HAL Tejas: Difference between revisions

| manufacturer = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]

| design group = [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] <br />Aircraft Research and Design Centre ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]]) <br />[[Aeronautical Development Establishment]]

| number built = 50 ({{asof|2023|08|23|lc=on}})<ref name="BS-230823">{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/delivery-of-single-seat-tejas-lca-mark-1-fighters-to-iaf-completed-123082300824_1.html|title=Delivery of single-seat Tejas LCA Mark 1 fighters to IAF completed|work=Business Standard|date=2023-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/first-series-production-lca-tejas-trainer-carries-out-first-flight/articleshow/99276008.cms|title=

First series production LCA Tejas trainer carries out first flight|work=Economic Times|date=2023-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1783420|title=MIG-21 Aircraft|date=20 December 2021|website=PIB|access-date=17 January 2022|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182822/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1783420|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite web|date=1 April 2013|title=Tejas LSP-8 makes its maiden flight|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/apr/01/tejas-lsp-8-makes-its-maiden-flight-463758.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217093449/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/apr/01/tejas-lsp-8-makes-its-maiden-flight-463758.html|archive-date=17 February 2020|access-date=2021-11-08|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://hal-india.co.in/LCA-Tejas%20Divisions%20Bangalore/M__187|title=LCA-Tejas Division Bangalore|website=HAL|access-date=22 January 2022|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122180101/https://hal-india.co.in/LCA-Tejas%20Divisions%20Bangalore/M__187|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite news|last=Press Trust of India|date=7 February 2015|title=Maiden flight by 2nd prototype of LCA Tejas' naval variant|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/maiden-flight-by-2nd-prototype-of-lca-tejas-naval-variant/articleshow/46156784.cms|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405024001/http://www.defenceaviation.com/2010/04/lca-tejas-finally-gets-radar.html|archive-date=5 April 2016}}</ref><ref name=":26" />

| developed into = [[HAL Tejas Mk2]] <br /> [[HAL TEDBF]]

The '''HAL Tejas''' ({{literal translation|Radiance}}) is an Indian single engine, [[delta wing]], light [[Multirole combat aircraft|multirole]] fighter designed by the [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] (ADA) in collaboration with Aircraft Research and Design Centre (ARDC) of [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) for the [[Indian Air Force]] and [[Indian Navy]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-07-01|title=Indigenous Tejas joins IAF's fighter squadron|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Indigenous-Tejas-joins-IAF%E2%80%99s-fighter-squadron/article14465804.ece|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108101311/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Indigenous-Tejas-joins-IAF%E2%80%99s-fighter-squadron/article14465804.ece|archive-date=8 November 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was developed from the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme, which began in the 1980s to replace India's ageing [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]] fighters but later became part of a general fleet modernisation programme.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2016-05-28|title=Tejas to replace MiG as key fighter|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-to-replace-MiG-as-key-fighter/article14344179.ece|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001023038/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-to-replace-MiG-as-key-fighter/article14344179.ece|archive-date=1 October 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=20 December 2021|title=Tejas not being inducted as replacement of MIG-21 fighter jet: Defence Ministry|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/tejas-not-being-inducted-as-replacement-of-mig-21-fighter-jet-defence-ministry/842180|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-20|website=Times Now News|language=en|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220202637/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/tejas-not-being-inducted-as-replacement-of-mig-21-fighter-jet-defence-ministry/842180}}</ref> In 2003, the LCA was officially named "Tejas".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=2016-07-06|title=Pokhran-II delayed Tejas project, says former scientist|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Pokhran-II-delayed-Tejas-project-says-former-scientist/article14474390.ece|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013231615/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Pokhran-II-delayed-Tejas-project-says-former-scientist/article14474390.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=13 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is the smallest and lightest in its class of contemporary supersonic combat aircraft.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=2021-10-06 |title=LCA could be a good option for Argentine Air Force, says a source |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/lca-could-be-a-good-option-for-argentine-air-force-says-a-source/2345231/ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-11-24 |website=The Financial Express |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019063337/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/lca-could-be-a-good-option-for-argentine-air-force-says-a-source/2345231/ |archive-date=19 October 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Tejas is the second fighter developed by HAL with the intention of attaining supersonic performance, after the [[HAL HF-24 Marut]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2011-01-10|title=Fit to fly: The Tejas, first India-designed fighter jet|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12152063|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927154928/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12152063|archive-date=27 September 2021}}</ref> The Tejas achieved initial operational clearance in 2011 and final operational clearance in 2019. The first Tejas squadron became operational in 2016, as [[No. 45 Squadron IAF]] ''Flying Daggers'' was the first to have their MiG-21s replaced with the Tejas.<ref name=":26" />

Currently there are three production models of the Tejas - the Mark 1, Mark 1A and a trainer version. The IAF has ordered 32 Mark 1s, 73 Mark 1As and 18 Mark 1 trainer aircraft. Eventually the IAF plans to procure a total of 324 aircraft in all variants, including the [[HAL Tejas Mk2|Tejas Mark 2]] which is currently under development.<ref name=":11">{{cite web|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|date=16 April 2018|title=Tejas Fighter Jets Participate in India's Biggest Air Combat Exercise|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/tejas-fighter-jets-participate-in-indias-biggest-air-combat-exercise/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020170627/https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/tejas-fighter-jets-participate-in-indias-biggest-air-combat-exercise/|archive-date=20 October 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The Tejas Mark 2 is expected to be ready for series production by 2026.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|date=2021-07-26|title=HAL ready to export LCA-Tejas, Mark-2 getting ready|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/hal-ready-to-export-lca-tejas-mark-2-getting-ready/article35541408.ece|access-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902173155/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/hal-ready-to-export-lca-tejas-mark-2-getting-ready/article35541408.ece|archive-date=2 September 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

{{asof|2022|post=,}} indigenous content in the Tejas Mark 1 is 59.7% by value and 75.5% by number of [[line replaceable unit]]s.<ref>{{cite web|last=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=18 November 2016|title=Indigenous content of Tejas 59.7% by value & 75.5% by numbers The Minister of State for Defence, Subhash Bhamre, reported to Parliament|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/indigenous-content-of-tejas-59-7-by-value-75-5-by-numbers-4383036/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209152245/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/indigenous-content-of-tejas-59-7-by-value-75-5-by-numbers-4383036/|archive-date=9 December 2017|access-date=9 December 2017|website=indianexpress.com}}</ref> The indigenous content of the Tejas Mk 1A is expected to be 50% and rise to 60% by the end of the programme.<ref>{{cite web|last=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|date=15 January 2021|title=India approves Rs 48,000 crore to procure 83 indigenously-developed LCA Tejas for the IAF|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-approves-rs-48000-crore-to-procure-83-indigenously-developed-lca-tejas-for-the-iaf/indigenous-content/slideshow/80282493.cms|url-status=live|access-date=31 July 2022|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com/|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405202303/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-approves-rs-48000-crore-to-procure-83-indigenously-developed-lca-tejas-for-the-iaf/indigenous-content/slideshow/80282493.cms}}</ref>

The LCA programme originated in the early 1980s. In 1983, the Government of India established the LCA project with the initial goal to develop a new light combat aircraft to replace the ageing IAF fighters, especially the MiG-21 variants,<ref name=":15">{{Cite news|last=Alex Philip|first=Snehesh|date=8 August 2021|title=Tejas flying record world's best, criticism unfortunate, says IAF veteran who flew LCA at 78|work=[[ThePrint]]|url=https://theprint.in/defence/tejas-flying-record-worlds-best-criticism-unfortunate-says-iaf-veteran-who-flew-lca-at-78/710466/|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031040444/https://theprint.in/defence/tejas-flying-record-worlds-best-criticism-unfortunate-says-iaf-veteran-who-flew-lca-at-78/710466/|archive-date=31 October 2021}}</ref> which had been the mainstay of the IAF since 1963.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last=Alex Philip|first=Snehesh|date=24 May 2021|title=11 down in 5 yrs, 3 in 2021, but many in IAF still swear by MiG-21s despite its 'safety record'|work=[[ThePrint]]|url=https://theprint.in/defence/11-down-in-5-yrs-3-in-2021-but-many-in-iaf-still-swear-by-mig-21s-despite-its-safety-record/663813/|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031041009/https://theprint.in/defence/11-down-in-5-yrs-3-in-2021-but-many-in-iaf-still-swear-by-mig-21s-despite-its-safety-record/663813/|archive-date=31 October 2021}}</ref> At one point the IAF had operated as many as 874 [[MiG-21s]].<ref name=":14"/> The "Long Term Re-Equipment Plan 1981" noted that most of these IAF fighters were approaching the end of their service lives by the early-1990s, and that by 1995, the IAF would be 40 percent short of the aircraft needed to fill its projected force structure requirements.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Biswas|first1=Shreya|date=1 July 2016|title=Tejas Light Combat Aircraft: Here's how India created its first Flying Dagger|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/tejas-light-combat-aircraft-history-indian-air-force-326777-2016-07-01|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008205808/https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/tejas-light-combat-aircraft-history-indian-air-force-326777-2016-07-01|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=2 November 2021|website=India Today}}</ref>

