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a 1:1 correspondence between modern Sindhi letters and Harappan characters? Cute, but no way
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{{Infobox Language
{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in Pakistan and India}}
|name=Sindhi
{{Infobox language
|nativename={{lang|sd|سنڌي, सिन्धी}}, ''Sindhī''
| name             = Sindhi
|states=[[Pakistan]], [[India]]. Also [[Hong Kong]], [[Oman]], [[Philippines]], [[Singapore]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[United States|USA]]
| nativename       = {{lang|sd-Aran|سنڌي}}, {{lang|sd-Deva|सिन्धी}}, {{lang|sd-Zyyy|ਸਿੰਧੀ}}, {{script|Khoj|𑈩𑈭𑈴𑈝𑈮}}, {{script|Sind|𑋝𑋡𑋟𑋐𑋢}}
|region=[[South Asia]]
| states           = [[Pakistan]]
|speakers=54.3 million
| region          = [[Sindh]] (Pakistan)
|rank=23
| ethnicity        = [[Sindhis]]
|familycolor=Indo-European
| speakers         = {{c.|32}} million
|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| date            = 2017
|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| ref              = <ref>30.26 million in Pakistan (2017 census), 1.68 million in India (2011 census).</ref>
|fam4=Northwestern Zone
| familycolor     = Indo-European
|script=[[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]], [[Devanagari]]
| fam2             = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
|nation={{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Sindh|Sindh, Pakistan]]<br/>{{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| fam3             = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
|agency=Sindhi Language Authority (Pakistan)
| fam4             = Northwestern
|iso1=sd|iso2=snd|iso3=snd
| fam5            = [[Sindhi languages]]
|notice=Indic
| dia1            = Sindhi
|map=
| dia2            = Siroli
|mapcaption=
| dia3            = Vicholi
| dia4            = Lari
| dia5            = Lasi
| dia6            = Thari
| dia8            = Sindhi Bhil
| dia9            = Kutchi
| dia10            = Memoni
| dia11            = Jagdali
| script           = [[Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]] {{small|([[Naskh script|Naskh]])}}, [[Devanagari]] {{small|([[India]])}} and [[#Writing systems|others]]
| nation           = *{{flag|Pakistan}}<br/>'''{{small|({{flag|Sindh}})}}'''<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url= http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/Currentissue-pdf/Gulshan3.pdf|title=Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in Pakistan|first=Gulshan |last=Majeed |work=Journal of Political Studies|access-date=December 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Sindhi.html|title=Sindhi|work= The Languages Gulper|access-date=December 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |encyclopedia= Sindhi Language |access-date=December 29, 2013}}</ref><br/>
*{{flag|India}}
| agency           = {{plainlist|
*[[Sindhi Language Authority]] (Pakistan)
*National Council for Promotion of Sindhi Language (India)}}
| iso1             = sd
| iso2             = snd
| lc1              = snd
| ld1              = Sindhi
| lc2              = lss
| ld2              = Lasi
| lc3              = sbn
| ld3              = Sindhi Bhil
| lingua          = 59-AAF-f
| image            = Sindhi language.png
| imagecaption    = Sindhi written in Khudabadi, Perso-Arabic and Devanagari scripts
| imagesize        = 150px
| notice           = IPA
| glotto3          = lasi1242
| glottoname3      = Lasi
| glotto2          = sind1270
| glottoname2      = Sindhi Bhil
| glotto          = sind1272
| glottoname      = Sindhi
| map             = Distribution of Pakistanis speaking Sindhi as a first language in 1998.png
| mapcaption       = Distribution of Pakistanis who spoke Sindhi as their mother tongue at the time of the [[1998 Pakistan Census]]
}}
}}
'''Sindhi''' ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic script]]: سنڌي, [[Devanagari|Devanagari script]]: सिन्धी, ''Sindhī'') is the [[language]] of the [[Sindh]] region of [[South Asia]], which is a [[province]] of [[Pakistan]]. It is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] spoken by about 41 million people in [[Pakistan]] and 12 million in the [[India|Republic of India]].
{{Contains special characters|Sindhi}}


