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{{Short description|Bat-and-ball game | {{Short description|Bat-and-ball game}} | ||
{{About|the sport|the insect|Cricket (insect)|other uses}} | {{About|the sport|the insect|Cricket (insect)|other uses}} | ||
{{Redirect|Cricketer}} | {{Redirect|Cricketer}} | ||
{{Use British English|date=May 2016}} | {{Use British English|date=May 2016}} | ||
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{{Infobox sport | {{Infobox sport | ||
| name = Cricket | | name = Cricket | ||
| image = | | image = Pollock to Hussey.jpg | ||
| imagesize = 300 px | | imagesize = 300 px | ||
| caption = {{Longitem|[[ | | caption = {{Longitem|[[Shaun Pollock]] of [[South Africa cricket team|South Africa]] bowls to [[Michael Hussey]] of [[Australia cricket team|Australia]] during the 2005 [[Boxing Day Test]] match at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]]}} | ||
| union = [[International Cricket Council]] | | union = [[International Cricket Council]] | ||
| first = 16th century; South | | first = 16th century; South East England | ||
| registered = | | registered = | ||
| clubs = | | clubs = | ||
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| venue = [[Cricket field]] | | venue = [[Cricket field]] | ||
| glossary = [[Glossary of cricket terms]] | | glossary = [[Glossary of cricket terms]] | ||
| region = Worldwide (most popular in [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth | | region = Worldwide (most popular in [[Commonwealth of Nations|the Commonwealth]]) | ||
| olympic = | | olympic = [[1900 Summer Olympics]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Cricket sidebar |expanded=all}} | {{Cricket sidebar |expanded=all}} | ||
{{Bowling techniques sidebar |expanded=all}} | {{Bowling techniques sidebar |expanded=all}} | ||
'''Cricket''' is a [[Bat-and-ball games|bat-and-ball game]] played between two teams of eleven players | '''Cricket''' is a [[Bat-and-ball games|bat-and-ball game]] played between two teams of eleven players on a [[cricket field|field]] at the centre of which is a {{convert|22|yds|m|adj=on|abbr=off}} [[cricket pitch|pitch]] with a [[wicket]] at each end, each comprising two [[Bail (cricket)|bails]] balanced on three [[stump (cricket)|stumps]]. The [[batting (cricket)|batting]] side scores [[run (cricket)|runs]] by striking the [[cricket ball|ball]] [[Bowling (cricket)|bowled]] at one of the wickets with the bat and then running between the wickets, while the bowling and [[fielding (cricket)|fielding]] side tries to prevent this (by preventing the ball from leaving the field, and getting the ball to either wicket) and [[dismissal (cricket)|dismiss]] each batter (so they are "out"). Means of dismissal include being [[bowled]], when the ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails, and by the fielding side either [[Caught|catching]] the ball after it is hit by the bat, but before it hits the ground, or hitting a wicket with the ball before a batter can cross the [[crease (cricket)|crease]] in front of the wicket. When ten batters have been dismissed, the [[innings]] ends and the teams swap roles. The game is adjudicated by two [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]], aided by a [[third umpire]] and [[match referee]] in international matches. They communicate with two off-field [[Scoring (cricket)|scorers]] who record the match's [[Cricket statistics|statistical information]]. | ||
[[Forms of cricket]] range from [[Twenty20]] (also known as ''T20''), with each team batting for a single innings of 20 [[Over (cricket)|overs]] (each "over" being a set of 6 fair opportunities for the batting team to score) and the game generally lasting three to four hours, to [[Test cricket|Test matches]] played over five days. Traditionally cricketers play in all-white [[Cricket clothing and equipment|kit]], but in [[limited overs cricket]] they wear club or team colours. In addition to the basic kit, some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball, which is a hard, solid spheroid made of compressed [[leather]] with a slightly raised sewn seam enclosing a [[cork (material)|cork]] core layered with tightly wound string. | |||
[[ | The earliest reference to cricket is in [[South East England]] in the mid-16th century. It spread globally with the expansion of the [[British Empire]], with the first international matches in the second half of the 19th century. The game's governing body is the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC), which has over 100 members, twelve of which are [[List of International Cricket Council members|full members]] who play Test matches. The game's rules, the ''[[Laws of Cricket]]'', are maintained by [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) in [[London]]. The sport is followed primarily in [[South Asia]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], the United Kingdom, [[Southern Africa]] and the [[West Indies]].<ref>{{cite web |date=27 June 2018 |title=ICC survey reveals over a billion fans – 90% in subcontinent |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-survey-reveals-over-a-billion-fans-90-in-subcontinent-1150473 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> | ||
