Swami Karpatri

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Pujya

Swami Karpatri

Ji Maharaj
स्वामी करपात्री
Swami in his ashram in Varanasi.
Founder of Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad
In office
1948–1982
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byShankaracharya Swaroopanand Saraswati elected as first president
TitlePuri Shankaracharya
Personal
Born
Har Narayan Ojha

11 August 1907 (1907-08-11)[1] (Shravana Shukla Dvitiya)
Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh
Died7 February 1982(1982-02-07) (aged 74)
Kedar Ghat, Varanasi
ReligionHinduism
SpouseShrimati Mahadevi
ChildrenBhagawati (daughter)
Parents
  • Pandit Ramnidhi Ojha (father)
CitizenshipIndian
DenominationDashanami Sampradaya
Political partyAkhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad (founder)
Known forHindu revivalism and activism
Monastic nameHariharananand Saraswati
Founder ofAkhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad
PhilosophyAdvaita Vedanta
Religious career
TeacherBrahmananda Saraswati
HonoursDharma Samrat (Emperor of Dharma)

Swami Karpatri (11 August 1907 – 7 February 1982), born Har Narayan Ojha, was a Hindu ascetic and political leader who founded the Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad. He authored numerous texts and led several pro-Hindu movements, including the cow protection movement. A sannyasi of the Dashanami Sampradaya, he belonged to the Smārta tradition of Hinduism.

Biography[edit | edit source]

Early life and monastic training[edit | edit source]

He was born on 11 August 1907 (Shravana Shukla Dvitiya) into a Saryuparin Brahmin family in Bhatni, a small village in Pratapgarh, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, British India (modern-day Uttar Pradesh). Showing little interest in worldly affairs during his youth, he was married to Mahadevi in 1916 at the age of nine.[1] He expressed a desire to renounce worldly life to attain Sannyasa, but his father insisted he have a child before departing. Following the birth of his daughter, he left home at the age of 19.[2]

After leaving home, he took the vow of brahmacharya (celibacy) under Swami Brahmananda Saraswati. Upon initiation, he was given the name Harihar Chaitanya and moved to a gurukul in Narwar, Bulandshahr, to continue his education.

He remained at the gurukul for two years, studying Vyakarana, Vedanta, and the six Darshanas (schools of Hindu philosophy). In 1927, he left the gurukul and traveled along the Ganges to Uttarakhand, where he spent the next three years practicing solitary meditation.[3]

Upon returning to his gurukul, he was regarded by his peers as a paramahamsa. It was during this period that he acquired the name "Karpatri" because he received food alms directly in his cupped hands (derived from Sanskrit words kara meaning hands, and patra meaning bowl).[3][4]

In 1931 or 1932, at the age of 24, he was formally initiated into the sannyasa order by Swami Brahmananda Saraswati near Durga Kund in Varanasi, receiving the monastic name Swami Hariharananda Saraswati.[3] In 1932, he debated Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya on the topic of "Pranava" (ॐ). According to traditional accounts, Malaviya conceded the debate.[5]

Religious activism and political career[edit | edit source]

On the festival of Vijayadashami in 1940, Karpatri established the Dharm Sangh. He traveled across India to establish various branches of the organization. Its primary slogan was:

Dharma ki Jaya Ho

Victory to Dharma!

Adharma ka Nash Ho

May Adharma Perish! [6]

Under Karpatri's leadership, the Dharm Sangh assisted victims of the 1946 Noakhali riots by providing land, food, and financial aid.[7][citation needed] He also participated in the reconversion of Hindus who had been forcefully converted to Islam, initiating them using the Rama-Nama mantra.[8][9]

On 28 April 1947, Swami Karpatri and his many followers were arrested while protesting in front of the Council House in New Delhi. The following day, an Additional District Magistrate sentenced him to one month of imprisonment. On 1 May 1947, he was transferred from Delhi District Jail to Lahore District Jail by train forcefully, contrary to his religious practice of avoiding train travel. During this period, his followers conducted non-violent satyagraha protests outside the residences of Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, interim government offices, and the Viceroy's residence. They presented a charter of five primary demands:

  1. An immediate ban on cattle slaughter in India, beginning in Mathura.
  2. Maintenance of the territorial integrity of India, opposing the partition and provincial grouping plans.
  3. The repeal of proposed and enacted legislation perceived as interfering in Hindu religious, social, and personal laws.
  4. Protection of traditional, scriptural practices of Idolatry and religious institutions.
  5. Representation of traditionalist (Sanatani) Hindus in the Constituent Assembly of India, with governance laws based on traditional shastric principles framed in consultation with orthodox scholars.[10][11]

Karpatri was detained in Delhi and Lahore for protests opposing partition (April–May 1947); arrested repeatedly in Delhi during anti-cow slaughter and religious autonomy protests (July 1947); and imprisoned in Mathura and Agra during the anti-cow slaughter campaign (August–November 1947).[7] He was again detained in Varanasi (Kashi) under breach of peace charges from February to July 1948.

In 1948, Karpatri founded the Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad (RRP),[12] a traditionalist Hindu political party headquartered in Jaipur.[13] On 18 April 1948, he founded the newspaper Sanmarg, which promoted traditional Sanatana Dharma, opposed the Hindu Code Bill, and advocated against cow slaughter.[14] The RRP subsequently won three Lok Sabha seats in the 1952 Lok Sabha elections[15] and two seats in 1962.[16]

He led campaigns against the passage of the Hindu Code Bill. In correspondence with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, he described the bill as a "constitutional outrage" and threatened non-violent direct action if it was not withdrawn.[17] He was jailed in Delhi during the Jammu and Kashmir agitation in January 1953. In the mid-1950s, he established the Sumerpeetha (or Sumermath) in Varanasi, asserting it was one of the original monastic seats founded by Adi Shankara.[18] He was imprisoned in Varanasi during protests concerning traditions at the Kashi Vishwanath Temple following the Uttar Pradesh Removal of Social Disabilities Act in February 1955 and December 1956.

Karpatri advocated for strict adherence to traditional Hindu laws and the Shastras. Among his followers, he was popularly known as "Dharmasamrat"[19] (Emperor of Dharma). In 1964, Karpatri participated in a public debate between traditional Sanatani scholars and members of the Arya Samaj, engaging directly with Arya Samaj scholar Yudhisthir Mimansak.[20] In 1965, he engaged in a two-day debate with Vidyamanya Tirtha, a monk of the Madhva Sampradaya who had challenged scholars to defend the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta.[21] According to accounts from Karpatri's followers, he successfully defended the Advaita position using logical interpretations of Vedanta, and was considered the victor after Vidyamanya Tirtha allegedly deviated from his own tradition's philosophical framework during the exchange.[22]

Karpatri was a prominent figure in the 1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation.[23][24] As a result of his participation, he was jailed in Delhi, Agra, and Varanasi between November 1966 and January 1967.[10][11]

Later life, death and legacy[edit | edit source]

Statue of Swami Karpatri in a temple.

Karpatri remained a disciple of Brahmananda Saraswati, the Shankaracharya of Jyotir Math.[25] He spent the majority of his later life in Varanasi. Swami Nishchalananda Saraswati, the 145th Shankaracharya of the Govardhan Peeth in Puri, Odisha, is one of Karpatri's prominent disciples.[26] He also initiated the French historian Alain Daniélou into Shaivite Hinduism, giving him the monastic name Shiv Sharan.[27]

Rajnath Singh releasing the commemorative postage stamp on Swami Karpatri, in New Delhi on June 29, 2022

He was honoured with the degree of D.Litt in 1978 by Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya. A Commemorative Postage Stamp of 500 paise was also issued in his name by India Post.[28][4]