== Other websites ==
'''Sindhi''' ({{small|English pronunciation:}} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|n|d|i}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> Sindhi: {{lang|sd-Aran|سنڌي}}, {{lang|sd-Deva|सिंधी}}, {{IPA-all|sɪndʱiː|}}<!--less commonly used scripts:{{lang|sd-Zyyy|ਸਿੰਧੀ}},{{script|Khoj|𑈩𑈭𑈴𑈝𑈮}}, {{script|Sind|𑋝𑋡𑋟𑋐𑋢}}-->) is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] of the historical [[Sindh]] region in the western part of the [[Indian subcontinent]], spoken by the [[Sindhis|Sindhi people]]. It is the official language of the [[Pakistan]]i province of [[Sindh]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/> In [[India]], Sindhi is one of the [[Languages with official status in India|scheduled languages]] officially recognized by the central government, though Sindhi is not an official language of any of the states in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajbhasha.nic.in/en/languages-included-eighth-schedule-indian-constution |title=Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constution |publisher=Department of Official Language, [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=2018-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianmirror.com/languages/sindhi-language.html |title=Sindhi Language, Sindhi Dialects, Sindhi Vocabulary, Sindhi Literature, Sindhi, Language, History of Sindhi language |website=Indian Mirro |access-date=2018-04-09}}</ref> According to the preliminary results of Pakistan's 2017 census, Sindhi is the first language of 30.26 million people, or 14.57% of the country's population.<ref>{{Cite news| title = CCI defers approval of census results until elections | url = https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447|date = 28 May 2018| website = Dawn| access-date = 10 March 2021}} The figure of 30.26 million is calculated from the reported 14.57% for the speakers of Sindhi and the 207.685 million total population of Pakistan.</ref> In India, it was the first language of 1.68 million as of the 2011 census.<ref>{{cite web|title = 2011 Census tables: C-16, population by mother tongue|website = Census of India Website|url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|access-date = 4 November 2018}}</ref>
{{InterWiki|code=sd}}
* [http://www.larkano.com/abro//index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=50 Sindhi Tutorial]
* [http://www.sindhilanguage.com SindhiLanguage.com]
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm Sindhi Script History and Script]
* [http://www.sindhhyd.com Daily Sindh Hyderabad A Newspaper in sindhi Language]


==Status and use==
The Indian Government has legislated Sindhi as a language of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]], so that students learn Sindhi. Sindhi is language in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf# |title=National Committee for Linguistic Minorities |access-date=2018-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf# |archive-date=2012-05-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


{{Asia-stub}}
Prior to the inception of Pakistan, Sindhi was the national language of Sindh.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Language and Politics in Pakistan|title=THE SINDHI LANGUAGE MOVEMENT 103 103 7The Sindhi Language Movement |url=https://www.academia.edu/7588035|website=academia.edu|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Imposition Of Urdu|url=http://nation.com.pk/editorials/10-Sep-2015/the-imposition-of-urdu|access-date=12 September 2015|publisher=NAWAIWAQT GROUP OF NEWSPAPERS|date=September 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apnaorg.com/research-papers-pdf/rahman-3.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - Teaching of Sindhi & Sindhi ethnicity.doc |access-date=2018-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/scholorly_articles/sindhi_lang_mov.pdf|title=404 – tariqrahman|website=tariqrahman}}</ref>
Pakistan Sindh Assemble has ordered compulsory teaching of Sindhi language in all private schools of Sindh.<ref>Samar, Azeem.[https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/443160-pa-resolution-calls-for-teaching-sindhi-as-compulsory-subject-in-private-schools.html "PA resolution calls for teaching Sindhi as compulsory subject in private schools"], ''[[The News International|The News]]'', March 13, 2019</ref> According to the Sindh Private Educational Institutions Form B (Regulations and Control) 2005 Rules, "All educational institutions are required to teach children the Sindhi language.<ref>[https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/09/25/sindhi-to-be-made-compulsory-in-all-private-schools-across-province/.html "Sindhi to be made compulsory in all private schools across province"], ''[[Pakistan Today]]'', September 25, 2018</ref> Sindh Education and Literacy Minister, [[Syed Sardar Ali Shah]] and Secretary School Education, Qazi Shahid Pervaiz has ordered to employ Sindhi teachers in all private schools in Sindh, so that this language can be easily and widely taught.<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/1434751.html "Private schools directed to make Sindhi compulsory subject"], ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', September 25, 2018</ref> Sindhi is taught in all province private schools that follow the Matric system and not the ones that follow the Cambridge system.<ref>[https://www.samaa.tv/news/2018/09/sindh-private-schools-told-to-teach-sindhi-as-compulsory-subject/.hmtl "Sindh private schools told to teach Sindhi as compulsory subject"],"[[Samaa TV|Samaa]]", September 24, 2018</ref>


[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
There are many Sindhi language television channels broadcasting in Pakistan such as Time News, KTN, [[Sindh TV]], [[Awaz Television Network]], Mehran TV and [[Dharti TV]]. Besides this, the Indian television network [[Doordarshan]] has been asked by the [[High Court of India|Indian High Court]] to start a news channel for Sindhi speakers in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=24hr news channel for Sindhis: HC seeks Centre's response|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/24hr-news-channel-for-sindhis-hc-seeks-centre-s-response-115090400941_1.html|access-date=12 September 2015|agency=Press Trust of India|publisher=Business Standard Private Ltd|date=September 4, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sindhi|url=https://www.alsintl.com/resources/languages/Sindhi/|website=Accredited Language Services|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref>
[[Category:Languages of Pakistan]]
 
[[Category:Languages of India]]
==History==
[[Category:Languages of Sindh| ]]
[[File:Dodo Chanesar Khudabadi script.png|thumb|right|Cover of a book containing the epic Dodo Chanesar written in ''Hatvanki Sindhi'' or [[Khudabadi script]]]]
The name "Sindhi" is derived from ''Sindhu'', the original name of the [[Indus River]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Sindhi.html |title=Sindhi |work= The Languages Gulper|access-date=January 29, 2013}}</ref>
 