[[Women's cricket]], which is organised and played separately, has also achieved international standard. | |||
The most successful side playing [[international cricket]] is [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], which has won seven [[One Day International]] trophies, including five [[Cricket World Cup|World Cups]], more than any other country and has been the [[ICC Test Championship|top-rated Test side]] more than any other country.{{fact|date=August 2023}} | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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===Origins=== | ===Origins=== | ||
{{main|History of cricket to 1725}} | {{main|History of cricket to 1725}} | ||
[[File:Cantigas de Santa María - Xogo da pelota.jpg|thumb|A medieval "club ball" game involving an | [[File:Cantigas de Santa María - Xogo da pelota.jpg|thumb|A medieval "club ball" game involving an underarm bowl towards a batter. Ball catchers are shown positioning themselves to catch a ball. Detail from the ''[[Cantigas de Santa Maria|Canticles of Holy Mary]]'', 13th century.]] | ||
Cricket is one of many games in the "club ball" sphere that basically involve hitting a ball with a hand-held implement; others include [[baseball]] (which shares many [[Comparison of baseball and cricket|similarities]] with cricket, both belonging in the more specific [[bat-and-ball games]] category<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cricket, baseball, rounders and softball: What's the difference?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2HdVkSClhXdp5CsD3JJ093T/cricket-baseball-rounders-and-softball-what-s-the-difference|access-date=5 September 2020|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>), [[golf]], [[hockey]], [[tennis]], [[squash (sport)|squash]], [[badminton]] and [[table tennis]].<ref name="JM17">Major (2007), p. 17.</ref> In cricket's case, a key difference is the existence of a solid target structure, the wicket (originally, it is thought, a "wicket gate" through which sheep were herded), that the batter must defend.<ref name="BWC1">Barclays (1986), p. 1.</ref> The cricket historian [[Harry Altham]] identified three "groups" of "club ball" games: the "hockey group", in which the ball is driven to and | Cricket is one of many games in the "club ball" sphere that basically involve hitting a ball with a hand-held implement; others include [[baseball]] (which shares many [[Comparison of baseball and cricket|similarities]] with cricket, both belonging in the more specific [[bat-and-ball games]] category<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cricket, baseball, rounders and softball: What's the difference?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2HdVkSClhXdp5CsD3JJ093T/cricket-baseball-rounders-and-softball-what-s-the-difference|access-date=5 September 2020|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>), [[golf]], [[hockey]], [[tennis]], [[squash (sport)|squash]], [[badminton]] and [[table tennis]].<ref name="JM17">Major (2007), p. 17.</ref> In cricket's case, a key difference is the existence of a solid target structure, the wicket (originally, it is thought, a "[[wicket gate]]" through which sheep were herded), that the batter must defend.<ref name="BWC1">Barclays (1986), p. 1.</ref> The cricket historian [[Harry Altham]] identified three "groups" of "club ball" games: the "[[hockey]] group", in which the ball is driven to and from between two targets (the goals); the "golf group", in which the ball is driven towards an undefended target (the hole); and the "cricket group", in which "the ball is aimed at a mark (the wicket) and driven away from it".<ref name="HSA19">Altham (1962), pp. 19–20.</ref> | ||
It is generally believed that cricket originated as a [[children's game]] in the south-eastern counties of England, sometime during the [[England in the Middle Ages|medieval period]].<ref name="BWC1"/> Although there are claims for prior dates, the earliest definite reference to cricket being played comes from evidence given at a court case in [[Guildford]] in January 1597 ([[Old Style and New Style dates|Old Style]] | It is generally believed that cricket originated as a [[children's game]] in the south-eastern counties of England, sometime during the [[England in the Middle Ages|medieval period]].<ref name="BWC1"/> Although there are claims for prior dates, the earliest definite reference to cricket being played comes from evidence given at a court case in [[Guildford]] in January 1597 ([[Old Style and New Style dates|Old Style]], equating to January 1598 in the modern calendar). The case concerned ownership of a certain plot of land and the court heard the testimony of a 59-year-old [[coroner]], [[John Derrick (coroner)|John Derrick]], who gave witness that:<ref name="HSA21">Altham (1962), p. 21.</ref><ref name="DU3">Underdown (2000), p. 3.</ref><ref name="JM19">Major (2007), p. 19.</ref> | ||
<blockquote>Being a scholler in the [[Royal Grammar School, Guildford|ffree schoole of Guldeford]] hee and diverse of his fellows did runne and play there at creckett and other plaies.</blockquote> | <blockquote>Being a scholler in the [[Royal Grammar School, Guildford|ffree schoole of Guldeford]] hee and diverse of his fellows did runne and play there at creckett and other plaies.</blockquote> | ||
