Ghanaians: Difference between revisions

| population      = {{circa|30}} million

| popplace         = '''{{flag|Ghana}}''' :&nbsp;30 million (2020 estimate)<ref name="Statista_Ghana">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/967846/total-population-of-ghana-by-gender/|title=Ghana: Total population from 2010 to 2020, by gender|access-date=|website=[[Statista]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726105009/https://www.statista.com/statistics/967846/total-population-of-ghana-by-gender/|archive-date=26 July 2021<!--contains only up to 2019 data-->|url-status=live|quote=2020 Female 15.32 Male 15.75 (in millions)}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=January 2022|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).}}

| ref1            = <ref> The Consul-General of Ghana in Lagos, Mr. Maxwell Awiaya, on Wednesday, disclosed that there are about 500,000 Ghanaians currently living in different Nigerian cities and communities.[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/02/500000-ghanaians-live-nigeria-envoy/amp/]</ref>

| pop2            = 116,807 (2011){{ref|1|[n1]}}

| pop3            = 113,000+ (2021){{ref|1|[n1]}}

| ref7            = <ref name="Ghana: Searching for Opportunities at Home and Abroad"/><ref>[[Statistics Netherlands]] reported in 2003 that 40,000 Dutch people were citizens or nationals of Ghana. See: {{citation | url = http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2003/default.htm | title = Bevolking, publicaties en artikelen | author = Statistics Netherlands | author-link = Statistics Netherlands | publisher = cbs.nl | work = Netherlands 2003 Census | year = 2003 | access-date = 21 June 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120607031702/http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2003/default.htm | archive-date = 2012-06-07 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

| ref8            = <ref name="Ghana: Searching for Opportunities at Home and Abroad">{{citation | url = http://www.migrationinformation.org/USFocus/display.cfm?ID=381 |title = Ghana: Searching for Opportunities at Home and Abroad |author = Micah Bump |publisher = migrationinformation.org |work = Institute for the Study of International Migration, Georgetown University |year = 2006 | access-date = 21 June 2012}}</ref><ref>[[Statistics Canada]] reported in 2006 that 23,225 Canadians were citizens or nationals of Ghana. See: {{citation | url = http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 | title = Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories | author = Statistics Canada|author-link=Statistics Canada |publisher = statcan.ca |work = [[Canada 2006 Census]] |year = 2006 | access-date = 21 June 2012}}</ref>

| pop9            = 39,270 (2020){{ref|1|[n1]}}

| pop18            = 2,252

| pop20            = 1,848

| religions        = {{hlist|71.2% [[Christianity in Ghana|Christian]]<ref name="Ghana – 2010 Population and Housing Census" /> | 17.6% [[Muslim]]<ref name="CIA WORLD FACTBOOK">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ghana/ |title=CIA WORLD FACTBOOK - Report |access-date=12 August 2013 }}, {{cite web |url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf |title=2010 Population and Housing Census |access-date=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925192147/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |[[African traditional religions|Traditional]] 5.2%, Other 0.8%, [[Irreligious|None]] 5.2%<ref name="Ghana – 2010 Population and Housing Census" />}}

The '''Ghanaian people''' are a nation originating in the [[Gold Coast (region)|Ghanaian Gold Coast]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana : History {{!}} The Commonwealth|url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/ghana/history|website=thecommonwealth.org|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref> Ghanaians predominantly inhabit the Republic of [[Ghana]] and are the predominant cultural group and residents of Ghana, numbering 30 million people as of 2020, making up 85% of the population.<ref name="Facts About Ghana - 2014 Ghana pop"/><ref name="A Journey Through Islam">{{cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/islam-perspective/journey-through-islam-muslims-have-come-well-ghana |title=A Journey Through Islam: Muslims have come up well in Ghana|work=arabnews.com|publisher=[[Arab News]]|date=1 March 2013 |access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> The word "Ghana" means "warrior king".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Ghana | title=Ghana &#124; Etymology, origin and meaning of the name ghana |website= Etymonline }}</ref> An estimated [[diaspora]] population of 4 million people worldwide are of Ghanaian descent.<ref name="Jamaica National launches new Ghana money transfer brand" /> The term ethnic Ghanaian may also be used in some contexts to refer to a group of related ethnic groups native to the Gold Coast.<ref>{{citation| url =http://www.niica.on.ca/ghana/people.aspx| title =The Ghanaian people| work =niica.on.ca| access-date =27 April 2013| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204950/http://www.niica.on.ca/ghana/people.aspx| archive-date =29 October 2013| url-status =dead}}</ref>

