List of time periods

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The categorisation of the past into discrete, quantified named blocks of time is called periodization.^[1] This is a list of such named time periods as defined in various fields of study.

These can be divided broadly into prehistorical periods and historical periods (when written records began to be kept).

In archaeology and anthropology, prehistory is subdivided around the three-age system, this list includes the use of the three-age system as well as a number of various designation used in reference to sub-ages within the traditional three.

The dates for each age can vary by region. On the geologic time scale, the Holocene epoch starts at the end of the last glacial period of the current ice age (c. 10,000 BCE) and continues to the present. The beginning of the Mesolithic is usually considered to correspond to the beginning of the Holocene epoch.

Prehistoric periods[edit]

Common System[edit]

Precambrian
- Hadean (or hadaeozoic)
- Archean (or archaeozoic)
- Proterozoic
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic

Russian Prehistoric Periods[edit]

Vendian

General periods[edit]

Geologic Time – Period prior to humans. 4.6 billion to 3 million years ago. (See "prehistoric periods" for more detail into this.)
Primatomorphid Era – Period prior to the existence of Primatomorpha, before this point, no even distantly human-like creatures would exist
Primate Era – Period prior to the existence of Primates
Simian Era – Period prior to the existence of Simiiformes
Hominoid Era – Period prior to the existence of Hominoidea
Hominid Era – Period prior to the existence of Hominidae
- Distant signs of Human-like apes
Homininaeid Era – Period prior to the existence of Homininae
Homininid Era – Period prior to the existence of Hominini
Prehistory – Period between the appearance of Homo ("humans"; first stone tools c. three million years ago) and the invention of writing systems (for the Ancient Near East: c. five thousand years ago).
- Paleolithic – the earliest period of the Stone Age
  - Lower Paleolithic – time of archaic human species, predates Homo sapiens
  - Middle Paleolithic – coexistence of archaic and anatomically modern human species
  - Upper Paleolithic – worldwide expansion of anatomically modern humans, the disappearance of archaic humans by extinction or admixture with modern humans; earliest evidence for pictorial art.
- Mesolithic (Epipaleolithic) – a period in the development of human technology between the Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods.
- Neolithic – a period of primitive technological and social development, beginning about 10,200 BCE in parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world.
- Chalcolithic (or "Eneolithic", "Copper Age") – still largely Neolithic in character, when early copper metallurgy appeared alongside the use of stone tools.
- Bronze Age – not part of prehistory for all regions and civilizations who had adopted or developed a writing system.
  - Ancient Egypt
- Iron Age – not part of prehistory for all civilizations who had introduced written records during the Bronze Age.
Ancient history – Aggregate of past events from the beginning of recorded human history and extending as far as the Early Middle Ages or the Postclassical Era. The span of recorded history is roughly five thousand years, beginning with the earliest linguistic records in the third millennium BCE in Mesopotamia and Egypt.
- Classical antiquity – Broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, collectively known as the Greco-Roman world. It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished and wielded great influence throughout Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.
Post-classical history – Period of time that immediately followed ancient history. Depending on the continent, the era generally falls between the years CE 200–600 and CE 1200–1500. The major classical civilizations that the era follows are Han China (ending in 220), the Western Roman Empire (in 476), the Gupta Empire (in the 550s), and the Sasanian Empire (in 651).
- Middle Ages – Lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and is variously demarcated by historians as ending with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, or the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492, merging into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery.
Modern history – After the post-classical era
- Early modern period – The chronological limits of this period are open to debate. It emerges from the Late Middle Ages (c. 1500), demarcated by historians as beginning with the fall of Constantinople in 1453, in forms such as the Italian Renaissance in the West, the Ming dynasty in the East, and the rise of the Aztecs in the New World. The period ends with the beginning of the Age of Revolutions.
- Late modern period – Began approximately in the mid-18th century; notable historical milestones included the French Revolution, the American Revolution, the Industrial Revolution and the Great Divergence
- Contemporary history – History within living memory. It shifts forward with the generations, and today is the span of historic events from approximately 1945 that are immediately relevant to the present time.

