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Kos (unit): Difference between revisions
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}} | {{verify|date=August 2021}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}} | ||
{{Infobox unit | {{Infobox unit | ||
| symbol = kos | | symbol = kos | ||
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| quantity = [[length]] | | quantity = [[length]] | ||
| units1 = [[SI units]] | | units1 = [[SI units]] | ||
| inunits1 = {{val|3000|ul=m}} | | inunits1 = {{val|3000|ul=m}}{{fact|date=August 2021}} | ||
| units2 = [[imperial units|imperial]]/[[US customary units|US]] units | | units2 = [[imperial units|imperial]]/[[US customary units|US]] units | ||
| inunits2 = {{val|1.8|ul=mi}}<br /><!-- | | inunits2 = {{val|1.8|ul=mi}}<br /><!-- | ||
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The '''kos''' (Hindi: कोस), also spelled ''coss'', ''koss'', ''kosh'', ''krosh'', and ''krosha'', is a unit of measurement which is derived from a [[Sanskrit]] term, क्रोश ''krośa'', which means to "call", as the unit was supposed to represent the distance at which another human could be heard. It is an ancient [[Indian subcontinent]]al standard unit of distance, in use since at least 4 | The '''kos''' (Hindi: कोस), also spelled ''coss'', ''koss'', ''kosh'', ''krosh'', and ''krosha'', is a unit of measurement which is derived from a [[Sanskrit]] term, क्रोश ''krośa'', which means to "call", as the unit was supposed to represent the distance at which another human could be heard. It is an ancient [[Indian subcontinent]]al standard unit of distance, in use since at least 4 BC. According to the ''Artha-śāstra'', a ''krośa'' or ''kos'' is about 3000 meters or 1.8 miles.{{fact|date=August 2021}} | ||
Another conversion is based on the Mughal emperor Akbar, who standardized the unit to 5000 ''[[guz]]'' in the [[Ain-i-Akbari]]. The British in India standardized Akbar's ''guz'' to 33 inches, making the ''kos'' approximately 4191 meters.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/hobsonjobsonbein00yuleuoft/page/261/mode/1up|page=261 |title=Hobson-Jobson : being a glossary of Anglo-India colloquial words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive| author=Yule, Henry| author2= Burnell, A. C.|editor=Crooke, William | year=1903| place= London| publisher= John Murray}}</ref> Another conversion suggested a ''kos'' to be approximately 2 English miles.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/usefultablesfor01pringoog/page/n109/mode/1up| author=Prinsep, James|page=91|title=Useful Tables, Forming an Appendix to the Journal of the Asiatic Society|place=Calcutta| year=1840| publisher= Bishop's College Press}}</ref> | Another conversion is based on the Mughal emperor Akbar, who standardized the unit to 5000 ''[[guz]]'' in the [[Ain-i-Akbari]]. The British in India standardized Akbar's ''guz'' to 33 inches, making the ''kos'' approximately 4191 meters.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/hobsonjobsonbein00yuleuoft/page/261/mode/1up|page=261 |title=Hobson-Jobson : being a glossary of Anglo-India colloquial words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive| author=Yule, Henry| author2= Burnell, A. C.|editor=Crooke, William | year=1903| place= London| publisher= John Murray}}</ref> Another conversion suggested a ''kos'' to be approximately 2 English miles.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/usefultablesfor01pringoog/page/n109/mode/1up| author=Prinsep, James|page=91|title=Useful Tables, Forming an Appendix to the Journal of the Asiatic Society|place=Calcutta| year=1840| publisher= Bishop's College Press}}</ref> | ||