Like other languages of this family, Sindhi has passed through Old Indo-Aryan ([[Sanskrit]]) and Middle Indo-Aryan (Pali, secondary Prakrits, and [[Apabhramsha]]) stages of growth. 20th century Western scholars such as [[George Abraham Grierson]] believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by [[Markandeya]] as being spoken in ''Sindhu-deśa'') but later work has shown this to be unlikely.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wadhwani |first1=Y. K. |title=The Origin of the Sindhi Language |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute |date=1981 |volume=40 |pages=192–201 |jstor=42931119 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/42931119.pdf |access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref> It entered the New Indo-Aryan stage around the 10th century CE.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web |url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=May 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aboutworldlanguages.com/sindhi|title=Sindhi - About World Languages}}</ref>
 
According to Sindhi tradition, the first translation of the [[Quran]] into Sindhi was completed in the year 883 [[Common Era|CE]] / 270 [[Hijri year|AH]] in [[Mansura, Sindh]]. The first extensive Sindhi translation was done by [[Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi]] (1747–1824 CE / 1160–1240 AH) and first published in [[Gujarat]] in 1870. The first to appear in print was by Muhammad Siddiq (Lahore 1867).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1391|title=The Holy Qur'an and its Translators -- Imam Reza (A.S.) Network|work=imamreza.net|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115045637/http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1391|archive-date=15 January 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
 
When Sindh was occupied by [[British army]] and was annexed with [[Bombay]], governor of the province Sir George Clerk ordered to make Sindhi the official language in the province in 1848. Sir Bartle Frere, the then commissioner of Sindh, issued orders on August 29, 1857 advising civil servants in Sindh to pass an examination in Sindhi. He also ordered Sindhi to be used in all official communication. A seven-grade education system commonly known as Sindhi-Final was introduced in Sindh. Sindhi Final was made a prerequisite for employment in the revenue, police and education departments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/declaring-major-languages-as-national-languages/#.U0oQ-VWSygQ |title=The language link |first= Naseer |last= Memon |date= April 13, 2014 |work= The News on Sunday |access-date=April 13, 2014}}</ref>
 
In 1868, the [[Bombay Presidency]] assigned ''Narayan Jagannath Vaidya'' to replace the [[Abjad]] used in Sindhi, with the ''[[Khudabadi script]]''. The script was decreed a standard script by the Bombay Presidency thus inciting anarchy in the [[Muslim]] majority region. A powerful unrest followed, after which Twelve [[Martial Law]]s were imposed by the British authorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm |title=Sindhi alphabets, pronunciation and language |publisher=Omniglot.com }}</ref>
 
==Phonology==
Sindhi has a relatively large inventory of both consonants and vowels compared to other languages.  Sindhi has 46 [[consonant]] [[phoneme]]s and 16 [[vowel]]s. The consonant to vowel ratio is around average for world's languages at 2.8.<ref>Nihalani, Paroo. (1999). ''Handbook of the International Phonetic Association'' (Sindhi). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref> All [[plosive]]s, [[affricate]]s, [[nasal stop|nasals]], the [[retroflex flap]] and the [[lateral approximant]] /l/ have [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] or [[breathy voice]]d counterparts. The language also features four [[Implosive consonant|implosive]]s.
 
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|- style="font-size: 90%;"
|+Sindhi consonants<ref>{{cite journal |title= Illustration of the IPA - Sindhi |issue= 2 |pages= 95–98 |first= Paroo |last= Nihalani |date=December 1, 1995 |journal= Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume= 25 |doi= 10.1017/S0025100300005235 }}</ref>
!
!colspan=2| [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
!colspan=2| [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br/>[[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
!colspan=2| [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
!colspan=2| [[Palatal consonant|(Alveolo-)<br/>Palatal]]
!colspan=2| [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!colspan=2| [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! <small>[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]</small>
|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"| ||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|m}} {{lang|sd|م}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|mʱ}} {{lang|sd|مھ}}}}
|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"| ||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|n}} {{lang|sd|ن}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|nʱ}} {{lang|sd|نھ}}}}
|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"| ||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɳ}} {{lang|sd|ڻ}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|ɳʱ}} {{lang|sd|ڻھ}}}}
|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"| ||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɲ}} {{lang|sd|ڃ}}}}<br />&nbsp;
|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"| ||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ŋ}} {{lang|sd|ڱ}}}}<br />&nbsp;
|colspan=2|
|-
! <small>[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br/>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]</small>
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|p}} {{lang|sd|پ}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|pʰ}} {{lang|sd|ڦ}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|b}} {{lang|sd|ب}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|bʱ}} {{lang|sd|ڀ}}}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|t̪|t}} {{lang|sd|ت}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|tʰ}} {{lang|sd|ٿ}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|d̪|d}} {{lang|sd|د}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|dʱ}} {{lang|sd|ڌ}}}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ʈ}} {{lang|sd|ٽ}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|ʈʰ}} {{lang|sd|ٺ}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɖ}} {{lang|sd|ڊ}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|ɖʱ}} {{lang|sd|ڍ}}}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|tɕ}} {{lang|sd|چ}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|tɕʰ}} {{lang|sd|ڇ}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|dʑ}} {{lang|sd|ج}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|dʑʱ}} {{lang|sd|جھ}}}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|k}} {{lang|sd|ڪ}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|kʰ}} {{lang|sd|ک}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɡ}} {{lang|sd|گ}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|ɡʱ}} {{lang|sd|گھ}}}}
|colspan=2|
|-
! <small>[[Implosive consonant|Implosive]]</small>
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɓ}} {{lang|sd|ٻ}}}}
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɗ}} {{lang|sd|ڏ}}}}
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ʄ}} {{lang|sd|ڄ}}}}
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɠ}} {{lang|sd|ڳ}}}}
|colspan=2|
|-
! <small>[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]</small>
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|f}} {{lang|sd|ف}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|s}} {{lang|sd|س}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|z}} {{lang|sd|ز}}}}
|style="width:20px; border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ʂ}} {{lang|sd|ش}}}}||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|x}} {{lang|sd|خ}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɣ}} {{lang|sd|غ}}}}
|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|h}} {{lang|sd|ھ}}}}||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|
|-
! <small>[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]</small>
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ʋ}} {{lang|sd|و}}}}<br />&nbsp;
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|l̪|l}} {{lang|sd|ل}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|lʱ}} {{lang|sd|لھ}}}}
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|j}} {{lang|sd|ي}}}}<br />&nbsp;
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|-
! <small>[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]</small>
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|r}} {{lang|sd|ر}}}}<br />&nbsp;
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɽ}} {{lang|sd|ڙ}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|ɽʱ}} {{lang|sd|ڙھ}}}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}
 
