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==Names== | ==Names== | ||
The etymology of the name ''Ares'' is traditionally connected with the [[Greek language|Greek]] word {{lang|grc|ἀρή}} (''arē''), the [[Ionic Greek|Ionic]] form of the [[Doric Greek|Doric]] {{lang|grc|ἀρά}} (''ara''), "bane, ruin, curse, imprecation".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0073%3Aentry%3Da%29rh%2F ἀρή], Georg Autenrieth, ''A Homeric Dictionary''. {{LSJ|a)ra/|ἀρή|ref}}.</ref> [[Walter Burkert]] notes that "Ares is apparently an ancient abstract noun meaning throng of battle, war."<ref name="Burkert, p. 169">Burkert, [https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/169/mode/2up?view=theater p. 169].</ref> [[Robert S. P. Beekes|R. S. P. Beekes]] has suggested a [[Pre-Greek]] origin of the name.<ref>[[Robert S. P. Beekes|R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, pp. 129–130.</ref> The earliest attested form of the name is the [[Mycenaean language|Mycenaean Greek]] {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀀𐀩}}}}, ''a-re'', written in the [[Linear B]] syllabic script.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A-re in the Linear B Tablets and the Continuity of the Cult of Ares in the Historical Period| url=http://www.utexas.edu/research/pasp/publications/pdf/are.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.utexas.edu/research/pasp/publications/pdf/are.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|first=Joannn|last=Gulizio|journal=Journal of Prehistoric Religion|volume=15|pages=32–38}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last=Raymoure| first=K.A.| url=http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-groups/a/a-re/| title=a-re| work=Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B| publisher=Deaditerranean| year=2012| access-date=2014-03-08| archive-date=2016-03-18| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318004206/http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-groups/a/a-re/| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palaeolexicon.com/default.aspx?static=12&wid=346723|title=The Linear B word a-re|website= Palaeolexicon, Word study tool of ancient languages}}</ref> | The etymology of the name ''Ares'' is traditionally connected with the [[Greek language|Greek]] word {{lang|grc|ἀρή}} (''arē''), the [[Ionic Greek|Ionic]] form of the [[Doric Greek|Doric]] {{lang|grc|ἀρά}} (''ara''), "bane, ruin, curse, imprecation".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0073%3Aentry%3Da%29rh%2F ἀρή], Georg Autenrieth, ''A Homeric Dictionary''. {{LSJ|a)ra/|ἀρή|ref}}.</ref> [[Walter Burkert]] notes that "Ares is apparently an ancient abstract noun meaning throng of battle, war."<ref name="Burkert, p. 169">Burkert, [https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/169/mode/2up?view=theater p. 169].</ref> [[Robert S. P. Beekes|R. S. P. Beekes]] has suggested a [[Pre-Greek]] origin of the name.<ref>[[Robert S. P. Beekes|R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, pp. 129–130.</ref> The earliest attested form of the name is the [[Mycenaean language|Mycenaean Greek]] {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀀𐀩}}}}, ''a-re'', written in the [[Linear B]] syllabic script.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A-re in the Linear B Tablets and the Continuity of the Cult of Ares in the Historical Period| url=http://www.utexas.edu/research/pasp/publications/pdf/are.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.utexas.edu/research/pasp/publications/pdf/are.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|first=Joannn|last=Gulizio|journal=Journal of Prehistoric Religion|volume=15|pages=32–38}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last=Raymoure| first=K.A.| url=http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-groups/a/a-re/| title=a-re| work=Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B| publisher=Deaditerranean| year=2012| access-date=2014-03-08| archive-date=2016-03-18| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318004206/http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-groups/a/a-re/| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palaeolexicon.com/default.aspx?static=12&wid=346723|title=The Linear B word a-re|website= Palaeolexicon, Word study tool of ancient languages}}</ref> | ||
The [[adjective|adjectival]] [[epithet]], ''Areios'' ("warlike") was frequently appended to the names of other gods when they took on a warrior aspect or became involved in warfare: ''Zeus Areios'', ''Athena Areia'', even [[Aphrodite Areia]] ("Aphrodite within Ares" or "feminine Ares"), who was warlike, fully armoured and armed, partnered with [[Athena]] in [[Sparta]], and represented at [[Temple of Aphrodite, Kythira|Kythira]]'s temple to [[Aphrodite Urania]].<ref>Budin, Stephanie L. (2010). "Aphrodite Enoplion", In Smith, Amy C.; Pickup, Sadie (eds.). Brill's Companion to Aphrodite. Brill's Companions in Classical Studies. Boston, MA: Brill Publishers. pp. 79–116. {{ISBN|9789047444503}}.</ref> | |||
In the ''[[Iliad]]'', the word ''ares'' is used as a [[common noun]] synonymous with "battle".<ref name="Burkert, p. 169"/> | |||
In the [[Classical Greece|Classical period]], Ares is given the epithet [[Enyalios]], which seems to appear on the [[Helladic period|Mycenaean]] [[Knossos|KN]] V 52 tablet as {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀁𐀝𐀷𐀪𐀍}}}}, ''e-nu-wa-ri-jo''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chadwick|first=John|author-link=John Chadwick|title=The Mycenaean World|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1976|isbn=0-521-29037-6|url=https://archive.org/details/mycenaeanworld00chad|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/mycenaeanworld00chad/page/88 88]}} At [[Google Books]].</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-groups/e/e-nu-wa-ri-jo/ |title=e-nu-wa-ri-jo |work=Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B |last=Raymoure |first=K.A. |publisher=Deaditerranean |access-date=2014-03-19 |archive-date=2021-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623193902/http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-groups/e/e-nu-wa-ri-jo/ |url-status=dead }} {{cite web |title=KN 52 V + 52 bis + 8285 (unknown) |website=DĀMOS: Database of Mycenaean at Oslo |url=https://www2.hf.uio.no/damos/Index/item/chosen_item_id/49 |publisher=[[University of Oslo]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319204420/https://www2.hf.uio.no/damos/Index/item/chosen_item_id/49 |archive-date=2014-03-19 }}</ref> Enyalios was sometimes identified with Ares and sometimes differentiated from him as another war god with separate cult, even in the same town; Burkert describes them as "doubles almost".<ref name="OCD-Ares" /><ref>Burkert, p. 44</ref> | |||