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[[File:Mughal-era Kos Minar in the Delhi National Zoo.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Kos Minar]] in Delhi]] | [[File:Mughal-era Kos Minar in the Delhi National Zoo.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Kos Minar]] in Delhi]] | ||
The ''"[[Arthashastra]]: Chapter XX. Measurement of space and time"'', authored in 4th century | The ''"[[Arthashastra]]: Chapter XX. Measurement of space and time"'', authored in 4th century BC by [[Chanakya]] (Vishnugupta Kauṭilya), sets this standard breakup of [[India]]n units of length:<ref name=Arthashashtra>[https://archive.org/details/Arthasastra_English_Translation Arthashastra, Chanakya, 4th century BC, pp151]</ref>{{better|date=August 2021}}<ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=September 2007}} {{cite web|url=http://www.valmikiramayan.net/aranya/sarga69/aranyaitrans69.htm#Verse5|accessdate=2007-09-29|title=Valmiki Ramayana / Book III: Aranya Kanda - The Forest Trek / Chapter (Sarga) 69}}</ref> | ||
* 1 Angul (approximate width of a finger) = approx. 3/4 of an inch; | * 1 Angul (approximate width of a finger) = approx. 3/4 of an inch;{{fact|date=August 2021}} | ||
* 4 Angul = Dhanurgrah (bow grip) = 3 in; | * 4 Angul = Dhanurgrah (bow grip) = 3 in;{{fact|date=August 2021}} | ||
* 8 Angul = 1 Dhanurmushti (fist with thumb raised) = 6 in; | * 8 Angul = 1 Dhanurmushti (fist with thumb raised) = 6 in;{{fact|date=August 2021}} | ||
* 12 Angul = 1 Vitastaa (span-distance of stretched out palm between the tips of a person's thumb and the little finger) = 9 in; | * 12 Angul = 1 Vitastaa (span-distance of stretched out palm between the tips of a person's thumb and the little finger) = 9 in;{{fact|date=August 2021}} | ||
* 2 Vitastaa (from the tip of the elbow to the tip of the middle finger) = 1 Aratni or Hast (cubit or Haath) = 18 in; | * 2 Vitastaa (from the tip of the elbow to the tip of the middle finger) = 1 Aratni or Hast (cubit or Haath) = 18 in;{{fact|date=August 2021}} | ||
* 4 Aratni (Haath) = 1 Dand or Dhanush (bow) = 6 ft; | * 4 Aratni (Haath) = 1 Dand or Dhanush (bow) = 6 ft;{{fact|date=August 2021}} | ||
* 10 Dand = 1 Rajju = 60 ft; | * 10 Dand = 1 Rajju = 60 ft;{{fact|date=August 2021}} | ||
* 2 Rajju = 1 Paridesh = 120 ft; | * 2 Rajju = 1 Paridesh = 120 ft;{{fact|date=August 2021}} | ||
* 10 Rajju = 1 Goruta = 219 yards or {{fraction|1|8}} miles - nearly 200 m; | * 10 Rajju = 1 Goruta = 219 yards or {{fraction|1|8}} miles - nearly 200 m;{{fact|date=August 2021}} | ||
* 10 Goruta= 1 Krosh/ Kos = Nearly 3350 Yards or 3060 meters or 1.9 Miles | * 10 Goruta= 1 Krosh/ Kos = Nearly 3350 Yards or 3060 meters or 1.9 Miles{{fact|date=August 2021}} | ||
==Conversion to SI units and Imperial units== | ==Conversion to SI units and Imperial units== | ||
Kos may also refer to roughly 0.2 km ({{sfrac|1|8}} mile)<ref>''Measure for Measure'', Young & Glover, 1996</ref> ''Arthashastra Standard unit'' of Kos or krosh is equal to 200 [[metre]]s in [[SI units]] and 0.125 [[mile]]s in [[Imperial units]].<ref name=StdConv1>Cosmic Order and Cultural Astronomy: Sacred Cities of India, By Rana P. B. Singh with a Foreword by John, 2009. pp.4</ref> | Kos may also refer to roughly 0.2 km ({{sfrac|1|8}} mile)<ref>''Measure for Measure'', Young & Glover, 1996</ref> ''Arthashastra Standard unit'' of Kos or krosh is equal to 200 [[metre]]s in [[SI units]] and 0.125 [[mile]]s in [[Imperial units]].<ref name=StdConv1>Cosmic Order and Cultural Astronomy: Sacred Cities of India, By Rana P. B. Singh with a Foreword by John, 2009. pp.4</ref>{{dubious|date=August 2021}} | ||
==Usage of Kos== | ==Usage of Kos== | ||
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{{India-stub}} | {{India-stub}} | ||
{{Pakistan-stub}} | {{Pakistan-stub}} | ||
Revision as of 18:35, 15 August 2021
