| Jul record high C = 40.6
| Aug record high C = 39.9
| Sep record high C = 38.9
| Oct record high C = 37.9
| Nov record high C = 35.6
| Dec record high C = 35.6
| year record high C = 42.8
| Jan high C = 32.1
| Feb high C = 34.7
| Mar high C = 37.0
| Apr high C = 37.8
| May high C = 37.2
| Jun high C = 35.0
| Jul high C = 34.0
| Aug high C = 33.4
| Sep high C = 33.2
| Oct high C = 32.1
| Nov high C = 31.0
| Dec high C = 30.7
| year high C = 34.0
| Jan low C = 19.2
| Feb low C = 20.4
| Mar low C = 22.5
| Apr low C = 25.0
| May low C = 25.0
| Jun low C = 24.1
| Jul low C = 23.4
| Aug low C = 23.0
| Sep low C = 22.8
| Oct low C = 22.4
| Nov low C = 21.1
| Dec low C = 19.6
| year low C = 22.4
| Jan record low C = 12.8
| Feb record low C = 11.1
| Mar record low C = 14.4
| Apr record low C = 16.5
| May record low C = 18.3
| Jun record low C = 19.3
| Jul record low C = 18.9
| Aug record low C = 18.1
| Sep record low C = 18.5
| Oct record low C = 15.5
| Nov record low C = 12.8
| Dec record low C = 12.8
| year record low C = 11.1
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 4.4
| Feb rain mm = 3.4
| Mar rain mm = 17.3
| Apr rain mm = 55.5
| May rain mm = 109.7
| Jun rain mm = 72.4
| Jul rain mm = 108.0
| Aug rain mm = 140.6
| Sep rain mm = 176.5
| Oct rain mm = 185.5
| Nov rain mm = 110.2
| Dec rain mm = 35.0
| year rain mm = 1018.5
| Jan rain days = 0.3
| Feb rain days = 0.3
| Mar rain days = 0.8
| Apr rain days = 3.2
| May rain days = 6.3
| Jun rain days = 4.8
| Jul rain days = 6.3
| Aug rain days = 8.1
| Sep rain days = 8.6
| Oct rain days = 9.9
| Nov rain days = 6.4
| Dec rain days = 2.6
| year rain days = 57.6
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 45
| Feb humidity = 36
| Mar humidity = 33
| Apr humidity = 40
| May humidity = 49
| Jun humidity = 55
| Jul humidity = 57
| Aug humidity = 58
| Sep humidity = 61
| Oct humidity = 69
| Nov humidity = 66
| Dec humidity = 56
|year humidity = 52
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Salem Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 679–680
| access-date = 29 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M203
| access-date = 29 March 2020}}</ref>
}}

Revision as of 13:44, 27 November 2021

For other places with the same name, see Salem (disambiguation).
Salem
Metropolis
Clockwise from top left: Mookaneri Lake, Modern Theatres, Trumpet Exchange Flyover, Salem Collectorate and Salem Steel Plant
Clockwise from top left: Mookaneri Lake, Modern Theatres, Trumpet Exchange Flyover, Salem Collectorate and Salem Steel Plant
Nickname(s): 
Steel City[1]
Mango City
Salem is located in Tamil Nadu
Salem
Salem
Coordinates: 11°39′N 78°10′E / 11.65°N 78.16°E / 11.65; 78.16Coordinates: 11°39′N 78°10′E / 11.65°N 78.16°E / 11.65; 78.16
CountryIndia
StateTamil Nadu
DistrictSalem district
Government
 • TypeMayor–Council
 • BodySalem City Municipal Corporation
 • Mayorvacant
Area
 • Metropolis124 km2 (48 sq mi)
 • Rank5
Elevation
289 m (948 ft)
Population
 (2011)[2]
 • Metropolis917,613
 • Rank45th
 • Metro
[3]
1,032,336
 • Metro rank
51st
Demonym(s)Salemians, Salethar
Languages
 • OfficialTamil
 • SpokenTamil
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
636xxx
Telephone code+91-427
Vehicle registrationTN-27, TN-30, TN-54, TN-90
Websitewww.salemcorporation.gov.in

Salem (About this soundpronunciation (help·info)) (Tamil: சேலம்) is a major city in Salem district, located on the banks of Thirumanimutharu river in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located about 140 kilometres (87 mi) northwest of Tiruchirappalli, 170 kilometres (106 mi) northeast of Coimbatore, 206 kilometres (128 mi) southeast of Bangalore and about 340 kilometres (210 mi) southwest of the state capital, Chennai. Salem is the fifth largest urban agglomeration in the state by population next to Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai and Trichy and the fifth largest city in Tamil Nadu by area covering 124 km2 (48 sq mi).[5]

The city has been a part of Chola Dynasty. A lot of religious places are located with in the city. A mosque in the city is believed to be built by Tipu Sultan the ruler of Mysore Kingdom in the present day of Karnataka. The town and the surrounding hilly regions were part of the Chola dynasty and was part of the trade route with the Roman empire.[6] It was later governed by Poligars, who built temples and forts in and around the city.[7] It was part of the Vijayanagara empire before being captured by Hyder Ali during the early 18th century, after the Mysore-Madurai war. It was ceded to the British in 1768 and the area became part of the struggle between Kongu Nadu led by Dheeran Chinnamalai and the British.[8] Salem became part of Salem district since independence in 1947. Salem district was the first district to be formed in India on 4 April 1792 that spread over 7,530 sq km comprising the present-day Namakkal, Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri. Alexander Reed was the collector of the Salem district from 1792 to 1799.[9]