Forms of modernity[edit]

Hominids archaeologically and anatomically similar or identical to modern humans (HAASMHs)
Anatomically modern humans (AMHs)
Technologically modern humans (TMHs)

Technological periods[edit]

Prehistory
- Paleolithic (Lower, Middle, Upper)
- Mesolithic (Epipaleolithic)
- Neolithic
- Chalcolithic (or "Eneolithic", "Copper Age")
Ancient history (The Bronze and Iron Ages are not part of prehistory for all regions and civilizations who had adopted or developed a writing system.)
- Bronze Age
- Iron Age
Late Middle Ages
- Renaissance
Early modern history
Modern history
- Industrial Age (1760–1970)
- Machine Age (1880–1945)
  - Age of Oil (1901–present)
  - Jet Age (1940s)
- Nuclear Age (a.k.a. Atomic Era) (1945/1950–present)^[2]
- Space Age (1957–present)
- Information Age (1970–present)
  - Internet Age (1990–present)

American (continent) periods[edit]

Pre-Columbian America

Classic and Postclassic eras, Central America (200–1519)
Early Intermediate, Middle Horizon, Late Intermediate, Late Horizon (Peru, 200–1534)
- Huari, Chimú, Chincha, Chanka people, Tiwanaku, Inca

Colonial America

Baroque (New World, 1600–1750)
Spanish hegemony (Americas, 1492–1832)

Australian periods[edit]

Ancient Australia, History of Indigenous Australians (between 65,000 and 50,000 BCE – 1788 CE)
Age of Discovery European maritime exploration of Australia (1606–1802)
Convict era (1788–1868)
Victorian era (1837–1901)
Federation era (1890–1918)
World War II (1939–1945)
Second Elizabethan era (1952–2022)

Southeast Asian periods[edit]

Archaic Southeast Asia

Srivijaya (Indonesia, 3rd – 14th centuries), Tarumanagara (358–723), Sailendra (8th and 9th centuries), Kingdom of Sunda (669–1579), Kingdom of Mataram (752–1045), Kediri (1045–1221), Singhasari (1222–1292), Majapahit (1293–1500)

Modern Southeast Asia

Chenla (Cambodia, 630 – 802) and Khmer Empire (Cambodia, 802–1432)
Anterior Lý dynasty and Triệu Việt Vương, Third Chinese domination, Khúc Family, Dương Đình Nghệ, Kiều Công Tiễn, Ngô dynasty, The 12 Lords Rebellion, Đinh dynasty, Prior Lê dynasty, Lý dynasty, Trần dynasty, Hồ dynasty, Fourth Chinese domination (Vietnam, 544–1427)

Chinese periods[edit]

Bronze Age China prechaic china^{[clarification needed]}

Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors (2852–2070 BCE)

earliest dynastic china

Xia dynasty (2070–1600 BCE)

Archaic China archaicic china^{[clarification needed]}

Shang dynasty (1600–1046 BCE)
Zhou dynasty (1046–221 BCE)
- Western Zhou (1046–771 BCE)
- Eastern Zhou (771–221 BCE)

divistates of China^{[clarification needed]}

- - Spring and Autumn period (771–476 BCE)
  - Warring States period (476–221 BCE)
Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE)

Antiquity mid dynastic periods

Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE)
- Western Han (206 BCE – 2 CE)
- Xin dynasty (9–23 CE)
- Eastern Han (25–220 CE)
Six Dynasties (220–580)
- Three Kingdoms (220–265)
- Jin dynasty (266–420)
- Southern and Northern Dynasties (420–580)

Medieval China

Sui dynasty (580–618)
Tang dynasty (623–907)
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907–960)
Song dynasty (960–1279)
- Northern Song (960–1127), Liao dynasty (907–1115)
- Western Xia dynasty (1038–1227)
- Southern Song (1127–1279), Jin dynasty (1115–1234)

Mongol China

Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)

Late Dynastic Period

Ming dynasty (1368–1644)
Qing dynasty (1644–1911)