The retroflex consonants are [[Apical consonant|apical]] [[postalveolar]] and do not involve curling back of the tip of the tongue,{{sfn|Nihalani|1974|p=207}} so they could be transcribed {{IPA|[t̠, t̠ʰ, d̠, d̠ʱ n̠ n̠ʱ ɾ̠ ɾ̠ʱ]}} in phonetic transcription. The affricates {{IPA|/tɕ, tɕʰ, dʑ, dʑʱ/}} are laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release. It is not clear if {{IPA|/ɲ/}} is similar, or truly palatal.<ref>The IPA ''Handbook'' uses the symbols {{IPA|c, cʰ, ɟ, ɟʱ}}, but makes it clear this is simply tradition and that these are neither palatal nor stops, but "laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release". [[#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996|Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:83)]] confirm a transcription of {{IPA|[t̠ɕ, t̠ɕʰ, d̠ʑ, d̠ʑʱ]}} and further remarks that "{{IPA|/ʄ/}} is often a slightly creaky voiced palatal approximant" (caption of table 3.19).</ref> {{IPA|/ʋ/}} is realized as labiovelar {{IPA|[w]}} or labiodental {{IPA|[ʋ]}} in free variation, but is not common, except before a stop.
 
===Vowels===
 
[[File:Sindhi vowel chart.svg|thumb|The vowel phonemes of Sindhi on a [[vowel chart]]]]
 
The vowels are modal length {{IPA|/i e æ ɑ ɔ o u/}} and short {{IPA|/ɪ̆ ʊ̆ ɐ̆/}}. (Note {{IPA|/æ ɑ ɐ̆/}} are imprecisely transcribed as {{IPA|/ɛ a ə/}} in the chart.) Consonants following short vowels are lengthened: {{IPA|[pɐ̆tˑo]}} 'leaf' vs. {{IPA|[pɑto]}} 'worn'.
 
==Vocabulary==
Sindhi has borrowed from English and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]. Today, Sindhi in Pakistan is slightly influenced by [[Urdu]], with more borrowed Perso-Arabic elements, while Sindhi in India is influenced by Hindi, with more borrowed [[tatsama|tatsam]] Sanskrit elements.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cole|2001|pp=652–653}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Khubchandani|2003|pp=624–625}}</ref>
 
==Dialects==
The dialects of Sindhi include Siroli, Vicholi, Lari, Lasi, Kathiawari Kachhi, Thari or Thareli, Macharia, Dukslinu and Muslim Sindhi.<ref>{{e19|Sindhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3tAqIU0dPsC|title=One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost|last1=Austin|first1=Peter|last2=Austin|first2=Marit Rausing Chair in Field Linguistics Peter K.|date=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520255609|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|last=Paniker|first=K. Ayyappa|date=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126003655|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianmirror.com/languages/sindhi-language.html|title=Sindhi Language, Sindhi Dialects, Sindhi Vocabulary, Sindhi Literature, Sindhi, Language, History of Sindhi language|website=www.indianmirror.com|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/421671|title=The Sindhi language and its variations|last=Parekh|first=Rauf|date=2008-09-30|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> The "Siroli or Siraiki" dialect in northern Sindh is distinct from the [[Saraiki language]] of South Punjab<ref>{{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7| page = 443}}</ref> and has variously been treated either as a dialect of it, or as a dialect of Sindhi.<ref>{{Cite journal| last = Rahman| first = Tariq| title = The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan| journal = Language Problems & Language Planning| date = 1995| volume = 19| issue = 1| doi = 10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah| page = 3}}</ref> The Sindhi dialects previously known as "Siraiki" are nowadays more commonly referred to as "Siroli".{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=114}}
 