In 1984, the Government of India established [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] (ADA) under the aegis of [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) to manage the LCA programme.<ref name=":15"/> The ADA was entrusted with the design and development of LCA while HAL was chosen as the principal contractor.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Subramanian|first=T.S|date=11 March 2011|title=Technology giant|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30174759.ece|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|issn=0970-1710|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228183931/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30174759.ece|archive-date=28 February 2021}}</ref> The government's "self-reliance" goals for the LCA included the three most sophisticated and challenging systems: the [[Fly-by-wire]] (FBW) flight control system, multi-mode [[pulse-doppler radar]], and [[Afterburner|afterburning]] [[Turbofan|turbofan engine]].<ref name=":18">{{Cite news|last=Reddy|first=C.Manmohan|date=16 September 2002|title=LCA economics|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/biz/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600190300.htm|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-date=17 March 2009|issn=0971-751X|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317030448/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/biz/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600190300.htm}}</ref>

The design of the Tejas was finalised in 1990, as a small tailless [[Delta wing|compound delta wing]] design with [[relaxed static stability]]. To provide enhanced manoeuvrability it would be a [[Fly-by-wire#Safety and redundancy|''control configured vehicle'']] incorporating a digital FBW flight control system.<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|last=Rajkumar|first=Philip|title=Tejas Story: The Light Combat Aircraft Project|publisher=Manohar Publishers and Distributors|date=1 January 2007|isbn=978-8173047640|pages=47–49|language=en}}</ref> [[Kota Harinarayana]] was the Programme Director and Chief Designer of Tejas.<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-08-22|title=Tejas chief designer felicitated|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Tejas-chief-designer-felicitated/article14583452.ece|access-date=2021-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031144857/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Tejas-chief-designer-felicitated/article14583452.ece|archive-date=31 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 1992, a dedicated ''National Control Law (CLAW)'' team was set up by the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] to develop India's own state of the art FBW flight control system for the Tejas. According to [[FlightGlobal]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s consultancy was sought earlier, but following a US embargo in response to India's second [[Pokhran-II|nuclear tests]] in 1998, India was forced to complete the software independently.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mama |first=Hormuz |date=4 November 1998 |title=Indian ambition |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/indian-ambition/23907.article |url-status=live |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Flight Global |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410152655/https://www.flightglobal.com/indian-ambition/23907.article }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Michael J. H|title=Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999-2000|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|date=1 May 1999|isbn=978-1857532456|pages=29–30|language=en}}</ref> This delayed the programme partly by about 18 months.<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=C Manmohan |date=2003-03-13 |title=The LCA success |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30215962.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127212326/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30215962.ece }}</ref>

The CLAW team completed the design and integration of the flight control laws with the flight control system software, with the aid of an ''Iron Bird'' test rig. The quadruplex digital fly-by-wire flight control system conducted over 50 hours of pilot testing on Iron Bird Test Rig. On 4 January 2001, on its maiden flight, the TD-1 successfully flew with an indigenous quadruplex digital FBW flight control system.<ref name=":16" />

ADA met with success in the development of three of the five key technologies identified at the beginning of the LCA programme. The successful endeavours were mastery in the FBW flight control system,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tejas Light Combat Supersonic Fighter |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/tejas/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Airforce Technology |language=en-US |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411014434/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/tejas/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":16" /> the development and manufacturing of carbon-fibre composite structures and skins, and a modern [[glass cockpit]]. The ''Autolay'' [[computer-aided design]] software developed as part of the LCA programme has been licensed to [[Airbus]] for its [[Airbus A380|A380]] wide-body aircraft project.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chandran|first=Rahul|date=27 February 2003|title=Arming The Dangerous|url=https://www.siliconindia.com/magazine-articles-in/arming-the-dangerous-QOI766674637.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512222544/https://www.siliconindia.com/magazine-articles-in/arming-the-dangerous-QOI766674637.html|archive-date=12 May 2021|access-date=2021-11-01|website=siliconindia}}</ref><ref name=":18"/> The development of a multi-mode pulse-doppler radar, once delayed<ref name=":19"/> was completed as the [[Active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) radar and is currently undergoing flight trials.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Ravi|date=24 February 2021|title=At least half of the 123 Tejas fighters ordered by the IAF to have India-made fire control radar|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/at-least-half-of-the-123-tejas-fighters-ordered-by-the-iaf-to-have-india-made-fire-control-radar/article33919219.ece|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|issn=0970-1710|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308001919/https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/at-least-half-of-the-123-tejas-fighters-ordered-by-the-iaf-to-have-india-made-fire-control-radar/article33919219.ece|archive-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> India's self-reliance goal oriented development for the LCA programme has considerably increased the indigenous components in Tejas and contributed to an aviation industry expansion in the country.<ref name="Tejas Mk1a">{{cite news|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=13 January 2021|title=India clears deal to manufacture LCA Mk1A 'Tejas' fighter jets for the air force|work=[[The Economic Times]]|publisher=The Times Group|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-clears-deal-to-manufacture-lca-mk1a-tejas-fighter-jets-for-the-air-force/articleshow/80251604.cms|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113130347/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-clears-deal-to-manufacture-lca-mk1a-tejas-fighter-jets-for-the-air-force/articleshow/80251604.cms|archive-date=13 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Alex Philip|first=Snehesh|date=2021-01-13|title=Govt clears Rs 48,000-cr deal for 83 Tejas fighters — all you want to know about the aircraft|url=https://theprint.in/defence/govt-clears-rs-48000-cr-deal-for-83-tejas-mk-1a-all-you-want-to-know-about-the-aircraft/584743/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902070910/https://theprint.in/defence/govt-clears-rs-48000-cr-deal-for-83-tejas-mk-1a-all-you-want-to-know-about-the-aircraft/584743/|archive-date=2 September 2021|access-date=2021-11-01|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 20 December 2021, [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) in a written reply during winter session of [[Rajya Sabha]] clarified that the HAL Tejas is no longer considered as a replacement for the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21]], instead it is now part of a general IAF fleet modernisation programme.<ref>{{cite web|date=20 December 2021|title=Tejas Aircraft Not A Replacement For MIG-21 Fighters: Defence Ministry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tejas-aircraft-not-a-replacement-for-mig-21-fighters-defence-ministry-2661734|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-20|website=NDTV|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220202630/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tejas-aircraft-not-a-replacement-for-mig-21-fighters-defence-ministry-2661734}}</ref> On 10 April 2023, HAL started a third production line at its Nashik Division that will increase production from 16 to 24 aircraft per year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2023 |title=HAL Starts Third Production Line For LCA Tejas |url=https://www.mobilityoutlook.com/news/hal-starts-third-production-line-for-lca-tejas/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Mobility Outlook}}</ref>  

The first Limited Series Production aircraft (LSP-1) performed its maiden flight on 25 April 2007.<ref name=":7" /> A total of seven limited series production (LSP) aircraft were built. The LSPs were extensively used for developmental trials such as weapon testing – involving test firing of the [[R-73 (missile)|R-73]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-12-01|title=Tejas test-fires missile successfully|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-test-fires-missile-successfully/article15575578.ece|access-date=2021-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020170215/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-test-fires-missile-successfully/article15575578.ece|archive-date=20 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and Python-5 close combat missiles, the [[Python (missile)#I-Derby ER|I-Derby ER]] beyond visual range air-to-air missile<ref name=":10">{{cite web|last1=Bedi|first1=Rahul|last2=Dominguez|first2=Gabriel|date=28 April 2021|title=India test-fires Python 5 AAM from Tejas LCA|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/india-test-fires-python-5-aam-from-tejas-lca|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717145349/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/india-test-fires-python-5-aam-from-tejas-lca|archive-date=17 July 2021|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Janes.com|language=en}}</ref> and guided–unguided munition releases.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sharma|first=Ravi|date=2009-02-05|title=Tejas crosses a milestone|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/05/stories/2009020560511000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207064454/http://hindu.com/2009/02/05/stories/2009020560511000.htm|archive-date=7 February 2009|access-date=16 March 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=29 May 2014|title=Advanced Weapon Trials of Tejas Fighter Completed|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Advanced-Weapon-Trials-of-Tejas-Fighter-Completed/2014/05/29/article2250943.ece|access-date=22 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516232504/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2014/may/29/Advanced-Weapon-Trials-of-Tejas-Fighter-Completed-618586.html|archive-date=16 May 2021}}</ref> The LSPs were also used for sensor trials involving integration and testing of the Israeli [[Elta Systems|Elta]] [[EL/M-2032]] multi-mode radar,<ref name="aviationweek.com">{{cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=22 April 2010|title=LCA Set To Fly With Israeli Radar|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2010/04/22/awx_04_22_2010_p0-221793.xml&headline=LCA%20Set%20To%20Fly%20With%20Israeli%20Radar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510044225/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news%2Fawx%2F2010%2F04%2F22%2Fawx_04_22_2010_p0-221793.xml&headline=LCA%20Set%20To%20Fly%20With%20Israeli%20Radar|archive-date=10 May 2011|access-date=30 June 2014|website=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|publisher=[[Aviation Week Network]]}}</ref> Indian [[Uttam AESA Radar]]<ref name=":21"/> and Rafael [[Litening]] targeting pod.<ref name=":17"/> The Uttam radar was integrated on the Tejas LSP-2 and LSP-3, and logged about 30 hours of flight testing on the Tejas alone.<ref name=":21"/> The high altitude trials<ref name=":22">{{cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=5 February 2014|title=Tejas Set to Begin High-altitude Trials|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2014/feb/05/Tejas-Set-to-Begin-High-altitude-Trials-572285.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102082940/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2014/feb/05/Tejas-Set-to-Begin-High-altitude-Trials-572285.html|archive-date=2 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-02|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and hot weather trials were carried out with the LSPs and the PV-3 prototype, in IOC<ref name=":23">{{cite web|date=2010-06-13|title=Tejas undergoes second phase of hot weather trials|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tejas-undergoes-second-phase-of-hot-weather-trials/story-kNJt4SXceTVZRx9z1dmh6K.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102083249/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tejas-undergoes-second-phase-of-hot-weather-trials/story-kNJt4SXceTVZRx9z1dmh6K.html|archive-date=2 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> and FOC configurations.<ref name=":22"/> These trials were mainly focused on assessing the performance of the various sensors and avionics on board, at temperatures ranging from below -10 degree Celsius<ref name=":22"/> to more than +45 degrees Celsius.<ref name=":23"/>