Modern China

Republic of China (1912–1949)
- Xinhai Revolution (1911–1912)
- Warlord Era (1918–1927)

Contemporary China

Chinese Civil War (1927–1936/1946–1950)
Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)

Post-Contemporary China^{[clarification needed]}

People's Republic of China and Taiwan (1949–present)

Central Asian periods[edit]

Antiquity

Xiongnu (Mongolia, 220 BCE – CE 200)

Medieval Central Asia

Rouran Khaganate (Mongolia, Manchuria, Xianbei, CE 330 – 555)
- Sixteen Kingdoms (Xianbei, Turkic peoples, 304–439)
Uyghur Khaganate (Mongolia, Manchuria, Tibet, 744–848)
Liao dynasty (Khitan people, 907–1125)

Imperial Central Asia

Mongol Empire (Mongolia, 1206–1380)
- Yuan Dynasty of China (≈1250 – ≈1350)
- Golden Horde (≈1250 – 1380)

Modern Central Asia

Qing dynasty (Manchu China, 1692–1911)

Egyptian periods[edit]

Prehistoric Egypt (pre-3150 BCE) Dynastic Period

Early Dynastic Period or Archaic Period (two dynasties) (3150 BCE – 2686 BCE)
Old Kingdom (four dynasties) (2686 BCE – 2181 BCE)
First Intermediate Period (four dynasties) (2181 BCE – 2055 BCE)
Middle Kingdom (three dynasties) (2055 BCE – 1650 BCE)
Second Intermediate Period (four dynasties) (1650 BCE – 1550 BCE)
New Kingdom (three dynasties) (1550 BCE – 1069 BCE)
Third Intermediate Period (five dynasties) (1069 BCE – 664 BCE)

Antiquity

Late Period of Ancient Egypt (six dynasties: of these six, two were Persian dynasties that ruled from capitals distant from Egypt) (664 BCE – c. 332 BCE)
Argead and Ptolemaic dynasties (332 BCE – 30 BCE)
Aegyptus (fifteen Roman dynasties that ruled from capitals distant from Egypt) (30 BCE – 641 CE)
- Sasanian Egypt (one dynasty) (619–629)
Coptic period (300 CE – 900 CE)

Islamic Egypt

Egypt under four foreign Arabic dynasties that ruled from capitals distant from Egypt
- Rashidun Egypt (641–661)
- Umayyad Egypt (661–750)
- Abbasid Egypt (750–868 and 905–935)

Medieval Egypt

Tulunid dynasty (868–905)
Ikhshidid dynasty (935–969)
Fatimid Dynasty (969–1171)
Ayyubid Dynasty (1171–1250)
Mamluk dynasties (1250–1517)
- Bahri dynasty (1250–1382)
- Burji dynasty (1382–1517)

Modern Egypt

Ottoman Egypt (Turk dynasty that ruled from a capital distant from Egypt) (1517–1867)
Muhammad Ali dynasty (1805–1953)
- Khedivate of Egypt (1867–1914)
- Sultanate of Egypt (1914–1922)

Contemporary Egypt

- Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953)
Republican Egypt (1953–present)

European periods[edit]