The [[ethnogenesis]] of Ghanaians is traced back to [[nomad]]ic migration from [[Nubia]] along the [[Sahara]] desert then south to the Gold Coast, and the Ghanaian ethnogenesis taking place on the Ghanaian [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast region]] from the 10th to 16th century AD.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Survey of World Migration |first=Robin|last=Cohen |author-link=Robin Cohen |year= 1995 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-052-1-4440-57 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgesurveyo00robi/page/197 197] |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgesurveyo00robi |url-access=registration |quote=Akan migration. }} Wickens, Gerald E; Lowe, Pat (2008). {{cite book |title= The Baobabs: Pachycauls of Africa, Madagascar and Australia|year= 2008 |publisher= [[Springer Science+Business Media]] |isbn= 978-1-4020-6431-9 |page=360 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu9ZX3NWPYIC&q=Akan+migration+10th+century&pg=PA360 }}</ref> Early Ghanaians were involved in a lucrative trade with gold bars and other natural minerals to the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] in 1471; these Ghanaian states were among the wealthiest on the African continent from the 17th century onwards following successful further expansion of lucrative Ghanaian gold bars trading to the [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[Prussia]]n and [[Scandinavia]]ns from the 16th century through to the 20th century.<ref name="Chronology of world history">Chronology of world history: a calendar of principal events from 3000 BC to AD 1973, Part 1973.</ref>

}}, {{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml |title=First For Sub-Saharan Africa |publisher=BBC |access-date=27 April 2013 }}, {{cite web |url=http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/decolinization.jpg |title=Exploring Africa |publisher=exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu |access-date=27 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602212136/http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/decolinization.jpg |archive-date=2 June 2013 }}</ref>

More than 90% of the Ghanaian citizens in Ghana live in [[Urban area|urban areas]]—a figure higher than the world average. The rate of Ghana's population growth is at the world average.<ref name="Ghana – 2010 Population and Housing Census" /> Most Ghanaians move to urban areas seeking well-paid jobs. Ghanaians have high level of education in science, [[technology]], mathematics and vocational studies. However, the rural areas have large productivity in agricultural produce.

According to a 2005 [[Y-DNA]] study, indigenous Ghanaians in Ghana carry 61% [[Haplogroup E1b1a (Y-DNA)|E1b1a]].<ref name="Wood 2005">Wood, Elizabeth T., et al., 2005. [https://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/WoodEJHG2005.pdf Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227061248/http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/WoodEJHG2005.pdf|date=27 December 2010}}; also [http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v13/n7/extref/5201408x1.gif Appendix A]</ref><ref group="nb">Ghana [[Kwa languages|Kwa]]: Indigenous Ghanaians of [[Kwa languages|Kwa]]-speaking ethnicity in Ghana 68.8% of Ghana's population ― [[Akan people|Akan]] ([[Ashanti people|Ashanti]], [[Fante people|Fanti]]), [[Ga-Adangbe people|Ga-Adangbe]], and [[Ewe people|Ewe]]; see also [[Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa]].</ref> Indigenous Ghanaians also belong to [[Patrilineality|paternal lineages]] at 2.2% [[Haplogroup E1a (Y-DNA)|E1a]].<ref name="Wood 2005" /> Indigenous Ghanaians in Ghana are 1.1% [[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)|E1b1b]] [[clade]] bearers, a [[haplogroup]] that is most common in [[North Africa]] and the [[Horn of Africa]]. 1.1% carry [[Eurasia|West Eurasian]] haplogroup [[Haplogroup R1b|R1b]].<ref name="Wood 2005" />

==National identity and citizenship==

The inhabitants of Ghana possessing [[Ghanaian passport|Ghanaian passports]] are 20 million persons, including an additional 3‒4 million persons abroad. Ghana has a diverse population that reflects its colorful history and the peoples who have populated the region from ancient times to the present, with the historic amalgam of the main groups forming the basis of Ghana's current demographics. [[West Africa|Native West Africans]] make up 98% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ghana Embassy – Population |url=http://www.ghanaembassy.org/index.php?page=population|publisher=Ghana Embassy|access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ghana Demographics Profile 2013 |url=http://www.indexmundi.com/ghana/demographics_profile.html |publisher=Indexmundi|access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=General Information – Key Figures |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/general/statistics.php|publisher=GhanaWeb|access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> There is also a new population of [[Asian people|Asians]], [[Arab diaspora|Middle Easterners]], [[White Africans of European ancestry|Europeans]] and other recent [[Immigration|immigrants]].{{CN|date=April 2023}}

