Chandelas of Jejakabhukti (Chandel Empire): Difference between revisions

The '''Chandelas of Jejakabhukti''', ([[Devanagari]]: जेजाकभुक्ति के चन्देल, colloquially known as the '''Chandel of Mahoba'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Tapan |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93&dq=Chandelas+of+Mahoba&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf2YSlqsWCAxVHQ2cHHWz4CwQQ6AF6BAgOEAM |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750 |last2=Habib |first2=Irfan |last3=Kumar |first3=Dharma |date=1982 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-22692-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Sir Alexander |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4V4CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP19&dq=Chandelas+of+Mahoba&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf2YSlqsWCAxVHQ2cHHWz4CwQQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandelas%20of%20Mahoba&f=false |title=Coins of Ancient India from the Earliest Times Down to the Seventh Century A.D. |date=1891 |publisher=Quaritch |language=en}}</ref> or '''Chandel Empire'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gangoly |first=Ordhendra Coomar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=leBOAAAAYAAJ&q=Chandela+Empire&dq=Chandela+Empire&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiGkrORpsWCAxXkSWwGHVbZCo0Q6AF6BAgKEAM#Chandela%20Empire |title=The Art of the Chandelas |date=1957 |publisher=Rupa |language=en}}</ref>) was an Indian dynasty, which was founded by [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihayavanshi]] Chandel ruler [[Nannuka|Chandravarman II (Nannukavarman)]]. Chandels once ruled almost the entire India from there capital in Jejakabhukti region and saved Hindus from Muslim invaders.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TKvEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA321&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5woqH9ceDAxWwklYBHUfNA58Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20&f=false|title=Raja Bhoj Parmaron Ki Gorvanshiya Virasat|last=sakalle|first=Jairam Sitaram Pawar & Vinayak|date=2023-06-13|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref> They belonged to the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel Yādava]] clan of the [[Rajput|Chandravanahi Rajput]]s.<ref>*{{Cite book |author=Upinder Singh|author-link=Upinder Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DRuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Discovery of Ancient India: Early Archaeologists and the Beginnings of Archaeology |date=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-088-6|page=73|quote=Discussion of the histories of various Rajput clans, such as the Chauhans, Kachhvahas, Chandelas, Pratiharas and Tomaras on the basis of a wide range of sources-literary, epigraphic, numismatic, bardic accounts and local traditions|language=en}}

The Chandelas of Jejakabhukti ruled under the Pratiharas of Kanyakubja until the 9th century. The 9th-century Chandel ruler Yashovarman I, who assumed the title of Maharajadhiraja, initially acknowledged Pratihara suzerainty but within a few months became practically independent. The inscriptions describe his "Digvijaya" in which he defeated the many kingdoms including the king of Gurjara country i.e. Pratiharas, the Paramara king Siyaka of Malwa and the Rashtrakuta king. Thus the Chandelas of Jejakabhukti became the main sovereign power during the time of Yashovarman I. During Emperor Yashovarman I to [[Paramardivarman]], Chandels achieved success over [[Kalinga]], [[Paramara]]s, Kalachuris, [[Vanga]], [[Konkan]], Gahadvalas etc kingdoms and subjugated them. Although many times they would rebel and become independent, but within a few days the Chandels would defeat them and again subdue them. The Chaulukyas and some states of southern India paid tribute to the Chandel empire. The reason for the downfall was being engaged in war with the rebel occupied kings or feudatories from time to time due to which the army was not fully prepared during external aggressions. In 1203 BC, The Chandels were decimated by the suddenly Ghurid Invasion but were soon revived by Trailokyavarman, the son of Paramardivarman. Trailokyavarman also defeated Iltutmish and brought many kings of Central and North India back under Chandel rule, which lasted till 1545. In between, some kings refused to accept subordination, but in a few days they again became subject to the Chandels after defeating. Hammiravarman, son of Viravarman I, defeated Alauddin Khilji on the banks of the confluence of Yamuna-Betwa river in 1309 AD. The Chandels ruled central India until 1545 AD, repulsing many Muslim invasions. The last ruler was Kirttivarman II, who was killed in the battle against Islam Shah Suri.