Sea trials to assess the radar performance in air-to-air and air-to-sea modes, at various altitudes were carried out in 2010. Flutter vibration tests were also carried out in different configurations at high [[angles of attack]] (AoA) to assess the structural integrity across the [[flight envelope]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=15 September 2010|title=Indian LCA Undergoing Sea Trials|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2010/09/15/awx_09_15_2010_p0-254982.xml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510044145/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news%2Fawx%2F2010%2F09%2F15%2Fawx_09_15_2010_p0-254982.xml|archive-date=10 May 2011|access-date=30 June 2014|work=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|publisher=[[Aviation Week Network]]}}</ref> LSP-4 completed the successful trial of BDL developed Counter Measure Dispensing System (CMDS) with R-73 missile on 2 December 2010. It worked well Open Architecture Mission Computer and Digital Stores Management System.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 December 2010 |title=LCA Tejas successfully testfires Chaff, Flares |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/dec/03/lca-tejas-successfully-testfires-chaff-flares-207807.html |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107035637/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/dec/03/lca-tejas-successfully-testfires-chaff-flares-207807.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the second half of 2012, the Tejas fleet was grounded for over three months and the ejection system had to be modified to resume flight tests by the end of 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2012-11-27|title=After three months on ground, combat aircraft Tejas resumes test flight|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/after-three-months-on-ground-combat-aircraft-tejas-resumes-test-flight-112112702031_1.html|access-date=2021-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805231156/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/after-three-months-on-ground-combat-aircraft-tejas-resumes-test-flight-112112702031_1.html|archive-date=5 August 2020}}</ref> In 2013, Tejas (LSP-7) conducted an inflight [[Windmill restart|engine relight]] test at high altitude to assess the engine response on flameout, a critical parameter for operational clearance. The inflight engine relight test is crucial for single engine combat aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=28 September 2013|title=Maiden engine relight test of Tejas held|newspaper=The New Indian Express|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/Maiden-engine-relight-test-of-Tejas-held/2013/09/28/article1807563.ece|access-date=28 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517000550/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/sep/28/Maiden-engine-relight-test-of-Tejas-held-519152.html|archive-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> On 15 April 2023, HAL received a flight clearance certificate for the Aircraft Mounted Accessory Gear Box (AMAGB) [[Bearing (mechanical)|bearings]] and [[power take-off shaft]]. The [[Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification]] (CEMILAC) also gave clearance for the pre-production of landing gear seals developed by the [[Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment]] (CVRDE) and Fluoro Carbon Seals Limited.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ayyappan |first=V |date=2023-04-15 |title=Production of Tejas LCA gets fillip |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/production-of-tejas-lca-gets-fillip/articleshow/99520799.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> 

On 20 February 2019, during the Aero India 2019 show, FOC was formally awarded to the Tejas.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-02-20|title=Finally, FOC certification for Mark I Tejas|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/finally-foc-certification-for-mark-i-tejas/article26323511.ece|access-date=2021-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108000013/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/finally-foc-certification-for-mark-i-tejas/article26323511.ece|archive-date=8 November 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The second Tejas squadron – No.18 ''Flying Bullets'' was formed at [[Sulur Air Force Station]] on 27 May 2020 with the first four serial production FOC aircraft.<ref name="HinduTejasSqn2"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=2020-03-17|title=Wow! Tejas, 1st indigenous Light Combat Aircraft in Final Operational Clearance-standard, takes to skies|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/wow-tejas-1st-indigenous-light-combat-aircraft-in-final-operational-clearance-standard-takes-to-skies/1900829/|access-date=2020-03-17|website=The Financial Express|publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]]|language=en-US|archive-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317174304/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/wow-tejas-1st-indigenous-light-combat-aircraft-in-final-operational-clearance-standard-takes-to-skies/1900829/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Tejas Mark 1A, which has more than 40 improvements over the Mark 1 variant,<ref>{{cite web|last=Bali|first=Pawan|date=2021-01-14|title=Centre clears purchase of 83 Tejas Mk-1A for Indian Air Force|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/140121/centre-clears-purchase-of-83-tejas-mk-1a-for-indian-air-force.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104075633/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/140121/centre-clears-purchase-of-83-tejas-mk-1a-for-indian-air-force.html|archive-date=4 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> is expected to begin production in 2023–24.<ref name="auto3" /> Upgraded Mark 1A aircraft will retain basic Mark 1 airframe while featuring a new avionic suite centered on [[EL/M-2052]] AESA Radar and [[Uttam AESA Radar]], [[Defence Avionics Research Establishment|DARE]] Unified Electronic Warfare Suite (UEWS), an externally mounted self protection jammer (SPJ) for enhanced survivability, [[instrument flight rules]] (IFR) capability, Onboard Oxygen Generation System (OBOGS) developed by [[Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory]] (DEBEL) for endurance and an expanded weapon suite consisting of [[Astra (missile)|Astra BVRAAM]] and [[ASRAAM]].<ref name=":25" /><ref name=":26" /> HAL will install in-house developed Combined Interrogator and Transponder (CIT) with digital map generator by Mission and Combat Systems R&D Centre which helps transfer the required mission map on pilot display, an upgraded IFF+ from older [[identification friend or foe]] system.<ref name=":41">{{Cite news |last=Linganna |first=Girish |date=4 July 2022 |title=HAL flies Tejas Mk1A Flying Test Bed, superior to PAF JF-17 Block 3 |work=Frontier India |url=https://frontierindia.com/hal-flies-tejas-mk1a-flying-test-bed-superior-to-paf-jf-17-block-3/ |access-date=17 July 2022 |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717081012/https://frontierindia.com/hal-flies-tejas-mk1a-flying-test-bed-superior-to-paf-jf-17-block-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> To better accommodate the pilots, cockpit floor is also reshaped.<ref name=":37"/> The upgraded Tejas Mark 1A will have a reduced turnaround time.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|author=Krishnan M.|first=Anantha|date=6 August 2020|title=Upgraded Tejas fighter, touted as 'real desi game-changer', to fly in 2022-23|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/06/upgraded-tejas-jet-touted-as-real-desi-game-changer-to-fly-in-2022-23.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807175617/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/06/upgraded-tejas-jet-touted-as-real-desi-game-changer-to-fly-in-2022-23.html|archive-date=7 August 2021|access-date=21 July 2021|website=The Week}}</ref>