Given Derrick's age, it was about half a century earlier when he was at school and so it is certain that cricket was being played | Given Derrick's age, it was about half a century earlier when he was at school and so it is certain that cricket was being played {{Circa|1550}} by boys in [[Surrey]].<ref name="JM19"/> The view that it was originally a children's game is reinforced by [[Randle Cotgrave]]'s 1611 English-French dictionary in which he defined the noun "''crosse''{{-"}} as "the crooked staff wherewith boys play at cricket" and the verb form "''crosser''{{-"}} as "to play at cricket".<ref name="HSA22">Altham (1962), p. 22.</ref><ref name="JM31">Major (2007), p. 31.</ref> | ||
One possible source for the sport's name is the [[Old English language|Old English]] word "''cryce''{{-"}} (or "''cricc''{{-"}}) meaning a crutch or staff. In [[Samuel Johnson]]'s ''Dictionary'', he derived cricket from "''cryce'', Saxon, a stick".<ref name="HSA21"/> In [[Old French]], the word "''criquet''{{-"}} seems to have meant a kind of club or stick.<ref name="DB3">Birley (1999), p. 3.</ref> Given the strong medieval trade connections between south-east England and the [[County of Flanders]] when the latter belonged to the [[Duchy of Burgundy]], the name may have been derived from the [[Middle Dutch]] (in use in [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] at the time) "''krick''{{-"}}(''-e''), meaning a stick (crook).<ref name="DB3"/> Another possible source is the Middle Dutch word "''krickstoel''{{-"}}, meaning a long low stool used for kneeling in church and which resembled the long low [[wicket]] with two [[stump (cricket)|stumps]] used in early cricket.<ref>Bowen (1970), p. 33.</ref> According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European language expert of [[Bonn University]], "cricket" derives from the Middle Dutch phrase for [[hockey]], ''met de (krik ket)sen'' (i.e., "with the stick chase").<ref name="17CGC">{{cite web |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportsHistorian/2000/sh201e.pdf |last=Terry |first=David |title=The Seventeenth Century Game of Cricket: A Reconstruction of the Game |work=The Sports Historian, No. 20 |publisher=The British Society of Sports History |location=London |year=2000 |pages=33–43 |access-date=2 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621011709/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportsHistorian/2000/sh201e.pdf |archive-date=21 June 2009 }}</ref> Gillmeister has suggested that not only the name but also the sport itself may be of Flemish origin.<ref name="17CGC"/> | One possible source for the sport's name is the [[Old English language|Old English]] word "''cryce''{{-"}} (or "''cricc''{{-"}}) meaning a crutch or staff. In [[Samuel Johnson]]'s ''Dictionary'', he derived cricket from "''cryce'', Saxon, a stick".<ref name="HSA21"/> In [[Old French]], the word "''criquet''{{-"}} seems to have meant a kind of club or stick.<ref name="DB3">Birley (1999), p. 3.</ref> Given the strong medieval trade connections between south-east England and the [[County of Flanders]] when the latter belonged to the [[Duchy of Burgundy]], the name may have been derived from the [[Middle Dutch]] (in use in [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] at the time) "''krick''{{-"}}(''-e''), meaning a stick (crook).<ref name="DB3"/> Another possible source is the Middle Dutch word "''krickstoel''{{-"}}, meaning a long low stool used for kneeling in church and which resembled the long low [[wicket]] with two [[stump (cricket)|stumps]] used in early cricket.<ref>Bowen (1970), p. 33.</ref> According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European language expert of [[Bonn University]], "cricket" derives from the Middle Dutch phrase for [[hockey]], ''met de (krik ket)sen'' (i.e., "with the stick chase").<ref name="17CGC">{{cite web |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportsHistorian/2000/sh201e.pdf |last=Terry |first=David |title=The Seventeenth Century Game of Cricket: A Reconstruction of the Game |work=The Sports Historian, No. 20 |publisher=The British Society of Sports History |location=London |year=2000 |pages=33–43 |access-date=2 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621011709/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportsHistorian/2000/sh201e.pdf |archive-date=21 June 2009 }}</ref> Gillmeister has suggested that not only the name but also the sport itself may be of Flemish origin.<ref name="17CGC"/> | ||
