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The '''<span lang="kn" dir="ltr">Tungabhadra Dam</span>''' also known as '''Pampa Sagar''' is constructed across the [[Tungabhadra River]], a tributary of the [[Krishna River]].<ref>[http://www.kgbo-cwc.ap.nic.in/About%20Basins/Krishna.pdf Map of Krishna River basin]</ref> The dam is in [[Hosapete]], [[Vijayanagara]] district of [[Karnataka]]. It is a multipurpose dam serving irrigation, electricity generation, flood control, etc. This is a joint project of erstwhile [[Hyderabad state]] and erstwhile [[Madras Presidency]] when the construction was started;<ref>{{cite web |title=The Secret History of Hyderabad State of the Nizam (South India; 1724 – 1948) |url=http://www.cabaltimes.com/2016/06/28/nizam/12/}}</ref> later it became a joint project of [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] after its completion in 1953. The main | The '''<span lang="kn" dir="ltr">Tungabhadra Dam</span>''' also known as '''Pampa Sagar''' is constructed across the [[Tungabhadra River]], a tributary of the [[Krishna River]].<ref>[http://www.kgbo-cwc.ap.nic.in/About%20Basins/Krishna.pdf Map of Krishna River basin]</ref> The dam is in [[Hosapete]], [[Vijayanagara]] district of [[Karnataka]]. It is a multipurpose dam serving irrigation, electricity generation, flood control, etc. This is a joint project of erstwhile [[Hyderabad state]] and erstwhile [[Madras Presidency]] when the construction was started;<ref>{{cite web |title=The Secret History of Hyderabad State of the Nizam (South India; 1724 – 1948) |url=http://www.cabaltimes.com/2016/06/28/nizam/12/}}</ref> later it became a joint project of [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] after its completion in 1953. The main architects of the dam were Vepa Krishnamurthy, Mr. Pallimalli Papaiah (Hyderabad State), Thirumal Iyengar (Madras state). There is a dispute between Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Karnataka for the water of Tungabhadra reservoir. He argued for the stability and longevity of the Dam, built of Surki Mortar viz a combination of mud and limestone. It's the only non-cement and concrete dam in the country and has withstood the test of time for over 70 years, and may well cross many more decades. He envisioned it as being built with a large contingent of manual labour, as best suited to Indian labour availability and employment. The main contractor for the dam was Venkat Reddy Mulamalla, from Konour village, Mahabubnagar, Hyderabad state. | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
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The famine region of [[Rayalaseema|Rayalseema]], comprising the districts of [[Bellary]], [[Anantapur]], [[Kurnool]] and [[Kadapa|Cuddapah]] attracted the attention of the British Engineers as early as 1860. To relieve the intensity of famine in these districts, proposals were made in 1860 to utilize the waters of Tungabhadra through a storage reservoir and a system of canals to provide irrigation for the lands. | The famine region of [[Rayalaseema|Rayalseema]], comprising the districts of [[Bellary]], [[Anantapur]], [[Kurnool]] and [[Kadapa|Cuddapah]] attracted the attention of the British Engineers as early as 1860. To relieve the intensity of famine in these districts, proposals were made in 1860 to utilize the waters of Tungabhadra through a storage reservoir and a system of canals to provide irrigation for the lands. | ||
[[Arthur Cotton|Sir Arthur Cotton]] originally conceived the Tungabhadra Project in the year 1860. The proposals were further modified and developed subsequently evolving it into a joint scheme with Hyderabad. N. Paramseswaran Pillai accordingly revised the Scheme in 1933. Several agreements were concluded in the past for harvesting and imposing certain restrictions on utilizing the Tungabhadra waters. Protracted negotiations and investigations lasted for about eighty years. The Government of Madras in 1940 ordered for the detailed investigation of the scheme. Based on the agreements concluded and examination of a number of alternatives by [[L. Venkatakrishna Iyer|L. Venkata Krishna Iyer]], the then Superintending Engineer, Bellary, and F. M. Dowley, Chief Engineer, Irrigation, further detailed investigations if of the project was done by M. S. Thirumale Iyengar on the Madras side in the year 1942. The Agreement between Madras and Hyderabad of June 1944 enabled the Madras and Hyderabad Governments finally to start the construction of the Tungabhadra project. | [[Arthur Cotton|Sir Arthur Cotton]] originally conceived the Tungabhadra Project in the year 1860. The proposals were further modified and developed subsequently evolving it into a joint scheme with Hyderabad. N. Paramseswaran Pillai accordingly revised the Scheme in 1933. Several agreements were concluded in the past for harvesting and imposing certain restrictions on utilizing the Tungabhadra waters. Protracted negotiations and investigations lasted for about eighty years. The Government of Madras in 1940 ordered for the detailed investigation of the scheme. Based on the agreements concluded and examination of a number of alternatives by [[L. Venkatakrishna Iyer|L. Venkata Krishna Iyer]], the then Superintending Engineer, Bellary, and F. M. Dowley, Chief Engineer, Irrigation, further detailed investigations if of the project was done by M. S. Thirumale Iyengar on the Madras side in the year 1942 and by Mr. Pallimalli Papaiah on Hyderabad side. The Agreement between Madras and Hyderabad of June 1944 enabled the Madras and Hyderabad Governments finally to start the construction of the Tungabhadra project. | ||
The Tungabhadra Project was formally inaugurated by laying foundation stone on 28 February 1945 by "Prince of Berar" on the left side and by Sir Arthur Hope, Governor of Madras on right side. However, much headway could not be made up to January 1949. Difference of opinion in certain technical matters and settled political situation in Hyderabad were the reasons for the slow progress. The Madras and the Hyderabad engineers were sharply divided on: | The Tungabhadra Project was formally inaugurated by laying foundation stone on 28 February 1945 by "Prince of Berar" on the left side and by Sir Arthur Hope, Governor of Madras on right side. However, much headway could not be made up to January 1949. Difference of opinion in certain technical matters and settled political situation in Hyderabad were the reasons for the slow progress. The Madras and the Hyderabad engineers were sharply divided on: |