According to HAL Chairman and Director R Madhavan, the design activity of Tejas Mark 1A is moving ahead and the testing of subsystems will be completed by 2021. The taxi trials will commence in the first half of 2022 and the first flight of Mark 1A prototype will happen in second half of 2022. Delivery of the aircraft for the IAF will begin from March 2024.<ref name="iaf-to-get-1st-tejas">{{cite web|url= https://theigmp.org/iaf-to-get-1st-tejas-mk1a-in-february-2024-hal-gets-enquiries-for-lch-prachand-from-various-countries-including-argentina-egypt/|title= IAF to get 1st Tejas Mk1A in February 2024 : HAL gets enquiries for LCH Prachand from various countries including Argentina & Egypt|website=IgMp|date= 23 October 2022|access-date=24 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kumar|first=Anish|date=19 November 2021|title=HAL to deliver first Light Combat Aircraft Tejas Mk-1A in March 2024|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india-defence/hal-to-deliver-first-light-combat-aircraft-tejas-mk-1a-in-march-2024-dnm-r2tmss|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Asianet News Network|language=en|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121103334/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india-defence/hal-to-deliver-first-light-combat-aircraft-tejas-mk-1a-in-march-2024-dnm-r2tmss}}</ref> [[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] will supply 20 types of locally developed critical avionics and upgrades such as Digital Flight Control Computers from [[Aeronautical Development Agency|ADA]], Air Data Computer from [[DRDO]], Weapon Computers from [[Aeronautical Development Establishment|ADE]], Radar Warning Receiver from Combat Aircraft Systems Development and Integration Centre (CASDIC) and [[Head-up display]] from [[Central Scientific Instruments Organisation]] (CSIO) from 2023 to 2028 for ₹2,400 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-16 |title=BEL receives ₹2,400 crore order from HAL |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bel-receives-2400-crore-order-from-hal/article37970098.ece |access-date=2022-07-06 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706062128/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bel-receives-2400-crore-order-from-hal/article37970098.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 20 May 2022, the Tejas Mark 1A prototype completed its first flight.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-08-01 |title=Annual Report 2022 - HAL |url=https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/Finance/AnnualReport_2022.pdf |access-date=2022-08-01 |publisher=HAL |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128093718/https://www.hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/Finance/AnnualReport_2022.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=HAL |date=17 May 2023 |title=HAL ANALYST MEET-2023 |url=https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/DMS/Conferencecall_17052023_presentation.pdf }}</ref> HAL intends to obtain a certificate from [[Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification]] (CEMILAC) within 30 months before this version enters mass production. Two ASRAAMs are intended for use on Tejas Mark 1A. The production variant will come equipped with dual-rack pylons with weapon systems integration.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2022-01-09 |title='Light Combat Aircraft MK-1A to take flight in June' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/light-combat-aircraft-mk-1a-to-take-flight-in-june/article38200517.ece |access-date=2022-07-17 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717081010/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/light-combat-aircraft-mk-1a-to-take-flight-in-june/article38200517.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":41" />

 

HAL is on track to deliver first Tejas Mark 1A by February 2024.The order of 83 aircraft for IAF will be completed by 2029 at the rate of 16 units per year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Ajay |date=21 October 2022 |title=On track to deliver Tejas Mark 1A in 16 months: HAL chief |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/on-track-to-deliver-tejas-mark-1a-in-16-months-hal-chief-443564 |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=Tribune India |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023061628/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/on-track-to-deliver-tejas-mark-1a-in-16-months-hal-chief-443564 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="iaf-to-get-1st-tejas"/>

 

In order to produce the BMI Engine Bay Door for the Tejas Mark 1A, HAL and [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] inked a [[technology transfer]] agreement. For the engine bay door, where it must survive a service temperature of roughly 200 °C, NAL Advanced Composites Division is creating a manufacturing process technique that uses Carbon-BMI Prepreg to create co-cured composite structures that are very temperature resistant.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-08 |title=HAL signs ToT with CSIR-NAL for BMI Engine Bay Door for Series Production of LCA-Tejas Mk1A |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hal-signs-tot-with-csir-nal-for-bmi-engine-bay-door-for-series-production-of-lca-tejas-mk1a/articleshow/105074596.cms |access-date=2023-11-18 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In July 2020, the DRDO announced that the plan to develop an LCA Mark 2 Navy had been dropped and they were working on a new carrier-borne fighter according to the Indian Navy's ''multi-role carrier borne fighter requirement'' floated in 2016 to replace the current fleet of MIG-29K/KUB carrier-based fighters.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2020-07-13|title=Navy to get new carrier-based jet by 2032, to replace MiG-29K|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navy-to-get-new-carrier-based-jet-by-2032-to-replace-mig-29k/article32070823.ece|access-date=2021-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112232036/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navy-to-get-new-carrier-based-jet-by-2032-to-replace-mig-29k/article32070823.ece|archive-date=12 January 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In [[Aero India]] 2021 a new twin engine naval fighter was unveiled, the ''[[HAL TEDBF|Twin Engine Deck Based Fighter]]'' (TEDBF).<ref>{{cite web|last=Jennings|first=Gareth|date=4 February 2021|title=Aero India 2021: Indian TEDBF naval fighter showcased by HAL|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/aero-india-2021-indian-tedbf-naval-fighter-showcased-by-hal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806144616/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/aero-india-2021-indian-tedbf-naval-fighter-showcased-by-hal|archive-date=6 August 2021|access-date=2021-06-09|website=Janes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Chandra|first=Atul|date=9 February 2021|title=New Delhi forges ahead with new naval fighter, AMCA|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/new-delhi-forges-ahead-with-new-naval-fighter-amca/142338.article|access-date=2021-06-09|website=Flight Global|language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604203653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/new-delhi-forges-ahead-with-new-naval-fighter-amca/142338.article|url-status=live}}</ref> The experience gained in the N-LCA programme will help in the development of TEDBF.<ref name=":32">{{cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=2 December 2019|title=Light Combat Aircraft for Indian Navy: DRDO updates naval aircraft's progress|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/light-combat-aircraft-for-indian-navy-drdo-updates-naval-aircrafts-progress/1782008/|access-date=17 July 2021|website=[[The Financial Express (India)]]}}</ref>

In February 2023, the naval prototype completed its maiden landing and take-off from the indigenous aircraft carrier [[INS Vikrant (2013)|INS Vikrant]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-major-milestone-naval-lca-lands-on-ins-vikrant/article66477098.ece|title=In major milestone, Naval LCA lands on INS Vikrant|work=The Hindu|date=2023-02-06|first=Dinaker|last=Peri|access-date=6 February 2023|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206134349/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-major-milestone-naval-lca-lands-on-ins-vikrant/article66477098.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

* LCA Programme - {{INRConvert|9063.96|c|year=2020}} (up to March 2020)<ref name=":33">{{Cite news|date=2020-03-04|title=₹11,096 cr. spent on LCA and Kaveri engine projects so far, says govt.|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/11096-cr-spent-on-lca-and-kaveri-engine-projects-so-far-says-govt/article30982412.ece|access-date=2021-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624234703/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/11096-cr-spent-on-lca-and-kaveri-engine-projects-so-far-says-govt/article30982412.ece|archive-date=24 June 2020|issn=0971-751X|quote=Of the specified amount, ₹9063.96 crore was spent on LCA and ₹2032 crore on the Kaveri Engine.}}</ref>

The avionics of the Tejas Mark 1 is centered around Elta EL/M-2032 radar.<ref name=":27" /> Its digital flight control computer developed by ADE and manufactured BEL.<ref name=":36">{{cite web|date=29 January 2013|title=BEL delivers critical systems for over 50 LCAs|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/jan/29/bel-delivers-critical-systems-for-over-50-lcas-445451.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041556/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/jan/29/bel-delivers-critical-systems-for-over-50-lcas-445451.html|archive-date=7 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 September 2016 |title=DFCC : Amendment Cum Renewal of Type Approval No. 1569 |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-10/TA-1569.PDF |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708034453/https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-10/TA-1569.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref> It has an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite domestically developed by [[Defence Avionics Research Establishment]] (DARE), which consists of a [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR), integrated [[Radar jamming and deception|self-protection jammer]],<ref name="auto12">{{cite web|last=Somasekhar|first=M.|date=10 January 2015|title=LCA equipped with electronic warfare suite|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lca-equipped-with-electronic-warfare-suite/article6775592.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513084643/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lca-equipped-with-electronic-warfare-suite/article6775592.ece|archive-date=13 May 2021|access-date=7 November 2021|website=[[Business Line]]}}</ref> [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] and flare dispenser system.<ref>{{cite web|date=3 December 2010|title=LCA Tejas successfully testfires Chaff, Flares|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/dec/03/lca-tejas-successfully-testfires-chaff-flares-207807.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107035637/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/dec/03/lca-tejas-successfully-testfires-chaff-flares-207807.html|archive-date=7 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=G.N|first=Prashanth|date=2013-10-17|title=Finally, Tejas gets electronic warfare systems|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/363477/finally-tejas-gets-electronic-warfare.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021095433/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/363477/finally-tejas-gets-electronic-warfare.html|archive-date=21 October 2013|access-date=2021-11-07|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> The upgraded variant of the Tejas Mark 1, named the Tejas Mark 1A, will have an AESA radar, new digital flight control computer, new EW suite and updated avionics.<ref name=":25" /> Some of the production Mark 1A fighters will be equipped with the Elta [[EL/M-2052]] AESA radar,<ref name=":26" /> while rest are expected to fly with the domestically developed [[Uttam AESA Radar|Uttam]] AESA radar.<ref name=":21"/> The new EW system for the Mark 1A, developed by DARE and known as the ''Unified Electronic Warfare suite'' (UEWS), will have electronic countermeasures and [[electronic counter-countermeasure]] capabilities, [[digital radio frequency memory]] based<ref>{{cite web|last=Deepak|first=Jaison|title=A variety of Electronic Warfare platforms are now available to the IAF|url=https://forceindia.net/cover-story/future-of-war/|access-date=21 July 2021|website=Force Magazine|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527082229/https://forceindia.net/cover-story/future-of-war/|url-status=live}}</ref> jamming and deception capabilities.<ref name="auto3" /> The Tejas Mark 1A will also carry a pod-mounted self-protection jammer<ref name=":27" /> – the Elta ELL-8222WB.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|date=13 December 2018|title=India Selects Israeli Radar and Electronic Warfare Suite For Tejas Light Combat Aircraft|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/india-selects-israeli-radar-and-electronic-warfare-suite-for-tejas-light-combat-aircraft/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607191130/https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/india-selects-israeli-radar-and-electronic-warfare-suite-for-tejas-light-combat-aircraft/|archive-date=7 June 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The Mark 1A will have [[software-defined radio]]-based secure communications and [[Air Force Network|network]]-centric warfare capabilities.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2021-01-13|title=CCS okays 83 LCAs worth around ₹47,000 cr. for IAF|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ccs-approves-83-lca-mk-1a-jets-worth-over-48000-crore/article33568729.ece|access-date=2021-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210114019/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ccs-approves-83-lca-mk-1a-jets-worth-over-48000-crore/article33568729.ece|archive-date=10 February 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The aerodynamic configuration of Tejas is based on a delta-wing layout with shoulder-mounted wings. The control surfaces include three-section [[Leading edge slats|slats]] on the wing's outer leading edge while the inboard sections of the wings have additional slats to generate [[vortex lift]] over the inner wing and high-energy air-flow along the tail fin to enhance high-AoA stability. The wing [[trailing edge]] fits two-segment [[elevon]]s to provide [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll control]]. The only [[empennage]]-mounted control surfaces are the single-piece [[Aircraft rudder|rudder]] and two [[Air brake (aeronautics)|airbrakes]], located in the upper rear part of the [[fuselage]], one each on either side of the fin.<ref name=":2"/> Since the Tejas is a relaxed static stability design, it is equipped with a NAL-developed full authority quadruplex digital [[fly-by-wire]] flight control system<ref name=":16" /> and an open architecture<ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-12-01|title=Tejas test-fires missile successfully|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-test-fires-missile-successfully/article15575578.ece|access-date=2021-11-07|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019070629/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-test-fires-missile-successfully/article15575578.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> digital flight control computer developed by BEL.<ref name=":36"/>  Its [[flight control surfaces]] are controlled by hybrid electro-hydraulic actuators through the digital flight control computer.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Krishnan|first1=P.S|title=Digital Flight Control Systems for Practising Engineers|last2=Narayanan|first2=K.G|year=2020|publisher=Defence Research and Development Organisation, Ministry of Defence |isbn=978-81-86514-65-8|language=en}}</ref> The fly-by-wire flight control system of the Tejas has an advanced feature called ''auto low-speed recovery.'' This enables envelope protection at low speed and high angles of attack. It prevents the aircraft from entering into uncontrolled flight while maneuvering. Another feature is ''disorientation recovery function'', once engaged it will recover the aircraft to an optimal altitude, airspeed and level flight. Some of the flight control laws for these features were formulated by the [[IIT Bombay]] research university.<ref>{{cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=10 November 2018|title=Tejas ready for auto low-speed recovery trials|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2018/11/10/tejas-ready-auto-low-speed-recovery-trials.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506182253/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2018/11/10/tejas-ready-auto-low-speed-recovery-trials.html|archive-date=6 May 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