To obtain [[Ghanaian nationality law|Ghanaian nationality]], one must be [[Naturalization|naturalized]] after seven years of [[Ghana Card]] [[permanent residency]].{{CN|date=April 2023}} The [[Asian people|Asians]], Middle Easterners and [[Europeans]] who have lived in Ghana for most of their lives have acquired Ghanaian citizenship, which is granted without any discrimination.{{CN|date=April 2023}} 67% of Ghanaians speak English.<ref name="Ghana – 2010 Population and Housing Census" /><ref>{{cite web |quote=The Ghanaian Government states that English is the official language. It is being widely used in business, law, and government documents, as well being taught throughout schools as a medium of instruction. For the official percentage of English-language speakers in Ghana see [[List of countries by English-speaking population]] |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh |publisher=Government of Ghana |title=Welcome |year=2013 |access-date=8 June 2014}}</ref> There are over 100 ethnic groups, each with its own distinct language.<ref>{{cite web|title=Master Drummers of Dagbon, Volumes 1 and 2

During the colonial era,<!--nationalism gained dominance through the Ghanaian [[The Big Six (Ghana)|Big Six]] independence movement, --> a number of Europeans intermarried with Africans and had offspring, who include such notable Gold Coasters as [[Carel Hendrik Bartels]] and [[James Bannerman]]. Most European settlers left the Gold Coast after it won independence. Currently, the most significant immigrant populations in Ghana are Africans from other countries on the continent, Asians ([[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area|Indians]] and [[Chinese people|Chinese]]), some of them Europeans (Britons, [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]], French, [[Italians]], Latin Americans, Poles, [[Scandinavia|Scandinavians]], and [[Germans]]), and Middle Easterners, particularly Lebanese and Syrians.

Approximately 5 per cent of Ghanaian [[Citizenship|citizens]] live in rural areas and 95 per cent in urban areas. The rate of urbanization estimated for the period 2010–2015 is 4 per cent per annum,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of Ghana partners with Cities Alliance to host Special Forum on rapid urbanization in Ghana |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2011/07/13/government-of-ghana-partners-with-cities-alliance-to-host-special-forum-on-rapid-urbanization-in-ghana |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> one of the highest among [[developing country|developing countries]].

|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|[[File:Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolitan Assembly (STMA) logo.jpg|40px|center]]

|align="center" rowspan="2"|[[Sekondi-Takoradi]]

|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|445,205

|colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background: #DCDCDC;"|'''Total {{Flagicon |Ghana}} Ghana'''||style="text-align:center; background: #DCDCDC;"| '''24,658,823'''||style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"|'''238,533'''

White Ghanaians are [[Ghanaian cedi|Ghanaian]] citizens mostly of [[British people|British]] origin or descent. Some White Ghanaians are born of [[The Netherlands|Dutch]], [[France|French]], [[Germany|German]], [[Italy|Italian]], [[Latin America]]n (including [[Central America]]n, [[Caribbean]], and [[South America]]n), [[Poland|Polish]], [[Portugal|Portuguese]], or [[Scandinavia]]n (including [[Denmark|Danish]], [[Norway|Norwegian]], and [[Sweden|Swedish]]) origin or descent. Ghana has a 3 per cent white population still remaining.

An estimated 500,000 people of Ghanaian descent reside in Nigeria.

[[Music of Ghana|Ghanaian music]] incorporates several distinct types of instruments, including [[talking drum]]s, the [[atenteben]] and <!--No Wikipedia article for [[koloko]]-->koloko lute, <!--court music, including -->the atumpan, and log [[xylophone]]s used in asonko music. The most well-known genre to come from Ghana is [[highlife]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200902120888.html |title=Kofi Ghanaba - Influential Drummer Who Emphasised the African Origins of Jazz |date=12 February 2009 |publisher=AllAfrica |access-date=30 May 2009}}</ref> Highlife originated in the late 19th century and early 20th century. In the 1990s, a new genre of music, [[hiplife]], was created through the combination of highlife, Afro-reggae, [[dancehall]] and [[Hip hop music|hip hop]].<ref name="Female Song Tradition">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ss2NOW2eM-IC&q=akan+asonko&pg=PA20 |title=Female Song Tradition and the Akan of Ghana|first= Kwasi |last=Ampene |publisher=Ashgate|date= 2005 |access-date=12 February 2012|isbn=9780754631477}}</ref> Hiplife is the most popular Ghanaian music,<ref>{{cite web |author= HKW |url= http://www.hkw.de/de/programm/2011/worldtronics_2011/veranstaltungen_58739/veranstaltungsdetail_66102.php |title= Ghana Hiplife |language= de |access-date=25 April 2013}}</ref> followed by the other genre of Ghanaian music, [[highlife]].<ref>{{cite web |work= National Geographic |url= http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/genre/content.genre/highlife_728/en_US |title= Ghanaian Highlife Music |access-date= 25 April 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121104060955/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/genre/content.genre/highlife_728/en_US |archive-date= 2012-11-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Ghanaian dance is globally well known and performed worldwide.<ref name="Female Song Tradition"/> The dances are varied and may involve complex and co-ordinated movement of the arms, torso, hips, feet and head, performed to different Ghanaian music forms for entertainment, celebrating at festivals, and other occasions. Some popular dances include Adowa and [[Azonto]].<ref name="Dance - Ghana"/> Other traditional dances from Ghana are [[Kpanlogo]], Klama and Bamaya.<ref name="Dance - Ghana">{{cite web|work=[[Temple University]]|url=http://www.temple.edu/studyabroad/students/fulbright/documents/mfa_dance_ghana.pdf|title=Ghanaian Dance|access-date=25 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226065738/http://www.temple.edu/studyabroad/students/fulbright/documents/mfa_dance_ghana.pdf|archive-date=26 December 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>  