==Writing systems==
 
Written Sindhi is mentioned in the 8th century, when references to a Sindhi version of the [[Mahabharata]] appear. However, the earliest attested records in Sindhi are from the 15th century.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/>
 
Before the standardisation of Sindhi orthography, numerous forms of [[Devanagari]] and [[Laṇḍā|Lunda (Laṇḍā)]] scripts were used for trading. For literary and religious purposes, a [[Perso-Arabic script]] developed by [[Abul Hassan Sagheer Sindhi|Abul-Hasan as-Sindi]] and [[Gurmukhi]] (a subset of Laṇḍā) were used. Another two scripts, ''Khudabadi'' and ''Shikarpuri'', were reforms of the Landa script.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Khubchandani|2003|p=633}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientscripts.com/landa.html|title=Ancient Scripts: Landa}}</ref> During British rule in the late 19th century, the Perso-Arabic script was decreed standard over Devanagari.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cole|2001|p=648}}</ref>
 
Medieval Sindhi devotional literature (1500–1843) comprises Sufi poetry and Advaita Vedanta poetry. Sindhi literature flourished during the modern period (since 1843), although the language and literary style of contemporary Sindhi writings in Pakistan and India were noticeably diverging by the late 20th century; authors from the former country were borrowing extensively from Urdu, while those from the latter were highly influenced by Hindi.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/>
 
===Laṇḍā scripts===
 
Laṇḍā-based scripts, such as [[Gurmukhi]], [[Khojki]] and the Khudabadi script were used historically to write Sindhi.
 
====Khudabadi====
{{Infobox writing system
|name      = Khudabadi<br />''or'' Sindhi
|sample    =
|caption  =
|imagesize =
|type      =
|languages =
|unicode  = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U112B0.pdf U+112B0&ndash;U+112FF]
|iso15924 = Sind
|note    = none
}}
The Khudabadi alphabet was invented in 1550 CE, and was used alongside other scripts by the Hindu community until the colonial era, where the sole usage of the Arabic script for official purposes was legislated.
 
The script continued to be used in a smaller scale by the trader community until the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.<ref name=sindhiscript>{{cite web |url = http://sindhilanguage.com/script.html |title = Sindhi Language: Script |access-date= 15 May 2012 }}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! [[File:Vowel 1 a.svg|17px]]
! [[File:Vowel 2 aa.svg|21px]]
! [[File:Vowel 3 i.svg|15px]]
! [[File:Vowel 4 ii.svg|22px]]
! [[File:Vowel 5 u.svg|14px]]
! [[File:Vowel 6 uu.svg|13px]]
! [[File:Vowel 7 e.svg|16px]]
! [[File:Vowel 8 ai.svg|16px]]
! [[File:Vowel 9 o.svg|16px]]
! [[File:Vowel 10 au.svg|16px]]
|-
| {{IPA|ə}}
| {{IPA|a}}
| {{IPA|ɪ}}
| {{IPA|i}}
| {{IPA|ʊ}}
| {{IPA|uː}}
| {{IPA|e}}
| {{IPA|ɛ}}
| {{IPA|o}}
| {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
! [[File:Consonant 1 ka.svg|15px]]
! [[File:Consonant 2 kha.svg|12px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 3 ga.svg|15px]]
! [[File:Consonant 4 gga.svg|14px]]
! colspan="2"|
![[File:Consonant 5 gha.svg|14px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 6 nga.svg|14px]]
|-
| {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
| {{IPA|ɠ}}
| colspan="2"|
| {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
! [[File:Consonant 7 ca.svg|14px]]
! [[File:Consonant 8 cha.svg|15px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 9 ja.svg|13px]]
! [[File:Consonant 10 jja.svg|20px]]
!  colspan="2"|
! [[File:Consonant 11 jha.svg|14px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 12 nya.svg|12px]]
|-
| {{IPA|c}}
| {{IPA|cʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɟ}}
| {{IPA|ʄ}}
| colspan="2"|
| {{IPA|ɟʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɲ}}
|-
! [[File:Consonant 13 tta.svg|13px]]
! [[File:Consonant 14 ttha.svg|13px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 15 dda.svg|13px]]
! [[File:Consonant 16 ddda.svg|13px]]
! colspan="2"|
! [[File:Consonant 18 ddha.svg|13px]]
! [[File:Consonant 17 rra.svg|13px]]
! [[File:Consonant 19 nna.svg|13px]]
|-
| {{IPA|ʈ}}
| {{IPA|ʈʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɖ}}
| {{IPA|ɗ}}
| colspan="2"|
| {{IPA|ɽ}}
| {{IPA|ṛ}}
| {{IPA|ɳ}}
|-
! [[File:Consonant 20 ta.svg|14px]]
! [[File:Consonant 21 tha.svg|14px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 22 da.svg|14px]]
! colspan="3"|
! [[File:Consonant 23 dha.svg|14px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 24 na.svg|14px]]
|-
| {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|d}}
| colspan="3"|
| {{IPA|dʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|n}}
|-
! [[File:Consonant 25 pa.svg|14px]]
! [[File:Consonant 26 pha.svg|14px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 27 ba.svg|20px]]
! [[File:Consonant 28 bba.svg|17px]]
! colspan="2"|
! [[File:Consonant 29 bha.svg|20px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 30 ma.svg|13px]]
|-
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA|f}}
| {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA|ɓ}}
| colspan="2"|
| {{IPA|bʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|m}}
|-
! [[File:Consonant 31 ya.svg|16px]]
! [[File:Consonant 32 ra.svg|10px]]
! [[File:Consonant 33 la.svg|15px]]
! [[File:Consonant 34 va.svg|14px]]
! colspan="6"|
|-
| {{IPA|j}}
| {{IPA|r}}
| {{IPA|l}}
| {{IPA|ʋ}}
|colspan="6"|
|-
! [[File:Consonant 35 sha.svg|17px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 36 sa.svg|14px]]
! [[File:Consonant 37 ha.svg|14px]]
! colspan="6"|
|-
| {{IPA|ʂ}}
|
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|colspan="6"|
|}
{{clear}}
 