According to the commanding officer of [[No. 45 Squadron IAF|No. 45 Squadron]] – Group Captain Samrath Dhankhar, DASH IV HMDS enables the Tejas pilot to take full advantage of high off-boresight [[Air-to-air missile#Fifth generation|close combat missiles]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Waldron|first=Greg|date=5 April 2019|title=How Lima Deployment Marked New High For India's Tejas|newspaper=FlightGlobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-how-lima-deployment-marked-new-high-for-in-457001/|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929000734/https://www.flightglobal.com/analysis/analysis-how-lima-deployment-marked-new-high-for-indias-tejas/132030.article|archive-date=29 September 2020}}</ref> such as – Python-5 and R-73.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-04-28|title=LCA Tejas adds 5th gen air-to-air missile to its weapons capability|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lca-tejas-adds-5th-gen-air-to-air-missile-to-its-weapons-capability/article34430456.ece|access-date=2021-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022214843/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lca-tejas-adds-5th-gen-air-to-air-missile-to-its-weapons-capability/article34430456.ece|archive-date=22 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The [[Botswana Defence Force Air Wing]] has approached HAL for potentially replacing [[Canadair CF-5]]s with the Tejas due to its age and problems of acquiring needed parts for maintenance.<ref name="AIB">{{Cite web|url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/southern-africa-and-islands/2023/03/16/gaborone-looks-to-procure-indian-hal-fighter-aircraft,109924094-art|title=BOTSWANA : Gaborone looks to procure Indian HAL fighter aircraft|date=16 March 2023|website=Africa Intelligence|access-date=17 March 2023|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317162031/https://www.africaintelligence.com/southern-africa-and-islands/2023/03/16/gaborone-looks-to-procure-indian-hal-fighter-aircraft,109924094-art|url-status=live}}</ref> The BDFAW has previously considered acquiring Gripens,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hoyle |first1=Craig |title=Saab reveals full Gripen E design, cost savings |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/saab-reveals-full-gripen-e-design-cost-savings/112646.article |website=Flight Global |access-date=27 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> the F-16,<ref name="MAJ">{{Cite web|url=https://www.military.africa/2021/03/contest-for-botswana-new-fighter-jet-gathers-momentum/|title=Contest for Botswana's new fighter jet gathers momentum|first=Ekene|last=Lionel|date=25 March 2021|access-date=17 March 2023|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317160538/https://www.military.africa/2021/03/contest-for-botswana-new-fighter-jet-gathers-momentum/|url-status=live}}</ref> KAI T-50,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesaerospace.aero/features/defence/south-koreas-eagle-swoops-on-botswana|title=South Korea's Eagle swoops on Botswana &#124; Times Aerospace|website=www.timesaerospace.aero|access-date=17 March 2023|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317160525/https://www.timesaerospace.aero/features/defence/south-koreas-eagle-swoops-on-botswana|url-status=live}}</ref> and the Leonardo [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|M-346]].<ref name="AIB"/>

During the Dubai Airshow 2021, Egyptian officials expressed their interest in procuring 70 LCA Tejas<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailynewsegypt.com/2022/07/01/india-plans-to-manufacture-hal-tejas-fighter-jet-in-egypt/|title=StackPath|website=dailynewsegypt.com|date=July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022|archive-date=1 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701020939/https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2022/07/01/india-plans-to-manufacture-hal-tejas-fighter-jet-in-egypt/|url-status=live}}</ref> to replace their 100 Chinese-made [[Hongdu JL-8]] trainers.{{cn|date=February 2023}} Following the Dubai Airshow 2021, HAL and Indian Air Force officials visited Cairo and discussions were going on. As of June 2022, India has offered to set up local production facilities for the LCA Tejas and also for the Light Utility and Light Combat Helicopters in Egypt.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-offers-to-set-up-production-facilities-for-light-combat-aircraft-copters-in-egypt/articleshow/92477494.cms?from=mdr|title=India offers to set up production facilities for light combat aircraft, helicopters in Egypt|first=Manu|last=Pubby|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=27 June 2022 |access-date=27 June 2022|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627204528/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-offers-to-set-up-production-facilities-for-light-combat-aircraft-copters-in-egypt/articleshow/92477494.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

During Aero India 2023, it was reported that Egypt is seeking around 20 Tejas for its requirements.<ref name="TD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.military.africa/2023/02/hal-egypt-tejas-aircraft-contract-in-the-works/|title=HAL, Egypt Tejas aircraft contract in the works|first=Darek|last=Liam|date=20 February 2023|access-date=17 March 2023|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317160531/https://www.military.africa/2023/02/hal-egypt-tejas-aircraft-contract-in-the-works/|url-status=live}}</ref> HAL previously reported that 35 LCA Mk-1As were being offered in a contract.<ref name="TD"/>

Given the nature of the Argentine-specific sanctions, the HAL Tejas would essentially be subject to UK-scrutiny, since it utilizes the British-origin [[Martin-Baker|MK16 IN16 GS Tejas ejection seat]] manufactured by [[Martin-Baker]], along with other British-origin components — including an [[Aerial refueling|aerial-refueling probe]] and a quartz radome, both supplied by [[Cobham (company)|Cobham Limited]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Banerjee|first=Aritra|date=21 September 2021|title=Did Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder Beat Indian HAL Tejas To Win Argentine Fighter Jet Contract?|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/did-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-beat-indian-hal-tejas-to-win-argentine-fighter-jet-contract/|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=The Eurasian Times|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120073934/https://eurasiantimes.com/did-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-beat-indian-hal-tejas-to-win-argentine-fighter-jet-contract/}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> Nevertheless, HAL has reportedly offered a customised-variant of the HAL Tejas to the FAA, which includes a retrofit of about 50-specific components and the substitution of all major British-origin components — including the ejection seat and the aerial-refueling probe, with diplomatically suitable alternatives;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/08/30/india-prepared-to-eliminate-uk-components-from-tejas-jet-fighter-of-interest-for-argentina|title=India prepared to eliminate UK components from Tejas jet fighter, of interest for Argentina|website=MercoPress|access-date=28 February 2023|archive-date=28 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228022740/https://en.mercopress.com/2022/08/30/india-prepared-to-eliminate-uk-components-from-tejas-jet-fighter-of-interest-for-argentina|url-status=live}}</ref> however, any customisation to the HAL Tejas would encompass considerable changes to the aircraft's design and additional flight certification.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 November 2021|title=India ofrece sus aviones LCA Tejas Mk1A a Argentina con la posibilidad de reemplazar componentes|url=https://www.zona-militar.com/2021/11/18/india-ofrece-sus-aviones-lca-tejas-mk1a-a-argentina-con-la-posibilidad-de-reemplazar-componentes/|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Zonamilitar|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120033148/https://www.zona-militar.com/2021/11/18/india-ofrece-sus-aviones-lca-tejas-mk1a-a-argentina-con-la-posibilidad-de-reemplazar-componentes/}}</ref>

