Indian campaign of Al Hakam

Indian campaign of Al hakam
	Part of Umayyad campaigns in India
	; The region in which the arab campgain took place
Date	731-740
Location	Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan
Result	Partial Arab victory; Decline of Gurjaras of Lata; Decline of Mori Kingdom; Arabs reconquered all of the the lost territories; Arab raid halted due to the death of Al Hakim;
Belligerents
Umayyad Caliphate	Chavda dynasty; Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty; Chalukyas of Navasarika; Kachchh Kingdom; Saindhava; Gurjaras of Lata; Maitraka dynasty
Commanders and leaders
Al-Hakam ibn Awana †	Pushyadeva; Dhavala; Unknown chavda king †; Jayabhata IV; Siladitya IV; Pulakeshin; Nagabhata I

Although Arab sources do not mention details of the campaigns, they are recorded in Indian sources which mentioned some victories over the Arab forces and their expeditions. Al-Hakam ibn Abu al-Aas ventured to Indias coastline from Sindh utilizing the Caliphate navy.^[1] The Navsari inscription attributed to Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin of the Chalukya dynasty claimed victory over Arab forces after stating that they had arrived to Navsari and defeating the rulers.^[2] Since these conquests had been lost under Tamim Zayd, and since the Muslims had again reached the southeastern corner of Gujarat by 739 AD, we must conclude that Al-Hakam or his lieutenants had indeed reconquered these territories.^[3] Al-Hakam died in battle while fighting the Saurashtra in present-day Gujarat in 740 AD, putting an end to his expedition.^[4]^[5]

Campaign

References

↑ ALPERS, EDWARD A. (2018-06-07), "Researching the History of the Indian Ocean World", Connecting Continents, Ohio University Press, pp. 92–120, retrieved 2025-11-29
↑ Truschke, Audrey (2021-01-05). The Language of History: Sanskrit Narratives of Indo-Muslim Rule. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-55195-3.
↑ Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994-06-28). The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. State University of New York Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-7914-9683-1.
↑ Gordon, Matthew S.; Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1996). "The End of the jihād state: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 116 (4): 795. doi:10.2307/605483. ISSN 0003-0279.
↑ Fisher, Michael H.; Wink, Andre (1992). "Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Volume 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th-11th Centuries". The American Historical Review. 97 (3): 910. doi:10.2307/2164901. ISSN 0002-8762.

[1] ALPERS, EDWARD A. (2018-06-07), "Researching the History of the Indian Ocean World", Connecting Continents, Ohio University Press, pp. 92–120, retrieved 2025-11-29

[2] Truschke, Audrey (2021-01-05). The Language of History: Sanskrit Narratives of Indo-Muslim Rule. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-55195-3.

[3] Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994-06-28). The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. State University of New York Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-7914-9683-1.

[4] Gordon, Matthew S.; Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1996). "The End of the jihād state: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 116 (4): 795. doi:10.2307/605483. ISSN 0003-0279.

[5] Fisher, Michael H.; Wink, Andre (1992). "Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Volume 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th-11th Centuries". The American Historical Review. 97 (3): 910. doi:10.2307/2164901. ISSN 0002-8762.

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