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Cricket remained a low-key local pursuit for much of the 17th century.<ref name="JM31" /> It is known, through numerous references found in the records of ecclesiastical court cases, to have been proscribed at times by the [[Puritans]] before and during the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]].<ref>McCann (2004), pp. xxxi–xli.</ref><ref name="DU11">Underdown (2000), pp. 11–15.</ref> The problem was nearly always the issue of Sunday play as the Puritans considered cricket to be "profane" if played on the [[Sabbath]], especially if large crowds or [[gambling]] were involved.<ref name="DB7">Birley (1999), pp. 7–8.</ref><ref name="JM23">Major (2007), p. 23.</ref> | Cricket remained a low-key local pursuit for much of the 17th century.<ref name="JM31" /> It is known, through numerous references found in the records of ecclesiastical court cases, to have been proscribed at times by the [[Puritans]] before and during the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]].<ref>McCann (2004), pp. xxxi–xli.</ref><ref name="DU11">Underdown (2000), pp. 11–15.</ref> The problem was nearly always the issue of Sunday play as the Puritans considered cricket to be "profane" if played on the [[Sabbath]], especially if large crowds or [[gambling]] were involved.<ref name="DB7">Birley (1999), pp. 7–8.</ref><ref name="JM23">Major (2007), p. 23.</ref> | ||
According to the social historian [[Derek Birley]], there was a "great upsurge of sport after the [[English Restoration|Restoration]]" in 1660.<ref name="DB11">Birley (1999), p. 11.</ref> Several members of the court of King [[Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland|Charles II]] took a strong interest in cricket during that era.<ref>"A Pictorial History of Cricket", by Brown, Bison Books, London, 1988</ref> Gambling on sport became a problem significant enough for Parliament to pass the 1664 Gambling Act, limiting stakes to £100 which was, in any case, a colossal sum exceeding the annual income of 99% of the population.<ref name="DB11"/> Along with [[ | According to the social historian [[Derek Birley]], there was a "great upsurge of sport after the [[English Restoration|Restoration]]" in 1660.<ref name="DB11">Birley (1999), p. 11.</ref> Several members of the court of King [[Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland|Charles II]] took a strong interest in cricket during that era.<ref>"A Pictorial History of Cricket", by Brown, Bison Books, London, 1988</ref> Gambling on sport became a problem significant enough for Parliament to pass the 1664 Gambling Act, limiting stakes to £100 which was, in any case, a colossal sum exceeding the annual income of 99% of the population.<ref name="DB11"/> Along with [[horse racing]], as well as [[prizefighting]] and other types of [[blood sport]], cricket was perceived to be a gambling sport.<ref>Birley (1999), pp. 11–13.</ref> Rich patrons made matches for high stakes, forming teams in which they engaged the first professional players.<ref name="RW10">Webber (1960), p. 10.</ref> By the end of the century, cricket had developed into a major sport that was spreading throughout England and was already being taken abroad by English mariners and colonisers – the earliest reference to cricket overseas is dated 1676.<ref>Haygarth (1862), p. vi.</ref> A 1697 newspaper report survives of "a great cricket match" played in Sussex "for fifty guineas apiece" – this is the earliest known contest that is generally considered a [[first-class cricket|First Class]] match.<ref>McCann (2004), p. xli.</ref><ref>Major (2007), page 36.</ref> | ||
The patrons, and other players from the social class known as the "[[gentry]]", began to classify themselves as "[[Amateur status in first-class cricket|amateurs]]"<ref name="amateur" group="fn">The term "amateur" in this context does not mean someone who played cricket in his spare time. Many amateurs in [[first-class cricket]] were full-time players during the cricket season. Some of the game's greatest players, including [[W. G. Grace]], held amateur status.</ref> to establish a clear distinction from the professionals, who were invariably members of the [[working class]], even to the point of having separate changing and dining facilities.<ref>Major (2007), pp. 268–269.</ref> The gentry, including such high-ranking nobles as the [[Duke of Richmond|Dukes of Richmond]], exerted their honour code of ''[[noblesse oblige]]'' to claim rights of leadership in any sporting contests they took part in, especially as it was necessary for them to play alongside their "social inferiors" if they were to win their bets.<ref name="DB19">Birley (1999), p. 19.</ref> In time, a perception took hold that the typical amateur who played in first-class cricket, until 1962 when amateurism was abolished, was someone with a [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public school]] education who had then gone to one of [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] or [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] – society insisted that such people were "officers and gentlemen" whose destiny was to provide leadership.<ref name="CW23">Williams (2012), p. 23.</ref> In a purely financial sense, the cricketing amateur would theoretically claim expenses for playing while his professional counterpart played under contract and was paid a wage or match fee; in practice, many amateurs claimed more than actual expenditure and the derisive term "shamateur" was coined to describe the practice.<ref>Williams (2012), pp. 94–95.</ref><ref name="DB146">Birley (1999), p. 146.