The rich culture in Ghana led to the annual festival held at the capital region, Greater Accra at the James Town township which is celebrated along with the Homowo festival. This new festival called CHALEWOTE<ref>[[Chale Wote Street Art Festival]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=October 2020}} has caught the eyes of many who seek to experience the true Ghanaian culture and festival for themselves.

[[File:Akan girl dancing.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Ghanaian girl in traditional Ghanaian [[kente cloth]]ing and [[national costume]].]]

In Ghanaian society [[polygyny]] – marriages in which men are permitted to have more than one wife at the same time<ref name=cs /> – has been traditionally practised, especially among well-to-do Ghanaian men.<ref name=cs /> Among [[matrilineal]] groups, such as the [[Akan people|Akan]], married women continued to reside at their maternal homes.<ref name=cs/> Meals prepared by the wife would be carried to the husband at his maternal house.<ref name=cs/> In polygynous situations, visitation schedules would be arranged.<ref name=cs/> The separate living patterns reinforced the idea that each spouse is subject to the authority of a different household head, and because spouses are always members of different lineages, each is ultimately subject to the authority of the senior men of his or her lineage.<ref name=cs/> The wife, as an outsider in the husband's family, would not inherit any of his property, other than that granted to her by her husband as gifts in token appreciation of years of devotion.<ref name=cs/> The children from this matrilineal marriage would be expected to inherit from their mother's family.<ref name=cs/> Today, the percentage of women in polygynous marriages in Ghana's rural areas (23.9 per cent) is almost double that of women in Ghana's urban areas (12.4 per cent).<ref name=MICS /> The age group with the most women in polygynous marriages is 45–49, followed by the 15–19 age group and the 40–44 group.<ref name=MICS /> Rates of polygynous marriages decrease as education level and wealth level increase.<ref name=MICS />

During 2008–2012, the national literacy rate for women aged 15–24 was 83.2 per cent, only slightly lower than that for males of the same age group (88.3 per cent).<ref name="UNICEF Stats" /> However, literacy rates fluctuate across Ghana country and socioeconomic statuses.<ref name=MICS/><ref name="UNICEF Stats" /> By [[regions of Ghana]], literacy rates for females range from 44 per cent to 81 per cent.<ref name=MICS>{{cite journal|title=Ghana|journal=Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey with and Enhanced Malaria Module and Biomarker|date=2011|url=http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR262/FR262.pdf|access-date=28 September 2014}}</ref> Women living at the highest socioeconomic status exhibit the highest literacy rates at 85 per cent, while only 31 per cent of women living at the lowest socioeconomic status are literate.<ref name=MICS /> Over the timespan of 2008–12, there were 4 per cent more females enrolled in [[preschool]] than males.<ref name="UNICEF Stats">{{cite web|title=At a Glance: Ghana|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ghana_statistics.html|publisher=UNICEF|access-date=28 September 2014}}</ref> Net enrolment and attendance ratios for [[primary school]] were both about the same for males and females, net enrollment standing at about 84 per cent and net attendance at about 73 per cent.<ref name="UNICEF Stats" /> Enrolment in [[secondary school]] for females was slightly lower than for males (44.4 per cent vs. 48.1 per cent), but female attendance was higher by about the same difference (39.7 per cent vs. 43.6 per cent).<ref name="UNICEF Stats" />