On September 21, 2022, there was an indication that the Argentine Air Force was willing to look at the JF-17 because of concerns that the time and money required to modify the Tejas to remove non-British parts was beyond what Buenos Aires was willing to spend.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2022/09/21/argentina-eyes-664-million-for-fighter-jets/ |title=Argentina eyes $664 million for fighter jets |publisher=Defensenews.com |date= 21 September 2022|accessdate=2022-09-24 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20220922075242/https://www.defensenews.com/air/2022/09/21/argentina-eyes-664-million-for-fighter-jets/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Furthermore, Tejas uses American engines, Israeli radar, and a mishmash of avionics from countries that will never authorize re-export.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/10-reasons-why-indias-lca-tejas-will-be-shot-down-by-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-in-global-arms-market/|title=10 Reasons Why India's LCA Tejas Could Be 'Shot-Down' By Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder In Global Arms Market?|first=Younis|last=Dar|date=13 December 2020|website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News|access-date=18 January 2023|archive-date=9 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209235912/https://eurasiantimes.com/10-reasons-why-indias-lca-tejas-will-be-shot-down-by-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-in-global-arms-market/|url-status=live}}</ref>  

In December 2022, the Argentine government decided to abandon the decision to acquire new fighter aircraft.<ref name="neither-jf-17-nor-tejas">{{cite web|last=Venckunas|first=Valius|date=2022-12-09|title=Neither JF-17 nor Tejas: Argentina stops fighter jet tender|url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/neither-jf-17-nor-tejas-argentina-stops-fighter-jet-tender|url-status=live|access-date=2022-12-20|website=aerotime.aero|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213203413/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/neither-jf-17-nor-tejas-argentina-stops-fighter-jet-tender}}</ref> With President [[Alberto Fernandez]] stating in an interview that “Argentina has to allocate its resources to more important things than the purchase of military aircraft. We are in a very unequal continent, but there are no war problems and unity among countries is sought."<ref name="neither-jf-17-nor-tejas"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Defence|first=Meta|date=2022-12-09|title=Argentina abandons plans to acquire new fighter jets|url=https://meta-defense.fr/en/2022/12/09/argentina-abandons-plans-to-acquire-new-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-12-20|website=Meta-Defence|archive-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219225620/https://meta-defense.fr/en/2022/12/09/argentina-abandons-plans-to-acquire-new-fighter-jets/}}</ref>

 

On July 20, 2023, Argentinian officials requested HAL to retrofit the Tejas with non-British parts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.easternherald.com/2023/07/20/argentina-india-tejas-fighter-jet-deal-uk-components-2023/|title=Argentina's Defense Acquisition: India's Tejas Fighter Jet Deal Hangs in Balance Over UK Component Issue|first=News|last=Room|date=19 July 2023}}</ref> HAL reported that they are willing to accommodate Argentinian requests to do so.<ref>https://www.eurasiantimes.com/new-india-ready-to-modify-lca-tejas-for-argentina-looks-to-bypass/</ref> It's reported the Tejas is being considered against used F-16s.<ref>https://www.eurasiantimes.com/lca-tejas-india-applies-full-diplomatic-force-to-seal-argentina/</ref>

However, the Australian Government rejected a government to government deal proposed by the Indian government for 35 Tejas LIFT aircraft for US $1 billion.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kadam|first=Tanmay|date=2022-07-04|title=Setback For India's Tejas Program? Australia Rejects G2G Tejas-LIFT Trainer Deal Amid Stiff Contest From Boeing & Saab — Reports|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/setback-for-indias-tejas-program-australia-rejects-tejas-lift-trainer-deal/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-12-19|website=The Eurasian Times|language=en-US|archive-date=18 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218224708/https://eurasiantimes.com/setback-for-indias-tejas-program-australia-rejects-tejas-lift-trainer-deal/}}</ref> During bilateral defence talks held in September 2021, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' reported Australia's lack of interest in the offer.<ref>{{cite web|last=Faridi|first=Shahid|date=2022-07-06|title=Power games: Australia may not accept India's G2G trainer deal|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jul/04/power-games-australia-may-not-accept-indias-g2g-trainer-deal-2472677.amp|url-status=live|access-date=2022-12-19|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=18 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218224707/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jul/04/power-games-australia-may-not-accept-indias-g2g-trainer-deal-2472677.amp}}</ref>

In February 2022, the Australian government decided to take up a proposal by BAE to upgrade and refurbish its Hawks with new engines and avionics, extending their lifespan until 2032.<ref>{{cite web|last=Venckunas|first=Valius|date=2022-08-10|title=Fact Check: Does India's Tejas really have seven potential customers?|url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/31856-fact-check-are-seven-countries-interested-in-buying-tejas|url-status=live|access-date=2022-12-19|website=aerotime.aero|archive-date=18 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218231329/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/31856-fact-check-are-seven-countries-interested-in-buying-tejas}}</ref>

[[Malaysia]] had frequently indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the HAL Tejas for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its attempts to supplement its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MiG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in procuring the aircraft date back to as early as 2019.<ref>{{cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=21 July 2021|title=HAL is all set to respond to Royal Malaysian Air Force's RfP for LCA|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/hal-is-all-set-to-respond-to-royal-malaysian-air-forces-rfp-for-lca/2295082/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-13|website=The Financial Express|language=en|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113152245/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/hal-is-all-set-to-respond-to-royal-malaysian-air-forces-rfp-for-lca/2295082/}}</ref>

Later that year, HAL signed a [[Memorandum of understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] (MoU) with [[MMTC Ltd]] — a public sector firm, as a channelizing partner to facilitate the import of [[palm oil]] as a counter-trade to any potential sale of the HAL Tejas to the RMAF; this arrangement was initiated to fulfill a mandatory requirement of the RMAF — which stipulates that 50% of the total cost of the FLIT/LCA tender must be paid the winning contender through means of [[Barter|barter trade]].<ref name=":39" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Parkaran|first=K.|date=16 July 2021|title=Mandatory for 50% of aircraft deal to be in palm oil barter|work=Free Malaysia Today|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/07/16/mandatory-for-50-of-aircraft-deal-to-be-in-palm-oil-barter/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=H_32W8oPB0_rLeIXL2m1oz6lZ311ow5GHyCwKBoXTDg-1642256048-0-gaNycGzNCGU|access-date=15 January 2022|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115143512/https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/07/16/mandatory-for-50-of-aircraft-deal-to-be-in-palm-oil-barter/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=H_32W8oPB0_rLeIXL2m1oz6lZ311ow5GHyCwKBoXTDg-1642256048-0-gaNycGzNCGU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Dalal|first=Pazdin|date=7 September 2021|title=MMTC to buy Palm Oil for LCA-Tejas barter deal with Malaysia: HAL|url=https://iadnews.in/2021/09/07/mmtc-to-buy-palm-oil-for-lca-tejas-barter-deal-with-malaysia-hal/|url-status=live|access-date=15 January 2022|website=Indian Aerospace Defence News|archive-date=6 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106120721/https://iadnews.in/2021/09/07/mmtc-to-buy-palm-oil-for-lca-tejas-barter-deal-with-malaysia-hal/}}</ref> HAL also signed another MOU with [[Boustead Heavy Industries Corporation]] (BHIC) — a major Malaysia-based defense contractor, to fulfill another mandatory condition of the RMAF — stipulating that the winning contender must locally procure at least 30% of products or services from Malaysian companies in the deal; the HAL-BHIC [[joint venture]] would offer a provision of "Depot Level Maintenance" i.e. providing reliability, availability, maintainability and supportability (RAMS) to the RMAF, should HAL win the FLIT/LCA tender.<ref>{{cite web|last=Socka|first=Sherman|date=1 December 2021|title=LETTER &#124; RMAF purchase of Light Combat Aircraft to bolster defence industry|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324|url-status=live|access-date=15 January 2022|website=Malaysiakini|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2 December 2021|title=LCA tender in Malaysia, new government requirement benefits HAL Tejas|url=https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/12/malaysia-lca-tender-hal-tejas.html|url-status=live|access-date=15 January 2022|website=Blog Before Flight|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202100027/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/12/malaysia-lca-tender-hal-tejas.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=9 December 2021|title=HAL Tejas now has more chances than ever to win Malaysian LCA tender: Report|url=http://frontiervedette.com/hal-tejas-has-now-more-chances-than-ever-to-win-malaysian-lca-tender-report/|url-status=live|access-date=15 January 2022|website=The Frontier Vedette|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115143526/http://frontiervedette.com/hal-tejas-has-now-more-chances-than-ever-to-win-malaysian-lca-tender-report/}}</ref> In July 2022, HAL announced that Malaysia has picked the Tejas to potentially replace its MiG-29s as negotiations are in the final stage.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 July 2022 |title=Malaysia likely to purchase Tejas aircraft from India |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/highlight/2022/07/04/malaysia-likely-to-purchase-tejas-aircraft-from-india/ |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=Free Malaysia Today |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704065542/https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/highlight/2022/07/04/malaysia-likely-to-purchase-tejas-aircraft-from-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref>  