</ref> | The patrons, and other players from the social class known as the "[[gentry]]", began to classify themselves as "[[Amateur status in first-class cricket|amateurs]]"<ref name="amateur" group="fn">The term "amateur" in this context does not mean someone who played cricket in his spare time. Many amateurs in [[first-class cricket]] were full-time players during the cricket season. Some of the game's greatest players, including [[W. G. Grace]], held amateur status.</ref> to establish a clear distinction from the professionals, who were invariably members of the [[working class]], even to the point of having separate changing and dining facilities.<ref>Major (2007), pp. 268–269.</ref> The gentry, including such high-ranking nobles as the [[Duke of Richmond|Dukes of Richmond]], exerted their honour code of ''[[noblesse oblige]]'' to claim rights of leadership in any sporting contests they took part in, especially as it was necessary for them to play alongside their "social inferiors" if they were to win their bets.<ref name="DB19">Birley (1999), p. 19.</ref> In time, a perception took hold that the typical amateur who played in first-class cricket, until 1962 when amateurism was abolished, was someone with a [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public school]] education who had then gone to one of [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] or [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] – society insisted that such people were "officers and gentlemen" whose destiny was to provide leadership.<ref name="CW23">Williams (2012), p. 23.</ref> In a purely financial sense, the cricketing amateur would theoretically claim expenses for playing while his professional counterpart played under contract and was paid a wage or match fee; in practice, many amateurs claimed more than actual expenditure and the derisive term "shamateur" was coined to describe the practice.<ref>Williams (2012), pp. 94–95.</ref><ref name="DB146">Birley (1999), p. 146.</ref> | ||
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===Cricket becomes an international sport=== | ===Cricket becomes an international sport=== | ||
[[File:England in North America 1859.jpg|thumb|right|The first English team to tour overseas, on board ship to North America, 1859]] | [[File:England in North America 1859.jpg|thumb|right|The first English team to tour overseas, on board ship to North America, 1859]] | ||
In 1844, the [[United States v Canada (1844)|first-ever international match]] took place between what were essentially club teams, from the [[United States national cricket team|United States]] and [[Canada national cricket team|Canada]], in [[Toronto]]; Canada won.<ref>{{cite web | | In 1844, the [[United States v Canada (1844)|first-ever international match]] took place between what were essentially club teams, from the [[United States national cricket team|United States]] and [[Canada national cricket team|Canada]], in [[Toronto]]; Canada won.<ref>{{cite web |last=Das |first=Deb |date=n.d. |title=Cricinfo – Cricket in the USA |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cricket-in-the-usa-141158 |access-date=9 March 2007 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>"The Pictorial History of Cricket", by Ashley Brown, 1988, London, Bison Books</ref> In 1859, a team of English players went to North America on [[English cricket team in North America in 1859|the first overseas tour]].<ref>Birley (1999), pp. 96–97.</ref> Meanwhile, the British Empire had been instrumental in spreading the game overseas and by the middle of the 19th century it had become well established in Australia, the Caribbean, British India (which includes present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh), New Zealand, North America and South Africa.<ref>Barclays (1986), pp. 62, 78, 87, 99, 113, 127 & 131.</ref> | ||
In 1862, an English team made the first tour of Australia.<ref>Birley (1999), p. 97.</ref> The first Australian team to travel overseas consisted of [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] [[Stockman (Australia)|stockmen]] which [[Australian Aboriginal cricket team in England in 1868|toured England in 1868]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/collection_interactives/cricketing_journeys/cricket_html/the_australian_eleven/the_australian_eleven_the_first_australian_team |title=The Australian Eleven: The first Australian team |publisher=National Museum of Australia |access-date=30 December 2014 |archive-date=8 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908065539/http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/collection_interactives/cricketing_journeys/cricket_html/the_australian_eleven/the_australian_eleven_the_first_australian_team |url-status=dead }}</ref> | In 1862, an English team made the first tour of Australia.<ref>Birley (1999), p. 97.</ref> The first Australian team to travel overseas consisted of [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] [[Stockman (Australia)|stockmen]] which [[Australian Aboriginal cricket team in England in 1868|toured England in 1868]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/collection_interactives/cricketing_journeys/cricket_html/the_australian_eleven/the_australian_eleven_the_first_australian_team |title=The Australian Eleven: The first Australian team |publisher=National Museum of Australia |access-date=30 December 2014 |archive-date=8 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908065539/http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/collection_interactives/cricketing_journeys/cricket_html/the_australian_eleven/the_australian_eleven_the_first_australian_team |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