As of 2011, women made up 66.9 per cent of economically active population in Ghana.<ref name="equality and poverty">{{cite journal|last=Awumbila|first=Mariama|title=Gender equality and poverty in Ghana: implications for poverty reduction strategies|journal=GeoJournal|date=2006|volume=67|issue=2|pages=149–161|doi=10.1007/s10708-007-9042-7|jstor=41148110|s2cid=154300298}}</ref> Within the informal sector, women usually work in personal services.<ref name="equality and poverty" /> There are distinct differences in artisan apprenticeships offered to women and men, as well.<ref name="equality and poverty" /> Men are offered a much wider range of apprenticeships, such as carpenters, masons, blacksmiths, mechanics, painters, repairers of electrical and [[Electronic engineering|electronic appliances]], upholsters, metal workers, car sprayers, etc.<ref name="equality and poverty" /> In contrast, most female artisans are involved in either hairdressing or dressmaking.<ref name="equality and poverty" /> Women generally experience a disparity in earnings, receiving a daily average of 6,280 cedis compared to 8,560 cedis received by men, according to the Ghana Living Standards Survey.<ref name="equality and poverty" /> Women are flourishing in teaching professions.<ref name=cs/>

Early 1990s' data showed that about 19 per cent of the instructional staff at the nation's three universities in 1990 was female.<ref name=cs/> Of the teaching staff in specialized and diploma-granting institutions, 20 per cent was female; elsewhere, corresponding figures were 21 per cent at secondary-school level; 23 per cent at middle-school level, and as high as 42 per cent at primary-school level.<ref name=cs/> Women also dominated the secretarial and nursing professions in Ghana.<ref name=cs/> When women were employed in the same line of work as men, they were paid equal wages, and they were granted maternity leave with pay.<ref name=cs/> However, women in [[research]] professions report experiencing more difficulties than men in the same field, which can be linked to restricted professional networks for women because of lingering traditional familial roles.<ref name="gender and science">{{cite journal|last=Campion|first=P.|title=Gender and science in development: women scientists in Ghana, Kenya, and India.|journal=Science, Technology, & Human Values|date=2004|volume=29|issue=4|pages=459–485|doi=10.1177/0162243904265895|s2cid=145251806}}<!--|access-date=12 March 2014--></ref>

The government of Ghana in 2007 took legal proceedings to prosecute men who abuse their women.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/124409/1/domestic-violence-bill-passed-at-last.html|first=Emmanuel |last=Adu-Gyamerah|title=Domestic Violence Bill Passed At Last|work=Modern Ghana|date=22 February 2007|access-date=28 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Ivy|last= Benson|title=The law and gender-based violence|work=The Chronicle|url=http://thechronicle.com.gh/the-law-and-gender-based-violence/|date=23 February 2011|access-date=28 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401005030/http://thechronicle.com.gh/the-law-and-gender-based-violence/|archive-date=1 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= UN expert on violence against women concludes visit to Ghana |publisher= [[OHCHR]]|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2009/10/un-expert-violence-against-women-concludes-visit-ghana|date=16 July 2007|access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gL_0zE4yFUC&q=domestic+violence+in+ghana&pg=PA238 |title=Domestic Violence and the Law in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa|editor-first=Emily S.|editor-last= Burrill|editor2= Richard L. Roberts|editor3= Elizabeth Thornberry |publisher=Ohio University Press|date= 2010 |access-date=28 September 2014|isbn=9780821419281 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Vodafone Ghana foundation launches first ever hotline for domestic abuse report |publisher= [[Vodafone]]|url= http://www.vodafone.com.gh/About-Us/News/Vodafone-Ghana-foundation-launches-first-ever-hotl.aspx|access-date=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Let's end violence against women in Ghana |work= todaygh.com |url= http://www.todaygh.com/2013/03/11/lets-end-violence-against-women-in-ghana/ |first=Awo Aidam |last=Amenyah|date=11 March 2013|access-date= 28 September 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140104023127/http://www.todaygh.com/2013/03/11/lets-end-violence-against-women-in-ghana/ |archive-date= 4 January 2014 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Ending violence against women and girls |work= Business Ghana|url= http://www.businessghana.com/portal/news/index.php?op=getNews&id=188504|date=14 August 2013|access-date=28 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= The Role Of Religious Leaders In Preventing And Ending Domestic Violence|work= The Chronicle|url= http://thechronicle.com.gh/the-role-of-religious-leaders-in-preventing-and-ending-domestic-violence/|first=Patricia Isabella|last= Essel |date=30 July 2013|access-date= 28 September 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140104064340/http://thechronicle.com.gh/the-role-of-religious-leaders-in-preventing-and-ending-domestic-violence/|archive-date= 4 January 2014|url-status= dead}}</ref>

{{Wikiquote|Ghanaians}}