Karpatri died on 7 February 1982 (Magha Shukla Chaturdashi) at Kedar Ghat in Varanasi.[29][30] According to ashram accounts, he spent his final moments listening to the "Ayodhya Tyaga" episode of the Ramayana, recited the Sri Sukta, and passed away with an idol of Krishna on his chest while chanting the name of Shiva.[7][citation needed] His body was subsequently given a traditional water burial in the Ganges near the ghat.[30]

According to his disciple, Swami Nischalananda Saraswati (the Shankaracharya of Puri), Karpatri took samadhi in 1982 due to unbearable chronic pain resulting from a long-standing eye injury. Nischalananda stated that the injury was inflicted during the 1966 anti-cow slaughter protests under the Indira Gandhi administration, when assailants struck Karpatri with an iron rod despite fellow ascetics attempting to shield him.[31][32]

Selected works[edit | edit source]

  • Marxwad Aur Ramrajya: A critique of modern ideologies, including Marxism, socialism, utilitarianism, liberalism, progressivism, and feminism.[33][34]
  • Vichar Piyush: A summary of Karpatri's philosophical thoughts.[35]
  • Bhakti Sudha: An anthology of articles on the importance of Bhakti.[36]
  • Bhagwat Sudha: An explanation of the Bhagavata Purana.[37]
  • Sri Radha Sudha: A compilation of his discourses on the Radha Sudha Nidhi.[38]
  • Bhakti Rasarnava: A treatise on Bhakti.[39]
  • Pibata Bhagvata Rasamalaya: A book discussing the concept of Rasa in the Bhagavata Purana.[40]
  • Kaal Mimansa: A work analyzing chronology in the context of Puranic and Hindu epic literature.[41]
  • Kya Sambhog se Samadhi: A philosophical rebuttal to Rajneesh's (Osho) interpretation of Samadhi.[42]
  • Capitalism, Socialism and Ramrajya: A critique of Rajneesh's views on capitalism and socialism.[43]
  • Ramayana Mimansa: An analysis of the Hindu epic, the Ramayana.[44]
  • Ved Ka Swaroop Aur Pramanya: A text on the epistemological significance and structure of the Vedas.[45]
  • Veda Pramanya Mimansa: A work asserting the epistemological authority of the Vedas.[46]
  • VedaSwarupVimarsh: A text defining the nature of the Vedas, featuring critiques of social reformers such as Dayananda Saraswati.[47]
  • Samanvaya Samrajya Samrakshanam: A work focused on the philosophical reconciliation of various Hindu schools of thought.[48]
  • Ahamartha aur Parmartha Sara: A commentary on Patanjali's Paramarthasara, which includes a critique of the Vishishtadvaita philosophy.[49]
  • Nastika-Astika Vaad: A philosophical defense of Astika (orthodox) schools against Nastika (heterodox) arguments.[50]
  • Videsh Yatra Shastriya Paksha: An examination of Hindu scriptural views on foreign travel.[51]
  • Sankirtan Mimansa evam Varnashrama Dharma: A text on the practice of sankirtan and the maintenance of the varnashrama system.[52]
  • Rss aur Hindu Dharma: A structural critique of the ideology of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) from a traditionalist perspective.[53]
  • Gau - Ek Samagra Chintan: A book on the significance of the cow in Hinduism.[54]
  • Vedartha Parijata: A commentary discussing the philosophical essence of the Vedas.[55]
  • Kumbha Tithyadi Nirnaya: An astrological treatise determining the dates (tithis) for the Kumbh Mela.[56]
  • Yajurveda Commentary: An eight-part commentary (bhashya) on the Shukla Yajurveda.[57]

Further reading[edit | edit source]

  • Lutgendorf, Philip (1991). The Life of a Text: Performing the Rāmcaritmānas of Tulsidas. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06690-8.
  • Swami, Vedanti (1999). Sri Karpatri Ji Sankshipt Jeevani [Summarised Biography of Swami Karpatri] (in हिन्दी).