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===World cricket in the 20th century=== | ===World cricket in the 20th century=== | ||
[[File:Bradman&Bat.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Don Bradman]] of [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] had a record Test batting average of 99.94.]] | [[File:Bradman&Bat.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Don Bradman]] of [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] had a record Test batting average of 99.94.]] | ||
The inter-war years were dominated by [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]'s [[Don Bradman]], statistically the greatest Test batter of all time. Test cricket continued to expand during the 20th century with the addition of the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] (1928), [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] (1930) and [[India national cricket team|India]] (1932) before the Second World War and then [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] (1952), [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] (1982), [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] (1992), [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] (2000), [[Ireland national cricket team|Ireland]] and [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] (both 2018) in the post-war period.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wisden |article=Dates in Cricket History |title=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, 100th edition |edition=1963 |publisher=Sporting Handbooks Ltd |location=London |page=183}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= | The inter-war years were dominated by [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]'s [[Don Bradman]], statistically the greatest Test batter of all time. Test cricket continued to expand during the 20th century with the addition of the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] (1928), [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] (1930) and [[India national cricket team|India]] (1932) before the Second World War and then [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] (1952), [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] (1982), [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] (1992), [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] (2000), [[Ireland national cricket team|Ireland]] and [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] (both 2018) in the post-war period.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wisden |article=Dates in Cricket History |title=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, 100th edition |edition=1963 |publisher=Sporting Handbooks Ltd |location=London |page=183}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1982 |title=Notes by the Editor |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152210.html |access-date=2 July 2017 |work=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack online |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> [[South Africa cricket team|South Africa]] was banned from international cricket from 1970 to 1992 as part of the [[Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era|apartheid boycott]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Booth |first=Douglas |title=The Race Game: Sport and Politics in South Africa |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |page=[https://archive.org/details/racegamesportpol0000boot/page/88 88] |isbn=0-7146-4799-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/racegamesportpol0000boot/page/88 }}</ref> | ||
===The rise of limited overs cricket=== | ===The rise of limited overs cricket=== | ||
Cricket entered a new era in 1963 when English counties introduced the [[limited overs cricket|limited overs]] variant.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wisden |article=One-Day Knockout Competition, 1963 |title=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, 100th edition |edition=1963 |publisher=Sporting Handbooks Ltd |location=London |pages=1074–1076}}</ref> As it was sure to produce a result, limited overs cricket was lucrative and the number of matches increased.<ref>Barclays (1986), pp. 495–496.</ref> The first [[Limited Overs International]] was played in 1971 and the governing [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC), seeing its potential, staged the first limited overs [[Cricket World Cup]] in 1975.<ref>Barclays (1986), pp. 496–497.</ref> In the 21st century, a new limited overs form, [[Twenty20]], made an immediate impact.