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→Excavation history: clean up
(Created page with "{{short description|Ancient city in Iran}} {{Redirect|Shushan}} {{Other uses}} {{distinguish|Shusha}} {{Infobox ancient site |name = Susa |native_name = {{lang|fa|شوش}} |alternate_name = |image = History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria (1903) (14584070300).jpg |alt = |caption = The Palace of Darius I in Susa |map_type = Iran#West Asia |map_alt = |map_size = |map_dot_label=Susa |relief=yes |coordinates = {{coord|32|11|26|N...") Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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In 1885 and 1886 [[Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy]] and [[Jane Dieulafoy]] began the first French excavations, discovering glazed bricks, column bases, and capitals from the palace of the Achaemenid kings.<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13901/13901-h/13901-h.htm] Jane Dieulafoy, "Perzi?, Chaldea en Susiane : De Aarde en haar Volken, 1885-1887", at Project Gutenbrg (in Dutch)</ref> However, they failed to identify mudbrick walls, which were then destroyed in the course of excavation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Mousavi|first=Ali|url=http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733309.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199733309-e-003|title=The History of Archaeological Research in Iran|date=2013-06-21|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733309.013.0003}}</ref> Almost all of the excavations at Susa, post-1885, were organized and authorized by the French government.<ref name="Peters 1915 82–93">{{Cite journal|last=Peters|first=John P.|date=1915|title=Excavations in Persia|journal=The Harvard Theological Review|volume=8|issue=1|pages=82–93|issn=0017-8160|jstor=1507314|doi=10.1017/S0017816000008336|s2cid=163892909 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2287221}}</ref> | In 1885 and 1886 [[Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy]] and [[Jane Dieulafoy]] began the first French excavations, discovering glazed bricks, column bases, and capitals from the palace of the Achaemenid kings.<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13901/13901-h/13901-h.htm] Jane Dieulafoy, "Perzi?, Chaldea en Susiane : De Aarde en haar Volken, 1885-1887", at Project Gutenbrg (in Dutch)</ref> However, they failed to identify mudbrick walls, which were then destroyed in the course of excavation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Mousavi|first=Ali|url=http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733309.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199733309-e-003|title=The History of Archaeological Research in Iran|date=2013-06-21|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733309.013.0003}}</ref> Almost all of the excavations at Susa, post-1885, were organized and authorized by the French government.<ref name="Peters 1915 82–93">{{Cite journal|last=Peters|first=John P.|date=1915|title=Excavations in Persia|journal=The Harvard Theological Review|volume=8|issue=1|pages=82–93|issn=0017-8160|jstor=1507314|doi=10.1017/S0017816000008336|s2cid=163892909 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2287221}}</ref> | ||
In two treaties in 1894 and 1899, the French gained a monopoly on all archaeological excavations in Iran indefinitely.<ref name=":0" /> [[Jacques de Morgan]], after visiting the site in 1891, conducted major excavations from 1897 until 1911.<ref>"M. J. DE MORGAN'S EXCAVATIONS IN THE AKROPOLIS AND PALACES OF SUSA", Scientific American, vol. 82, no. 11, pp. 169–70, 1900</ref> The excavations that were conducted in Susa brought many artistic and historical artifacts back to France. These artifacts filled multiple halls in the Museum of the Louvre throughout the late 1890s and early 1900s.<ref>V. Scheil , "Excavations Made by the French in Susa and Babylonia, 1902-1903", The Biblical World, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 146-152, Aug 1904 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3140967 JSTOR]</ref | In two treaties in 1894 and 1899, the French gained a monopoly on all archaeological excavations in Iran indefinitely.<ref name=":0" /> [[Jacques de Morgan]], after visiting the site in 1891, conducted major excavations from 1897 until 1911.<ref>"M. J. DE MORGAN'S EXCAVATIONS IN THE AKROPOLIS AND PALACES OF SUSA", Scientific American, vol. 82, no. 11, pp. 169–70, 1900</ref> The excavations that were conducted in Susa brought many artistic and historical artifacts back to France. These artifacts filled multiple halls in the Museum of the Louvre throughout the late 1890s and early 1900s.<ref name="Peters 1915 82–93"/><ref>V. Scheil , "Excavations Made by the French in Susa and Babylonia, 1902-1903", The Biblical World, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 146-152, Aug 1904 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3140967 JSTOR]</ref> De Morgan's most important work was the excavation of the Grande Tranchée in the Acropole mound, where he found the stele of [[Naram-Sin of Akkad|Naram-Sin]], a collection of Babylonian [[kudurru]]s (boundary stones), the stele bearing the [[Code of Hammurabi]], an ornamented bronze table of snakes, the bronze statue of [[Napir-Asu|Queen Napir-Asu]], and thousands of inscribed bricks. His finds showed Susa to be the most important center of [[Elam|Elamite civilization]], which was effectively discovered by the French mission at Susa.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
Excavation efforts continued under [[Roland de Mecquenem (archaeologist)|Roland De Mecquenem]] until 1914, at the beginning of [[World War I]]. French work at Susa resumed after the war, led by De Mecquenem, continuing until [[World War II]] in 1940.<ref>R. de Mecquenem, "Excavations at Susa (Persia), 1930–1931", Antiquity, vol. 5, iss. 19, September 1931</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/download/mmoires01franuoft/mmoires01franuoft.pdf], Jacques de Morgan, Fouilles à Suse en 1897–1898 et 1898–1899, Mission archéologique en Iran, Mémoires I, 1990</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/download/mmoires07franuoft/mmoires07franuoft.pdf], Jacques de Morgan, Fouilles à Suse en 1899–1902, Mission archéologique en Iran, Mémoires VII, 1905</ref><ref>Robert H. Dyson, Early Work on the Acropolis at Susa. The Beginning of Prehistory in Iraq and Iran, Expedition, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 21–34, 1968</ref> To supplement the original publications of De Mecquenem the archives of his excavation have now been put online thanks to a grant from the Shelby White Levy Program.<ref>[http://www.mom.fr/mecquenem/] Roland de Mecquenem: Archives de Suse (1912–1939) - Unpublished excavation archive (French)</ref> | Excavation efforts continued under [[Roland de Mecquenem (archaeologist)|Roland De Mecquenem]] until 1914, at the beginning of [[World War I]]. French work at Susa resumed after the war, led by De Mecquenem, continuing until [[World War II]] in 1940.<ref>R. de Mecquenem, "Excavations at Susa (Persia), 1930–1931", Antiquity, vol. 5, iss. 19, September 1931</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/download/mmoires01franuoft/mmoires01franuoft.pdf], Jacques de Morgan, Fouilles à Suse en 1897–1898 et 1898–1899, Mission archéologique en Iran, Mémoires I, 1990</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/download/mmoires07franuoft/mmoires07franuoft.pdf], Jacques de Morgan, Fouilles à Suse en 1899–1902, Mission archéologique en Iran, Mémoires VII, 1905</ref><ref>Robert H. Dyson, Early Work on the Acropolis at Susa. The Beginning of Prehistory in Iraq and Iran, Expedition, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 21–34, 1968</ref> To supplement the original publications of De Mecquenem the archives of his excavation have now been put online thanks to a grant from the Shelby White Levy Program.<ref>[http://www.mom.fr/mecquenem/] Roland de Mecquenem: Archives de Suse (1912–1939) - Unpublished excavation archive (French)</ref> | ||