Infobox thorium

	child table, as reused in {IB-Th} Template:V
Main isotopes of Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-name
	{{infobox Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-name isotopes\|child=yes}}

Thorium, ₉₀Th
	Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-top-image-caption
Thorium
Pronunciation	Template:Infobox element/pronunciation
Allotropes	Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-allotropes
Appearance	silvery
Mass number	Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-most-stable-isotope
Thorium in the periodic table
	Template:Infobox element/periodic table
Atomic number (Z)	90
Group	Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group
Period	Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-period
Block	Template:Infobox element/block format
Electron configuration	Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-electron-configuration
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-phase
Melting point	2023 K (1750 °C, 3182 °F)
Boiling point	5061 K (4788 °C, 8650 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	11.725 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	13.81 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	514 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	26.230 J/(mol·K)
	Vapor pressureTemplate:Infobox element/vapor pressure table
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	Template:Element-symbol-to-oxidation-state-data
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.3
Ionization energies	1st: 587 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1110 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 1930 kJ/mol ; ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 179.8 pm
Covalent radius	206±6 pm
	Template:Infobox element/spectral lines
Other properties
Natural occurrence	Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-occurrence
Crystal structure	Template:Infobox element/crystal structure (cF4)
Lattice constant	Template:Infobox element/crystal structurea = 508.45 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	11.54×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	54.0 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	157 nΩ⋅m (at 0 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	132.0×10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)
Young's modulus	79 GPa
Shear modulus	31 GPa
Bulk modulus	54 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	2490 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio	0.27
Mohs hardness	3.0
Vickers hardness	295–685 MPa
Brinell hardness	390–1500 MPa
CAS Number	7440-29-1
History
Naming	after Thor, the Norse god of thunder
Discovery	Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1829)
Symbol	Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol-etymology
Isotopes of thorium Template:V
	Template:infobox thorium isotopes does not exist
	Category: Thorium; view; talk; edit; \| references

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References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
↑ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4–135. ISBN 978-0-8493-0486-6.
↑ Weast, R. (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. p. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.

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[Arblaster_2018-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[magnet-2] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4–135. ISBN 978-0-8493-0486-6.

[3] Weast, R. (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. p. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.

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Template:Infobox thorium

References