Bronze Age (c. 3000 BCE – c. 1050 BCE)
- Early Aegean Civilization (Crete, Greece and Near East; c. 3000 BCE – c. 1050 BCE)^[3]
Iron Age (c. 1050 BCE – c. 500 CE)
- Greek expansion and colonization (c. 1050 BCE – 776 BCE)
- Archaic Greece (776 BCE – 480 BCE) – begins with the First Olympiad, traditionally dated 776 BCE
  - Archaic period (776 BCE – 612 BCE) – the establishment of city-states in Greece
  - Pre-classical period (612 BCE – 480 BCE) – the fall of Nineveh to the second Persian invasion of Greece
- Classical antiquity (480 BCE – 476 CE)
  - Classical Greece (480 BCE – 338 BCE)
  - Macedonian era (338 BCE – 323 BCE)
  - Hellenistic Greece (323 BCE – 146 BCE)
  - Late Roman Republic (147 BCE – 27 BCE)
  - Principate of the Roman Empire (27 BCE – 284 CE)
  - Late Antiquity (284 CE – 500 CE)
- Migration Period (Europe, 300 CE – 700 CE)
Middle Ages (Europe, 476–1453)
- Byzantine era (330–1453)
- Early Middle Ages (Europe, 476–1066)
  - Viking Age (Scandinavia, Europe, 793–1066)
- High Middle Ages (Europe, 1066 – c. 1300)
- Late Middle Ages (Europe, c. 1300 – 1453)
- The Renaissance (Europe, c. 1300 – c. 1601)
Early modern period (Europe, 1453–1789)
- Age of Discovery (or Exploration) (Europe, c. 1400 – 1770)
- Polish Golden Age (Poland, 1507–1572)
- Golden Age of Piracy (1650–1730)
- Tudor period (England, 1485–1603)
  - Elizabethan era (England, 1558–1603)
- Stuart period (British Isles, 1603–1714)
  - Jacobean era (British Isles, 1603–1625)
  - Caroline era (British Isles, 1625–1649)
  - British Interregnum (British Isles, 1649–1660)
  - Stuart Restoration (British Isles, 1660–1714)
    - Carolean era (British Isles, 1660–1685)
- Protestant Reformation (Europe, 16th century)
- Classicism (Europe, 16th – 18th centuries)
- Industrious Revolution, (Europe, 16th – 18th centuries)
- Petrine Era (Russia, 1689–1725)
- Age of Enlightenment (or Reason) (Europe, 18th century)
- Scientific Revolution (Europe, 18th century)
Long nineteenth century (1789–1914)
- Georgian era (the United Kingdom, 1714–1830)
- Industrial Revolution (Europe, United States, and elsewhere 18th and 19th centuries, though with its beginnings in Britain)
- Age of European colonialism and imperialism
- Romantic era (1770–1850)
- Napoleonic era (1799–1815)
- Victorian era (the United Kingdom, 1837–1901); British hegemony (1815–1914) much of world, around the same time period.
- Edwardian era (the United Kingdom, 1901–1914)
First, interwar period and Second World Wars (1914–1945)
- Interwar Britain (United Kingdom, 1918–1939)
Cold War (1945–1991)
Post-Cold War (1991–present)

Iranian periods[edit]

Prehistoric Iran

Ancient age:

Achaemenid Empire (550 –330 BCE)
Greek occupation of Persia (330 –312 BCE):
Seleucid Empire (312 – 63 BCE)
Parthian Empire (247 BCE – 224 CE)
Sassanid Empire (224 – 651 CE)

Medieval age:

Persia under Caliphates (651 – 820 CE)
Iranian Intermezzo (c.820 – 1037): Tahirids (821 to 873), Saffarids (861 to 1003), Samanids (819 to 999) and Buyids (934 to 1062)
Seljuk Empire (1037–1194)
Khwarazmian Empire (1194–1219)
Mongol occupation of Persia (1219 –1256)
Ilkhanate (1256–1335)
Disintegration of the Ilkhanate (1335–1370): Jalayirids, Chobanids, Muzaffarids, Injuids, Sarbadars, and Kartids
Timurid Empire (1370–1507) and Aq Qoyunlu (1378–1501)

Modern age:

Safavid Iran (1501–1736)
Afsharid Iran (1736 –c.1750)
Zand Iran (1750–1794)
Qajar Iran (1794–1925)
Pahlavi Iran (1925–1979)
Islamic Republic of Iran (1979–present)

Indian periods[edit]