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Swami 1999, p. 1.
  2. ↑ Swami 1999, p. 2.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kumar, Pramod (30 April 2019). "Swami Karpatri Ji: The forgotten Dharma SamarAt". Pragyata.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Karpatri Maharaj Death Anniversary : सनातन के पोषक और गोरक्षक थे स्वामी करपात्री महाराज, प्रतापगढ़ से जुड़ी हैं खास यादें - swami karpatri maharaj devotion sanatan dharma and cow protection till end of live". Jagran (in हिन्दी). Retrieved 8 September 2026.
  5. ↑ Vedanti Swami Ji. "Sri Karpatri Ji Sankshipt Jeevani Vedanti Swami Ji" (in हिन्दी). Shri Dharmasangh Prakashan.
  6. ↑ "करपात्री महाराज ने दिया धर्म की जय, अधर्म के नाश का मंत्र".
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Sri Karpatri Ji Sankshipt Jeevani Vedanti Swami Ji".
  8. ↑ Ramesh Kutticad. Abhinav Shankar Smriti Granth Swami Karpatriji Maharaj Poor Scan Vol 1.
  9. ↑ "Swami Karpatri Ji: The forgotten Dharma SamarAt". 30 April 2019.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "New Protests by Hindus Scheduled". The Windson Daily Star. 24 May 1947. p. 9.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 कुमारी, सुचेता (1992). धर्मदर्शन में स्वामी करपात्री जी के योगदानों का आलोचनात्मक अध्ययन (in हिन्दी). Prayagraj: दर्शनशास्त्र विभाग इलाहाबाद विश्वविद्यालय. pp. 9–10.
  12. ↑ "Akhil Bhartiya Ramrajya Parishad - Contribution Reports Year 2009-10 - Election Commission of India". Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  13. ↑ "SATYAGRAHA AGAINST HINDU CODE BILL". The Indian Express. 7 February 1950. p. 7.
  14. ↑ Mahila Patrakarita (in Hindi). Prabhat Prakashan. 2012. p. 73. ISBN 9789350481189. Retrieved 14 December 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  15. ↑ "MEMBERS OF FIRST LOK SABHA (Ram Rajya Parishad)". Indian Parliament. Archived from the original on 16 December 2005.
  16. ↑ "Biographical sketches of Third Lok Sabha". National Informatics Centre, Government of India. Archived from the original on 19 May 2006. Retrieved 14 August 2006.
  17. ↑ "OPPOSITION TO HINDU CODE BILL". The Indian Express. 17 December 1949. p. 4.
  18. ↑ "Unholy war over abbey in Varanasi". Indian Express Sunday Magazine. 4 October 1992. p. 3.
  19. ↑ @govardhanmath (10 August 2021). "#गौ_रक्षा_दिवससर्वभूतहृदय धर्मसम्राट स्वामी श्रीकरपात्रीजी की अद्भुत देन" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  20. ↑ Vedanti Swami Ji. "Sri Karpatri Ji Sankshipt Jeevani Vedanti Swami Ji" (in हिन्दी). Shri Dharmasangh Prakashan.
  21. ↑ Vedanti Swami Ji. "Sri Karpatri Ji Sankshipt Jeevani Vedanti Swami Ji" (in हिन्दी). Shri Dharmasangh Prakashan.
  22. ↑ "Swami Karpatri vs Swami Vidyamanyatirtha 1965" (in हिन्दी). Internet Archive.
  23. ↑ Irfan Ahmad, Pralay Kanungo (24 December 2018). The Algebra of Warfare-Welfare: A Long View of India's 2014 Election. Oxford University Press. p. 103. ISBN 9780199097531.