Template:Verify Template:Infobox unit The kos (Hindi: कोस), also spelled coss, koss, kosh, krosh, and krosha, is a unit of measurement which is derived from a Sanskrit term, क्रोश krośa, which means to "call", as the unit was supposed to represent the distance at which another human could be heard. It is an ancient Indian subcontinental standard unit of distance, in use since at least 4 BC. According to the Artha-śāstra, a krośa or kos is about 3000 meters or 1.8 miles.[citation needed]
Another conversion is based on the Mughal emperor Akbar, who standardized the unit to 5000 guz in the Ain-i-Akbari. The British in India standardized Akbar's guz to 33 inches, making the kos approximately 4191 meters.[1] Another conversion suggested a kos to be approximately 2 English miles.[2]
Arthashastra Standard units
Kos Minar in Delhi
The "Arthashastra: Chapter XX. Measurement of space and time", authored in 4th century BC by Chanakya (Vishnugupta Kauṭilya), sets this standard breakup of Indian units of length:[3][better source needed][4]
- 1 Angul (approximate width of a finger) = approx. 3/4 of an inch;[citation needed]
- 4 Angul = Dhanurgrah (bow grip) = 3 in;[citation needed]
- 8 Angul = 1 Dhanurmushti (fist with thumb raised) = 6 in;[citation needed]
- 12 Angul = 1 Vitastaa (span-distance of stretched out palm between the tips of a person's thumb and the little finger) = 9 in;[citation needed]
- 2 Vitastaa (from the tip of the elbow to the tip of the middle finger) = 1 Aratni or Hast (cubit or Haath) = 18 in;[citation needed]
- 4 Aratni (Haath) = 1 Dand or Dhanush (bow) = 6 ft;[citation needed]
- 10 Dand = 1 Rajju = 60 ft;[citation needed]
- 2 Rajju = 1 Paridesh = 120 ft;[citation needed]
- 10 Rajju = 1 Goruta = 219 yards or Template:Fraction miles - nearly 200 m;[citation needed]
- 10 Goruta= 1 Krosh/ Kos = Nearly 3350 Yards or 3060 meters or 1.9 Miles[citation needed]
Conversion to SI units and Imperial units
Kos may also refer to roughly 0.2 km (1/8 mile)[5] Arthashastra Standard unit of Kos or krosh is equal to 200 metres in SI units and 0.125 miles in Imperial units.[6][dubious ]
Usage of Kos
Evidence of official usage exists from Vedic period to the Mughal era. Elderly people in many rural areas of the Indian subcontinent still refer to distances from nearby areas in kos. Most Hindu religious Parikrama circuits are measured in kos, such as 720 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra. Along India's old highways, particularly the Grand Trunk Road, one still finds 16th to early 18th century Kos Minars, or mile markers, erected at distances of a little over two miles.[7]
See also
- Measurement
- Hasta, unit of smaller distance
- Yojana, unit of longer distance
- Palya, unit of time
- Vedic meter, measurement of rhythmic structure of verses
- Hindu units of time
- Indian weights and measures
- History of measurement systems in India
- Other related
References
- ↑ Yule, Henry; Burnell, A. C. (1903). Crooke, William (ed.). Hobson-Jobson : being a glossary of Anglo-India colloquial words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive. London: John Murray. p. 261.
- ↑ Prinsep, James (1840). Useful Tables, Forming an Appendix to the Journal of the Asiatic Society. Calcutta: Bishop's College Press. p. 91.
- ↑ Arthashastra, Chanakya, 4th century BC, pp151
- ↑ [unreliable source?] "Valmiki Ramayana / Book III: Aranya Kanda - The Forest Trek / Chapter (Sarga) 69". Retrieved 29 September 2007.
- ↑ Measure for Measure, Young & Glover, 1996
- ↑ Cosmic Order and Cultural Astronomy: Sacred Cities of India, By Rana P. B. Singh with a Foreword by John, 2009. pp.4
- ↑ C.D. Verma (10 July 2006). "Signposts lost in history". Tribune India. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
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