====Khojki====
 
Khojki was employed primarily to record Muslim Shia Ismaili religious literature, as well as literature for a few secret Shia Muslim sects.<ref>http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3978.pdf</ref>
 
====Gurmukhi====
 
The Gurmukhi script was also used to write Sindhi, mainly in the North of Sindh, and also by Hindu women.<ref name="sindhiscript"/><ref>http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n3871.pdf</ref>
 
=== Perso-Arabic script ===
{{Arabic-script sidebar|Sindhi}}
 
During British rule in India, a variant of the [[Persian alphabet]] was adopted for Sindhi in the 19th century. The script is used in Pakistan today. It has a total of 52 letters, augmenting the Persian with [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] and eighteen new letters (<big>{{lang|sd|ڄ ٺ ٽ ٿ ڀ ٻ ڙ ڍ ڊ ڏ ڌ ڇ ڃ ڦ ڻ ڱ ڳ ڪ}}</big>) for sounds particular to Sindhi and other Indo-Aryan languages. Some letters that are distinguished in Arabic or Persian are homophones in Sindhi.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|جھ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ڄ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ج}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|پ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ث}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ٺ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ٽ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ٿ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ت}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ڀ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ٻ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ب}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ا}}</span>
|-
| {{IPA|ɟʱ}}
| {{IPA|ʄ}}
| {{IPA|ɟ}}
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|ʈʰ}}
| {{IPA|ʈ}}
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
| {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA|bʱ}}
| {{IPA|ɓ}}
| {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA|ɑː}} {{IPA|ʔ}} {{IPA|∅}}
|-
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ڙ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ر}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ذ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ڍ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ڊ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ڏ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ڌ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|د}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|خ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ح}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ڇ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|چ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ڃ}}</span>
|-
| {{IPA|ɽ}}
| {{IPA|r}}
| {{IPA|z}}
| {{IPA|ɖʱ}}
| {{IPA|ɖ}}
| {{IPA|ɗ}}
| {{IPA|dʱ}}
| {{IPA|d}}
| {{IPA|x}}
| {{IPA|h}}
| {{IPA|cʰ}}
| {{IPA|c}}
| {{IPA|ɲ}}
|-
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ڪ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ق}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ڦ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ف}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|غ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ع}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ظ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ط}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ض}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ص}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ش}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|س}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ز}}</span>
|-
| {{IPA|k}}
| q
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA|f}}
| {{IPA|ɣ}}
| {{IPA|ɑː}} {{IPA|oː}} {{IPA|eː}} {{IPA|ʔ}} {{IPA|∅}}
| {{IPA|z}}
| {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA|z}}
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|ʂ}}
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|z}}
|-
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ي}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ء}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ھ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|و}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ڻ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ن}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|م}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ل}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ڱ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|گھ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ڳ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|گ}}</span>
! <span style="font-size:125%">{{lang|sd|ک}}</span>
|-
| {{IPA|j}} {{IPA|iː}}
| {{IPA|ʔ}} {{IPA|∅}}
| {{IPA|h}}
| {{IPA|ʋ}} {{IPA|ʊ}} {{IPA|oː}} {{IPA|ɔː}} {{IPA|uː}}
| {{IPA|ɳ}}
| {{IPA|n}}
| {{IPA|m}}
| {{IPA|l}}
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
| {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
| {{IPA|ɠ}}
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
|}
 
[[File:Sindhi alphabet.png|thumb|Farsi (perso-Arabic) or Shikarpuri Sindhi.]]
 