  24. ↑ "Fact Check: 1966 incident of police firing on sadhus goes viral with exaggerated claims". India Today. 6 December 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2026.
  25. ↑ Rama, Swami (1999) Himalayan Institute, Living With the Himalayan Masters, page 247
  26. ↑ @govardhanmath (4 August 2019). "Dharma Samrat Swami Karpatri Ji Jayanti.Puri Shankaracharya ji's Pravachan on his Guru Maharaj's 112th Jayanti.ध…" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 July 2020 – via Twitter.
  27. ↑ Swami Karpatri The Linga and the great goddess Indica bolls, ISBN 818656988X
  28. ↑ Karapatri Maharaj (PDF). India Posts.
  29. ↑ "गोवंश रक्षक धर्मसम्राट स्वामी करपात्रीजी महाराज !". हिन्दू जनजागृति समिति. Retrieved 1 September 2026.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Dharm Samrat Swami Shri Karpatri Ji Maharaj". dharmsangh.org.in. Retrieved 1 September 2026.
  31. ↑ Govardhan Math, Puri (23 October 2025). धर्म और गौवंश के प्रति धर्मसम्राट् स्वामी श्री करपात्री जी महाराज की निष्ठा।. Retrieved 1 September 2026 – via YouTube.
  32. ↑ Kumar, Pramod (30 April 2019). "Swami Karpatri Ji: The forgotten Dharma SamarAt". Retrieved 1 September 2026.
  33. ↑ "मार्क्सवाद और रामराज्य markswad or ramrajya".
  34. ↑ "मार्क्सवाद और रामराज्य (Marksvad Aur Ramrajya)".
  35. ↑ "Vichar Piyush ( 305to 308 512to 519miss)". 5 April 2018.
  36. ↑ "Bhakti Sudha - Sri Karpatri Swami".
  37. ↑ "Bhagavata Sudha - Sri Karpatri Swami" – via Internet Archive.
  38. ↑ "Radha Sudha - Sri Karpatri Swami".
  39. ↑ "Bhaktirasarnava - Sri Karpatri Swami".
  40. ↑ "Pibata Bhagavata Rasamalaya Karapatriji Maharaj" – via Internet Archive.
  41. ↑ "Kala Mimansa - Sri Karpatri Swami" – via Internet Archive.
  42. ↑ "Kya Sambhog Se Samadhi - Swami Karpatri" – via Internet Archive.
  43. ↑ "1960 Around -Punjivad Samajvad Aur Ramrajya". 1960.
  44. ↑ "Ramayan Mimansa - Sri Karpatri Swami" – via Internet Archive.
  45. ↑ "Ved Ka Swaroop Aur Pramanya Part 1 Shri Swami Karpatri Ji Maharaj".
  46. ↑ "Veda Pramanya Mimansa - Sri Karpatri Swami".
  47. ↑ "Veda Swaroop Vimarsha - Sri Karpatri Swami" – via Internet Archive.
  48. ↑ "Samanvaya Samrajya Samrakshanam - Sri Karpatri Swami".
  49. ↑ "Ahamartha Aur Paramartha Sara - Sri Karpatri Swami".
  50. ↑ "Nastika Astika Vada - Sri Karpatri Swami".
  51. ↑ "Videsh yatra - karpatri ji विदेश यात्रा (करपात्री जी महाराज )".
  52. ↑ "Sankirtana Mimansa Evam Varnashrama Maryada - Sri Karpatri Swami".
  53. ↑ "Rss और हिन्दू धर्म स्वामी करपात्री जी" – via Internet Archive.
  54. ↑ "Gau - Ek Samagra Chintan - Sri Karpatri Swami" – via Internet Archive.
  55. ↑ "Vedartha Parijata - Sri Karpatri Swami (Total 23 Files)".
  56. ↑ "Kumbha Tithyadi Nirnaya - Sri Karpatri Swami".
  57. ↑ "Yajurveda Bhashya 08 - Sri Karpatri Swami" – via Internet Archive.
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