Paul-Louis Simond injecting a plague vaccine on the 4th of June 1898 in the Vishandas Hospital, Karachi. Author unknown. First published in the "La Contemporaine" French magazine in 1901. The original version of this image is in the "Paul-Louis Simond archive" (in French : Fonds Paul-Louis Simond), serial number SIM.31 (938) of the Pasteur Institute of Paris, France (infectious and exotic diseases state research center). This JPG version was found on : http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1296502&rendertype=figure&id=F2. This photograph was made two days after the end of Paul-Louis Simond's experiment bringing to light the role of the rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopsis) as the main vector of bubonic plague.

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