===Devanagari script===
 
In India, the Devanagari script is also used to write Sindhi.<ref>p.2 [http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n3871.pdf Proposal to Encode the Sindhi Script in ISO/IEC 10646]</ref> A modern version was introduced by the government of India in 1948; however, it did not gain full acceptance, so both the Sindhi-Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used. In India a person may write a Sindhi language paper for a Civil Services Examination in either script
[http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=201]. [[Diacritic]]al bars below the letter are used to mark implosive consonants, and [[dot (diacritic)|dots]] called ''[[nukta]]'' are used to form other additional consonants.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! {{lang|hi|अ}}
! {{lang|hi|आ}}
! {{lang|hi|इ}}
! {{lang|hi|ई}}
! {{lang|hi|उ}}
! {{lang|hi|ऊ}}
! {{lang|hi|ए}}
! {{lang|hi|ऐ}}
! {{lang|hi|ओ}}
! {{lang|hi|औ}}
|-
| {{IPA|ə}}
| {{IPA|a}}
| {{IPA|ɪ}}
| {{IPA|i}}
| {{IPA|ʊ}}
| {{IPA|uː}}
| {{IPA|e}}
| {{IPA|ɛ}}
| {{IPA|o}}
| {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
! {{lang|hi|क}}
! {{lang|hi|ख}}
! {{lang|hi|ख़}}
! {{lang|hi|ग}}
! {{lang|hi|ॻ}}
! {{lang|hi|ग़}}
!
! {{lang|hi|घ}}
!
! {{lang|hi|ङ}}
|-
| {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
| {{IPA|x}}
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
| {{IPA|ɠ}}
| {{IPA|ɣ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
! {{lang|hi|च}}
! {{lang|hi|छ}}
!
! {{lang|hi|ज}}
! {{lang|hi|ॼ}}
! {{lang|hi|ज़}}
!
! {{lang|hi|झ}}
!
! {{lang|hi|ञ}}
|-
| {{IPA|c}}
| {{IPA|cʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɟ}}
| {{IPA|ʄ}}
| {{IPA|z}}
|
| {{IPA|ɟʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɲ}}
|-
! {{lang|hi|ट}}
! {{lang|hi|ठ}}
!
! {{lang|hi|ड}}
! {{lang|hi|ॾ}}
! {{lang|hi|ड़}}
!
! {{lang|hi|ढ}}
! {{lang|hi|ढ़}}
! {{lang|hi|ण}}
|-
| {{IPA|ʈ}}
| {{IPA|ʈʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɖ}}
| {{IPA|ɗ}}
| {{IPA|ɽ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɖʱ}}
| {{IPA|ɽʱ}}
| {{IPA|ɳ}}
|-
! {{lang|hi|त}}
! {{lang|hi|थ}}
!
! {{lang|hi|द}}
!colspan="3"|
! {{lang|hi|ध}}
!
! {{lang|hi|न}}
|-
| {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|d}}
|colspan="3"|
| {{IPA|dʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|n}}
|-
! {{lang|hi|प}}
! {{lang|hi|फ}}
! {{lang|hi|फ़}}
! {{lang|hi|ब}}
! {{lang|hi|ॿ}}
!colspan="2"|
! {{lang|hi|भ}}
!
! {{lang|hi|म}}
|-
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA|f}}
| {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA|ɓ}}
|colspan="2"|
| {{IPA|bʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|m}}
|-
! {{lang|hi|य}}
! {{lang|hi|र}}
! {{lang|hi|ल}}
! {{lang|hi|व}}
!colspan="6"|
|-
| {{IPA|j}}
| {{IPA|r}}
| {{IPA|l}}
| {{IPA|ʋ}}
|colspan="6"|
|-
! {{lang|hi|श}}
! {{lang|hi|ष}}
! {{lang|hi|स}}
! {{lang|hi|ह}}
!colspan="6"|
|-
| {{IPA|ʂ}}
| {{IPA|ʂ}}
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|colspan="6"|
|}
 
===Gujarati script===
 
The [[Gujarati script]] is used to write the [[Kutchi language|Kutchi Language]] in India.<ref name="omniglot.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/gujarati.htm|title=Gujarati alphabet, pronunciation and language|work=omniglot.com|access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref>
 
=== Roman Sindhi ===
{{See also|Romanisation of Sindhi}}
The Sindhi-Roman script or Roman-Sindhi script is the contemporary Sindhi script usually used by the Sindhis during texting messages on their mobile phones.<ref>{{cite web|title=Romanized Sindhi|url=http://www.romanizedsindhi.org/|website=Romanized Sindhi.org|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CHOICE OF SCRIPT FOR OUR SINDHI LANGUAGE|url=http://www.chandiramani.com/choiceofascript.html|website=Chandi Ramani|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref>
 