In February 2023, the Malaysian government announced that the South Korean bid had won the tender with the Tejas failing to win the contract.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/11/the-fa-50-won-the-malaysian-competition-for-18-light-fighters-but-the-decision-was-challenged-by-the-competition/|title=The FA-50 won the Malaysian competition for 18 light fighters, but the decision was challenged by the competition|first1=Gastón|last1=Dubois|date=22 November 2022|website=Aviacionline.com|access-date=18 January 2023|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124013838/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/11/the-fa-50-won-the-malaysian-competition-for-18-light-fighters-but-the-decision-was-challenged-by-the-competition/|url-status=live}}</ref> Malaysia subsequently ordered 18 KAI FA-50 Block 20 aircraft worth US$920 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/kai-signs-a-deal-with-malaysia-for-fa-50-aircraft|title=KAI signs a deal with Malaysia for FA-50 aircraft|last=Kadidal|first=Akhil|date=February 24, 2023|website=Janes.com|access-date=April 10, 2023|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406150953/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/kai-signs-a-deal-with-malaysia-for-fa-50-aircraft|url-status=live}}</ref> The FA-50 was chosen because of it being a tried-and-tested platform in service with numerous countries while the Tejas is largely unproven and untested, with the Indian Air Force being the sole operator. Logistics issues and the FA-50 better meeting the RMAF's FLIT/LCA requirements were also other factors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2023/03/18/golden_eagle_soaring_malaysias_fa-50_decision_888125.html|title=Golden Eagle Soaring: Malaysia's FA-50 Decision|last=Beng Ho|first=Ben Wan|date=March 18, 2023|website=Real Clear Defense|access-date=April 10, 2023|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410152656/https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2023/03/18/golden_eagle_soaring_malaysias_fa-50_decision_888125.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2022, India and the Philippines signed an MOU with the [[Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation]],<ref>https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/psu/philippines-eyes-indian-made-lcas-and-lchs-ties-up-with-hal-to-upgrade-military-aircraft-fleet/91595678</ref> which mentioned the consideration of purchasing the Tejas and other Indian-made aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/31020-philippines-eyes-indias-tejas-fighter-jet-reports|title=Philippines eyes India's Tejas fighter jet – reports|website=www.aerotime.aero|date=16 May 2022 |access-date=8 July 2022|archive-date=8 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708122847/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/31020-philippines-eyes-indias-tejas-fighter-jet-reports|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 7, 2022, the Tejas was dropped from further consideration from the multi-role fighter jet (MRF) project. The [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16V]] Block 70/72 and the JAS-39 Gripen C/D+ are the main contenders for the Philippine Air Force's MRF project.<ref>{{cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |date=7 July 2022 |title=PAF drops Tejas, keeps F-16 and Gripen in fighter jet tender |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/31523-paf-drops-tejas-keeps-f-16-and-gripen-in-fighter-jet-tender |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Aerotime |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709075139/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/31523-paf-drops-tejas-keeps-f-16-and-gripen-in-fighter-jet-tender |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2018, it had been reported that Sri Lanka had shown interest in purchasing the Tejas to replace its aging fleets of [[IAI Kfir]] and [[Chengdu J-7]] aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 July 2018|title=Sri Lanka, Egypt evince interest in Tejas|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/sri-lanka-egypt-evince-interest-in-tejas/articleshow/51880338.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live|access-date=21 July 2021|website=The Economic Times|archive-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522091149/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/sri-lanka-egypt-evince-interest-in-tejas/articleshow/51880338.cms?from=mdr}}</ref> The intention was for the acquisition of 8 to 12 aircraft to be pursued through a government-government basic agreement.<ref>{{cite web|last=Grevatt|first=Jon|date=15 August 2016|title=Sri Lanka prepares to launch combat aircraft procurement program|url=http://www.janes.com/article/62956/sri-lanka-prepares-to-launch-combat-aircraft-procurement-programme|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318031848/http://www.janes.com/article/62956/sri-lanka-prepares-to-launch-combat-aircraft-procurement-programme|archive-date=2017-03-18|access-date=2017-02-09|website=[[Janes Information Services]]}}</ref> In 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=2021-01-09|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref>

 

 

 

Despite being the only aircraft among the three to be reportedly capable of undertaking operations from an aircraft carrier, the prospects of the USN selecting the HAL Tejas LIFT are reportedly slim, according to multiple sources.<ref name=":38" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Kalita|first=Jayanta|date=2021-08-12|title=HAL Tejas Fails To Impress US Navy; Washington Likely To Sideline Indian Jet For Boeing, Lockheed Trainer Aircraft|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/hal-tejas-fails-to-impress-us-navy-washington-likely-to-sideline-indian-jet-for-boeing-lockheed-trainer-aircraft/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Eurasian Times|language=en-US|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813110551/https://eurasiantimes.com/hal-tejas-fails-to-impress-us-navy-washington-likely-to-sideline-indian-jet-for-boeing-lockheed-trainer-aircraft/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Newdick|first=Thomas|date=10 August 2021|title=These Contenders Are Vying To Replace The Navy's T-45 Goshawk With A New Jet Trainer|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/41935/these-contenders-are-vying-to-replace-the-navys-t-45-goshawk-with-a-new-jet-trainer|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Drive|language=en|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114143717/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/41935/these-contenders-are-vying-to-replace-the-navys-t-45-goshawk-with-a-new-jet-trainer}}</ref> Several reasons suggested as the cause of the LIFT's bleak prospects in the UJTS are that HAL has refrained from partnering with a US-based company to offer the LIFT (unlike the consortiums of [[Boeing]]-[[Saab AB|Saab]] and [[Korea Aerospace Industries|KAI]]-[[Lockheed Martin]], offering the [[Boeing-Saab T-7 Red Hawk|T-7]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|T-50A]], respectively), a lack of export orders for the type, and its delta-wing design — which makes it less-suitable for low-speed landing.<ref>{{cite web|date=8 September 2021|title=After US Navy, LCA trainer variant offered to Australia: HAL|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/09/08/after-us-navy-lca-trainer-variant-offered-to-australia-hal.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Week|language=en|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114143654/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/09/08/after-us-navy-lca-trainer-variant-offered-to-australia-hal.html}}</ref>

*'''Tejas Trainer''' - Two-seat operational conversion trainer for the Indian Air Force; also act as LiFT (Lead-in Fighter Trainer) and ground-attack aircraft. The first series production trainer aircraft (LT5201) completed its maiden flight on 5 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title=First series production Tejas aircraft successfully completes first flight |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/first-series-production-tejas-aircraft-first-flight-8542796/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> IAF has received first LCA Tejas twin seater aircraft from HAL on 4 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-04 |title=IAF gets first LCA Tejas twin seater aircraft from HAL in boost for 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-gets-first-lca-tejas-twin-seater-aircraft-from-hal-in-boost-for-aatmanirbhar-bharat/articleshow/104156488.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

* '''Tejas Mark 2 Navy'''&nbsp;- Proposed naval variant based on the [[HAL Tejas Mk2|Tejas Mark 2]]. Cancelled in favour of the HAL TEDBF.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|last=Joe|first=Rick|date=11 October 2021|title=A Tale of 2 Navies: India and China's Carrier Airwing Development|url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/10/a-tale-of-2-navies-india-and-chinas-carrier-airwing-development/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024071213/https://thediplomat.com/2021/10/a-tale-of-2-navies-india-and-chinas-carrier-airwing-development/|archive-date=24 October 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Indian Air Force]] –123 aircraft ordered, 32 delivered.<ref name="BS-230823"/>additional 97 to be ordered.