History

Main article: History of Salem, Tamil Nadu

Early period

During the 3rd century BCE, there was period of Bogar – a notable Tamil Siddhar and at that time Jainism and Buddhism arrived. Around the beginning of the common era, the existence of a culturally and economically advanced society in Salem two thousand years ago is evident from the discovery of silver coins of the Roman Emperor Tiberices Claudices Nero (37–68 CE) in Koneripatti of Salem in 1987. Later Pandya dynasty started ruling the region around Salem. Later Pallava dynasty rises in Salem. After that Mahendra Varma Pallava came to Salem and Saivite principles rise. After Mahednra Varma Pallava, Narasimha Varma Pallava came. Soon Pandya dynasty came to Salem. The Hoysala rule established in Salem and parts of few Salem remained under Pandya dynasty.

Geography and climate

Main article: Geography of Salem

Salem is located at 11°40′N 78°08′E / 11.67°N 78.14°E / 11.67; 78.14,[10] at an average elevation of 278 m (912 ft.). The city is surrounded by hills: Nagaramalai on the north, Jarugumalai on the south, Kanjamalai on the west, Godumalai on the east and the Shevaroy Hills on the northeast. Kariyaperumal Hill is in southwestern Salem.[11] The Thirumanimutharu River flows through the city, dividing it in two.[12] The fort area is the oldest part of Salem.[13]

Salem lies in the foothills of Shevaroy hills which houses the famous hill Station 'Yercaud'.

Salem has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). January and February are generally pleasant; the hot summer begins in March, with the year's highest temperatures during April. Pre-monsoon thunderstorms occur during April and May. The Southwest monsoon season lasts from June to September. The northeast monsoon occurs from October to December.[14][15]

Climate data for Salem, Tamil Nadu (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 37.2
(99.0) 		39.4
(102.9) 		41.7
(107.1) 		42.8
(109.0) 		42.8
(109.0) 		42.8
(109.0) 		40.6
(105.1) 		39.9
(103.8) 		38.9
(102.0) 		37.9
(100.2) 		35.6
(96.1) 		35.6
(96.1) 		42.8
(109.0)
Average high °C (°F) 32.1
(89.8) 		34.7
(94.5) 		37.0
(98.6) 		37.8
(100.0) 		37.2
(99.0) 		35.0
(95.0) 		34.0
(93.2) 		33.4
(92.1) 		33.2
(91.8) 		32.1
(89.8) 		31.0
(87.8) 		30.7
(87.3) 		34.0
(93.2)
Average low °C (°F) 19.2
(66.6) 		20.4
(68.7) 		22.5
(72.5) 		25.0
(77.0) 		25.0
(77.0) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.4
(72.3) 		21.1
(70.0) 		19.6
(67.3) 		22.4
(72.3)
Record low °C (°F) 12.8
(55.0) 		11.1
(52.0) 		14.4
(57.9) 		16.5
(61.7) 		18.3
(64.9) 		19.3
(66.7) 		18.9
(66.0) 		18.1
(64.6) 		18.5
(65.3) 		15.5
(59.9) 		12.8
(55.0) 		12.8
(55.0) 		11.1
(52.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 4.4
(0.17) 		3.4
(0.13) 		17.3
(0.68) 		55.5
(2.19) 		109.7
(4.32) 		72.4
(2.85) 		108.0
(4.25) 		140.6
(5.54) 		176.5
(6.95) 		185.5
(7.30) 		110.2
(4.34) 		35.0
(1.38) 		1,018.5
(40.10)
Average rainy days 0.3 0.3 0.8 3.2 6.3 4.8 6.3 8.1 8.6 9.9 6.4 2.6 57.6
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 45 36 33 40 49 55 57 58 61 69 66 56 52
Source: India Meteorological Department[16][17]
  1. ↑ "My Salem - My Pride". Government of India. 30 October 2015. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2011census
  3. ↑ "Primary Census Abstract - Urban Agglomeration" (XLS). Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  4. ↑ "About Salem". salem.nic.in. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  5. ↑ "About Corporation". salemcorporation.gov.in. Archived from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  6. ↑ "Far East Kingdoms of South Asia: Cheras". The History Files. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  7. ↑ E. H. Warmington (2014). The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India. Cambridge University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-1107-432-14-7.
  8. ↑ Asha Sridhar (30 January 2015). "Winding the clock back, anti-colonial wise". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  9. ↑ S.P.Saravanan, Saravanan (10 April 2016). "Salem's history on a map". The Hindu. Salem: The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  10. ↑ "Falling Rain Genomic s, Inc – Salem". Fallingrain.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  11. ↑ Syed Muthahar Saqaf (18 January 2015). "People throng tourist spots on 'Kaanum Pongal'". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  12. ↑ SS.P. Saravanan (26 October 2015). "River Thirumanimuthar cries for attention". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  13. ↑ "ABOUT SALEM CITY". sonatech.in. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  14. ↑ "DISTRICT GROUNDWATER BROCHURE SALEM DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU" (PDF). Central Ground Water Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  15. ↑ "Ground Water Augmentation Of Kannankuruchi Lake, Salem, TamilNadu Using GIS" (PDF). International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  16. ↑ "Station: Salem Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 679–680. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  17. ↑ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M203. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
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