===Computing resources===
Sindhi language software such as Sindhi language keyboards have been developed for the [[Windows OS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android smartphones]]. Various other online websites provide Sindhi keyboard such as (Keymanweb.org),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tavultesoft.com/keyman/downloads/keyboards/search.php?Search=iso:l:snd&Submit=1|title=Sindhi - Keyboards - Tavultesoft}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://keymanweb.com/#snd,Keyboard_mbsindhi|title=KeymanWeb.com - Type to the world in your language}}</ref> M.B Sindhi keyboard by [[Abdul Razaque]] & [[Abdul-Majid Bhurgri]]. Software has also been developed for the transliteration between the main writing systems.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Z .Ali|title=Transcending barriers: Software to break down the wall within the Sindhi language|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/764134/transcending-barriers-software-to-break-down-the-wall-within-the-sindhi-language/|access-date=7 May 2016|agency=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=September 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Amaninder Sharma|title=Software to melt India, Pakistan's Sindhi script barrier|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Software-to-melt-India-Pakistans-Sindhi-script-barrier/articleshow/41556896.cms|access-date=7 May 2016|agency=[[Times of India]]|date=September 3, 2014}}</ref> A [https://fahadmaqsood.github.io/sindhi-transliterator/ transliteration website] also exists on the internet that can transliterate between different scripts of Sindhi language (including the newly proposed Latin Script<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sindhi – its Latin script – and the way forward!|url=https://www.hardhour.com/sindhi-its-latin-script-and-way-forward/|date=2020-04-26|website=Hard Hour|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Latin Sindhi|url=https://omniglot.com/conscripts/latinsindhi.htm|website=omniglot.com|access-date=2020-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A new script for Sindhi Language!|url=https://fahadmaqsood.github.io/latin-sindhi/|website=fahadmaqsood.github.io|language=en|access-date=2020-05-17}}</ref>) and the [https://github.com/fahadmaqsood/sindhi-transliterator website's source code] is openly available on GitHub for anyone to view and use anywhere.
 
==See also==
{{Portal|Languages}}
* [[1972 Sindhi Language Bill]]
* [[Institute of Sindhology]]
* [[Sindhi Transliteration]]
* [[Languages of India]]
* [[Languages of Pakistan]]
* [[Languages with official status in India]]
* [[List of Sindhi-language films]]
* [[Provincial languages of Pakistan]]
* [[Sindhi literature]]
* [[Sindhi poetry]]
 
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
 
==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}
 
==Sources==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite journal |last=Nihalani |first=Paroo |title=Lingual Articulation of Stops in Sindhi |journal=Phonetica |date=1974 |doi=10.1159/000259489 |pmid=4424983 |issn=1423-0321 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=197–212 |s2cid=3325314 }}
* {{cite book |last=Addleton and Brown |year=2010 |title=Sindhi: An Introductory Course for English Speakers |url=http://doorlightpubs.com/Doorlight/Sindhi.html |location=South Hadley |publisher=Doorlight Publications |access-date=2010-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828112103/http://doorlightpubs.com/Doorlight/Sindhi.html# |archive-date=2010-08-28 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bughio |first=M. Qasim |date=January–June 2006 |title=The Diachronic Sociolinguistic Situation in Sindh |journal=Web Journal on Cultural Patrimony |url=http://www.webjournal.unior.it |editor1-last=Maniscalco |editor1-first=Fabio Maniscalco |volume=1}}
* {{cite book |last=Cole |first=Jennifer S |year=2001 |chapter=Sindhi |editor1-last=Garry |editor1-first=Jane |editor2-last=Rubino |editor2-first=Carl |title=Facts About the World's Languages |publisher=H W Wilson |isbn=0-8242-0970-2 |pages=647–653 }}
* {{cite book |year=1999 |title=International Phonetic Association |isbn=0-521-63751-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Khubchandani |first=Lachman M |year=2003 |chapter=Sindhi |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan+languages&pg=PA581 |editor1-last=Cardona |editor1-first=George |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Dhanesh |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-77294-5 |pages=622–658 }}
* {{SOWL}}
* {{cite book |last=Shackle |first=Christopher |title=Language and national identity in Asia |chapter=Pakistan |editor-last=Simpson |editor-first=Andrew |series=Oxford linguistics Y |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-922648-1 |date=2007 }}
* {{cite book |last=Trumpp |first=Ernest |year=1872 |title=Grammar of the Sindhi Language |url=https://archive.org/details/grammarofsindhil00trum |location=London |publisher=Trübner and Co |isbn=81-206-0100-9 |language=en }}
* {{cite book |last1=Chopra |first1=R. M |title=The rise, growth, and decline of Indo-Persian literature |year=2013 |publisher=Iran Culture House |location=New Delhi |edition=2nd |oclc=909254259 |chapter=Persian in Sindh |language=en}}
{{refend}}
 
==External links==
{{Interwiki|code=sd}}
{{Wikivoyage|Sindhi phrasebook}}
{{commons category}}
{{EB1911 Poster|Sindhi and Lahnda|Sindhi language}}
* [http://www.sindhila.org/ Sindhi Language Authority]
* [http://www.ijunoon.com/sindhi/ Sindhi Dictionary]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831155410/http://www.sindhilanguage.com/ |date=August 31, 2015 |title=All about Sindhi language and culture }}
* [http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_sdh Wals.info]
* [http://www.bhurgri.com Sindhi computing resources at world's first Sindhi website by Majid Bhurgri (Arabic script)]
* [http://www.ildc.in/Sindhip/Siindex.aspx Sindhi computing resources at TDIL (Arabic script)]
* [http://www.ildc.in/Sindhid/Siindex.aspx Sindhi computing resources at TDIL (Devanagari script)]
* [https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/mewaram/ Mewaram's 1910 Sindhi-English dictionary]
 
{{Sindhi language}}
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{{Indo-Aryan languages}}
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[[Category:Sindhi language| ]]
[[Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Sindh]]
[[Category:Official languages of India]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Languages of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Languages of Maharashtra]]
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