'''Tejas Mark 1 :''' 40 aircraft ordered (20 IOC standard and 20 FOC standard),<ref>{{cite news |title=Production of Tejas Aircraft |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1541715#:~:text=Production%20of%20Tejas%20Aircraft&text=For%20production%20of%20Light%20Combat,Clearance%20(FOC)%20standard%7D. |access-date=7 May 2023 |agency=Ministry of Defence |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=6 August 2018}}</ref>

 

'''Tejas Mark 1A :''' 83 aircraft on order (73 Mk1A single-seater aircraft, 10 Mk1 FOC trainers), scheduled to be delivered in 2024-2028 timeframe.<ref>{{Cite news|others=PTI|date=2021-02-03|title=Govt formally seals ₹48,000 crore deal to procure 83 Tejas LCA from HAL|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-formally-seals-48000-crore-deal-to-procure-83-tejas-lca-from-hal/article33737432.ece|access-date=2021-02-03|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=21 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221141944/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-formally-seals-48000-crore-deal-to-procure-83-tejas-lca-from-hal/article33737432.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

**[[No. 18 Squadron IAF|No. 18 Squadron]] (''Flying Bullets'')<ref name="HinduTejasSqn2" />

==Specifications (Tejas Mark 1A)==

|ref=Tejas,<ref name="lca-tejas1">[http://tejas.gov.in/specifications/leading_particulars_and_performance.html "Leading particulars and performance."] tejas.gov.in. Retrieved 19 December 2017. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221014017/http://tejas.gov.in/specifications/leading_particulars_and_performance.html |date=21 December 2017}}</ref> DRDO Techfocus,<ref name="DRDO Techfocus"> [http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/feb%202011%20.pdf "DRDO TechFocus."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322031428/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/feb%202011%20.pdf |date=22 March 2011}} ''DRDO'', February 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2012.</ref> Jane's All the World's Aircraft,<ref name="jawa-1617"/>

DFI Tejas Mk-1A<Ref name="DFI Tejas Mk-1A">[https://defenceforumindia.com/threads/lca-tejas-mk1-mk1a-news-and-discussion.81401/page-452 "DFI Tejas Mk-1A"]</ref>

|max takeoff weight kg=13,500

|fuel capacity={{cvt|2458|kg}}{{cvt|3060|L}} internal; 2 × {{cvt|1200|L}}, {{cvt|800|L}} drop tank inboard, {{cvt|725|L}} drop tank under fuselage

|more general=* '''Payload''': {{cvt|5300|kg}} external stores<ref name="auto6">{{cite web |url =https://hal-india.co.in/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=20 |title=LCA {{!}} Series Production Phase |access-date=19 November 2020 |author=[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] |work=hal-india.co.in |date= 19 November 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200605035908/https://hal-india.co.in/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=20 |archive-date= 5 June 2020 |url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-02 |title=Operational Capability of LCA Tejas Variants |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/operational-capability-of-lca-tejas-variants/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Indian Defence Review |language=en-US}}</ref>

|eng1 kn= 55

|thrust original=

|range km=

|combat range km=1000

|combat range miles=621

|combat range note=on Internal Fuel

|ferry range km=2000

|ferry range miles=1242

|ferry range note=on Internal Fuel

|ceiling m=15,240

|ceiling ft=50,000

|ceiling note=

|g limits=+8/−3

|thrust/weight=1.07<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tejas MK1A vs Gripen NG & J 10 |url=http://fullafterburner.weebly.com/3/post/2017/11/tejas-mk1a-vs-gripen-ng-j-10.html |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Full Afterburner |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Indranil |last2=Rane |first2=Nilesh |date=2019-02-22 |title=Tracking The Tejas: The Design Evolution Of An Indian Fighter Part-I {{!}} Delhi Defence Review |url=https://delhidefencereview.com/2019/02/22/tracking-the-tejas-the-design-evolution-of-an-indian-fighter-part-i/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-05 |title=Unmatched Agility: LCA Tejas Marks 22 Years Since First Flight |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-unmatched-agility-lca-tejas-marks-22-years-since-first-flight-2937682/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

|hardpoints=9<ref name="auto6"/>

|hardpoint missiles=<br/>

****4× [[R-73 (missile)|R-73]]<ref name="awst-11apr11"/>

****4 × [[Derby (missile)|I-Derby ER]]<ref name=":27" />

****6 × [[Python-5]]<ref name=":27" />

****4 × [[Astra (missile)|Astra Mark 1]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-23 |title=LCA Tejas successfully test-fires ASTRA air-to-air missile: Aeronautical Development Agency |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/lca-tejas-successfully-test-fires-astra-air-to-air-missile-aeronautical-development-agency-8906078/ |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2023-08-23 |title=LCA Tejas successfully test-fires Astra Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lca-tejas-successfully-test-fires-astra-beyond-visual-range-missile/article67227156.ece |access-date=2023-08-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

****6 × [[ASRAAM]]<ref>{{cite news |title=India moves towards broad adoption of ASRAAM |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/india-moves-towards-broad-adoption-of-asraam-460441/ |access-date=7 September 2019 |newspaper=FlightGlobal |date=23 August 2019 |archive-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914045803/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/india-moves-towards-broad-adoption-of-asraam-460441/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (planned)

****2 × [[Kh-59]]ME, [[Kh-59]]L, [[Kh-59]]T

****2 × [[BrahMos-NG]] [[Air-launched cruise missile|ALCM]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/brahmos-to-make-a-generational-leap-become-lighter-faster-and-more-lethal-supersonic-cruise-missile-2182681.html |title=BrahMos to make a generational leap, become lighter, faster and more lethal supersonic cruise missile |date=22 February 2019 |website=Zee News |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511091626/https://zeenews.india.com/india/brahmos-to-make-a-generational-leap-become-lighter-faster-and-more-lethal-supersonic-cruise-missile-2182681.html |url-status=live }}</ref> (Planned)

****2 × [[DRDO Anti-Radiation Missile|Rudram-1]] (Planned)<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mallikarjun|first=Y.|date=2016-02-17|title=Captive flight trials of anti-radiation missile soon|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/captive-flight-trials-of-antiradiation-missile-soon/article8245955.ece|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014001256/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/captive-flight-trials-of-antiradiation-missile-soon/article8245955.ece|archive-date=14 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

****2 × [[Kh-35]]

****2 × [[Kh-59]]MK

**** [[Joint Direct Attack Munition|Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM)]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indian-lca-combat-aircraft-now-being-armed-with-american-jdam-precision-bombing-kits20220329164333/|title=Indian LCA combat aircraft now being armed with American JDAM precision bombing kits/|website=ANI Digital|date=29 March 2022|access-date=29 March 2022|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210011614/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indian-lca-combat-aircraft-now-being-armed-with-american-jdam-precision-bombing-kits20220329164333/|url-status=live}}</ref>

**** Tactical Advanced Range Augmentation (TARA)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1791821|title=Indigenous Sensor, Weapons & EW Suite for LCA Tejas and Air Independent Propulsion for submarines to be showcased|website=PIB India|date=22 January 2022|access-date=22 January 2022|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210011607/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1791821|url-status=live}}</ref>

**** [[Denel Dynamics Umbani|AL TARIQ-LR]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=McNeil |first1=Harry |title=EDGE entity elevates Tejas capabilities with long-range precision munitions |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/edge-entity-elevates-tejas-capabilities-with-long-range-precision-munitions/?cf-view&cf-closed |access-date=14 November 2023 |publisher=Airforce Technology |date=14 November 2023}}</ref>

**[[Bharat Dynamics Limited|BDL]] [[Chaff (countermeasure)|Chaff]]/[[Flare (countermeasure)|Flare]] Counter Measure Dispensing System (CMDS)<ref>{{cite news |title=LCA Tejas successfully testfires Chaff, Flares |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/dec/03/lca-tejas-successfully-testfires-chaff-flares-207807.html |access-date=6 July 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=3 December 2010 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107035637/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/dec/03/lca-tejas-successfully-testfires-chaff-flares-207807.html |url-status=live }}</ref>  

**[[Defence Avionics Research Establishment|DARE]] [[Targeting pod]] (Tejas Mk.1 FOC)<ref>{{cite news |title=Tejas fighter to get indigenous Laser Designator Pod to target the enemy |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/tejas-fighter-to-get-indigenous-laser-designator-pod-to-target-the-enemy-2172996.html |access-date=6 July 2022 |publisher=Zee News |date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017191659/https://zeenews.india.com/india/tejas-fighter-to-get-indigenous-laser-designator-pod-to-target-the-enemy-2172996.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=EXCLUSIVE: How A Secretive DRDO Lab Is Saving The IAF Su-30MKI |url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/how-a-secretive-drdo-lab-is-saving-the-iaf-su-30mki/ |access-date=6 July 2022 |publisher=Livefist |date=16 February 2017 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017181649/https://www.livefistdefence.com/how-a-secretive-drdo-lab-is-saving-the-iaf-su-30mki/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

*[[Elta Systems|Elta]] [[EL/M-2052]] AESA Radar [[fire control radar]] (Initial Batches)

*[[LRDE]] [[Uttam AESA Radar]] (Later Batches)

*[[Defence Avionics Research Establishment|DARE]]-[[Elisra]] Mayawi self protection suite <ref name="vayu-sepoct14">{{cite magazine |last=Majumdar |first=Sayan |title=Tejas Redux: The Israeli Touch |magazine=Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review |date=September–October 2014 |issue=5 |pages=82–84 |publisher=Society for Aerospace Studies}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Withington |first1=Thomas |title=Enhancing the Force |url=https://www.armadainternational.com/2020/01/enhancing-the-force/ |access-date=7 July 2022 |publisher=Armada International |date=22 January 2020 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210011615/https://www.armadainternational.com/2020/01/enhancing-the-force/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

*[[MIL-STD-1553]]B bus<ref>{{cite news |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat by HAL |url=https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/ContentTemplate/305_Download_HAL%20R_D%20Capabilities.pdf |access-date=6 July 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Aeronautics Limited |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210011611/https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/ContentTemplate/305_Download_HAL%20R_D%20Capabilities.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>