South Asian Stone Age
- Pre-Harappan
  - Mehrgarh
South Asian Bronze Age (3340 BCE – 1350 BCE)
- Indus Valley civilization
South Asian Iron Age (1350 BCE – 200 BCE)
- Vedic period (1350 BCE – 500 BCE): Mahajanapadas
- Magadha period (c.500 BCE – c.750 CE): Nandas, Mauryans, Shungas
Classical Age in India (200 BCE – 500 CE)
- Sangam period (300 BCE – 600 CE): Cholas, Chalukyas, Pallavas and Pandyans
- Golden period: Kushans (50 CE – 220 CE), Satavahanas (230 BCE – 220 CE), Guptas (320 CE – 535 CE) and Vakatakas (300CE – 650 CE)
Medieval Age in India (500–1526)
- Tripartite period (c.750 – c.900): Palas, Rashtrakutas and Gurjaras
- Muslim period (712–1857): Delhi, Bengal, Bahmani and Gujarat sultanates
- Vijayanagara empire (1336–1646), Gajapati empire (1434–1541) and kingdom of Mewar (1325–1448)
Modern Age in India (1526 – present)
- Mughal empire (1526–1857)
- Maratha empire (1674–1818)
- Colonial period: British Raj (1858 – 1947)
- Independence (1947 – present)

Japanese periods[edit]

Archaic Japan

Jōmon period (10,501 BCE – 400 BCE)
Yayoi period (450 BCE – 250 CE)
Kofun period (250–600)

Medieval Japan

Asuka period (643–710)
Nara period (743–794)
Heian period (795–1185)
Kamakura period (1185–1333)

Samurai Japan

Muromachi period (1333–1573)^[4]
Azuchi–Momoyama period (1573–1603)

Modern Japan

Edo period (1603–1868)
Meiji period (1868–1912)
Taishō period (1912–1926)

Contemporary Japan

Shōwa period (1926–1989)
- Post-occupation era (1952 – present)
Heisei period (1989–2019)
Reiwa period (2019–present)

Iraqi periods[edit]

Archaic Period
Mesopotamia
- Samarra culture
- Hassuna culture
- Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
- Ubaid period
- Uruk period
- Jemdet Nasr period (3100 BCE – 2900 BCE)
- Early Dynastic Period (2900 BCE – 2270 BCE)
- Akkadian Empire (2270 BCE – 2083 BCE)
- Gutian dynasty (2083 BCE – 2050 BCE)
- Ur III period (2050 BCE – 1940 BCE)
- First Babylonian dynasty (1830 BCE – 1531 BCE), Hittites (1800 BCE – 1178 BCE)
- Kassites (1531 BCE – 1135 BCE), Mitanni (1500 BCE – 1300 BCE)
- Neo-Assyrian Empire (934 BCE – 609 BCE)
- Neo-Babylonian Empire (626 BCE – 539 BCE), Medes (678 BCE – 549 BCE)

Imperial Period

Persian Empires (550 BCE – 651 CE)
- Achaemenid Empire (550 BCE – 330 BCE)
- Conquered by Macedonian Empire (330 BCE – 312 BCE)
- Seleucid Empire (312 BCE – 63 BCE)
- Parthian Empire (247 BCE – 224 CE)
- Sasanian Empire (224 CE – 651 CE)

Islamic Period

Islamicate periods^[5] (7th – 21st centuries^{[citation needed]})
- High Caliphate (685–945)^[6]
- Earlier Middle Period (945–1250)^[5]
- Later Middle Period (1250–1500)^[5]
- Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)
- Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
- Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258), Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171)
  - Buyid dynasty (934–1055)
  - Seljuq dynasty (1055–1171)
  - Ayyubid dynasty (1171–1341)
- Ottoman Empire (1300–1923)
- Safavid Empire (1501–1736)
- Modern Iraq (1923–present)

Libyan periods[edit]

Prehistoric Libya

Prehistoric Libya (pre-600 BCE)

Early Libya

Carthaginian Libya (600 BCE – 200 BCE)
Roman Libya (200 BCE – 487 CE)
Vandal Libya (487 CE – ≈600 CE)
Islamic Libya (≈600 – ≈1200)
Ottoman Libya (≈1600 – ≈1900)

Modern Libya

Colonial Libya (≈1900 – ≈1950)
Libya as an independent country
- Early Independent Era
- Libyan Arab Republic (September 1969–1977)
- Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
- Contemporary Libya (2011–present)