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} On 22 June 2017, [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] and [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] became the 11th and 12th ICC full members, enabling them to play [[Test cricket]].<ref>{{cite news |url= | Cricket entered a new era in 1963 when English counties introduced the [[limited overs cricket|limited overs]] variant.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wisden |article=One-Day Knockout Competition, 1963 |title=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, 100th edition |edition=1963 |publisher=Sporting Handbooks Ltd |location=London |pages=1074–1076}}</ref> As it was sure to produce a result, limited overs cricket was lucrative and the number of matches increased.<ref>Barclays (1986), pp. 495–496.</ref> The first [[Limited Overs International]] was played in 1971 and the governing [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC), seeing its potential, staged the first limited overs [[Cricket World Cup]] in 1975.<ref>Barclays (1986), pp. 496–497.</ref> In the 21st century, a new limited overs form, [[Twenty20]], made an immediate impact.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} On 22 June 2017, [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] and [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] became the 11th and 12th ICC full members, enabling them to play [[Test cricket]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghanistan, Ireland get Test status |work=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/afghanistan-ireland-get-test-status-1105347 |access-date=2 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/40364481 |title=Ireland & Afghanistan awarded Test status by International Cricket Council |date=2017 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=2 July 2017}}</ref> | ||
==Laws and gameplay== | ==Laws and gameplay== | ||
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{{main|Innings|Result (cricket)}} | {{main|Innings|Result (cricket)}} | ||
[[File:A modern Cricket bat (back view).jpg|thumb|upright|A modern [[Sanspareils Greenlands|SG]] cricket bat (back view).]] | [[File:A modern Cricket bat (back view).jpg|thumb|upright|A modern [[Sanspareils Greenlands|SG]] cricket bat (back view).]] | ||
Before a match begins, the team [[captain (cricket)|captains]] (who are also players) [[toss (cricket)|toss a coin]] to decide which team will bat first and so take the first [[innings]].<ref name=inns/> | Before a match begins, the team [[captain (cricket)|captains]] (who are also players) [[toss (cricket)|toss a coin]] to decide which team will bat first and so take the first [[innings]].<ref name=inns/> Innings is the term used for each phase of play in the match.<ref name=inns>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-12-innings/ |title=Law 12 – Innings |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702074358/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-12-innings/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In each innings, one team [[batting (cricket)|bats]], attempting to [[scoring (cricket)|score]] [[run (cricket)|runs]], while the other team [[bowling (cricket)|bowls]] and [[fielding (cricket)|fields]] the [[cricket ball|ball]], attempting to restrict the scoring and [[dismissal (cricket)|dismiss]] the batters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-18-scoring-runs/ |title=Law 18 – Scoring runs |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=2 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-27-appeals/ |title=Law 27 – Appeals |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703084014/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-27-appeals/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> When the first innings ends, the teams change roles; there can be two to four innings depending upon the type of match. A match with four scheduled innings is played over three to five days; a match with two scheduled innings is usually completed in a single day.<ref name=inns /> During an innings, all eleven members of the fielding team take the field, but usually only two members of the batting team are on the field at any given time. The exception to this is if a batter has any type of illness or injury restricting his or her ability to run, in this case the batter is allowed a [[Runner (cricket)|runner]] who can run between the wickets when the batter hits a scoring run or runs,<ref name="Law25">{{cite web|title=LAW 25 BATTER'S INNINGS; RUNNERS {{!}} MCC|url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/batsman-s-innings;-runners|url-status=live|access-date=5 January 2020|website=www.lords.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608183206/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/batsman-s-innings;-runners |archive-date=8 June 2019 }}</ref> though this does not apply in international cricket.<ref name=ICCTestPlayCond>{{Cite web|url=https://icc-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2019/09/02/9182955c-04a4-4fa0-a2b6-f5908f02a51d/ICC-Test-Match-Playing-Conditions-Final-1-September-2019.pdf|title=ICC Test Match Playing Conditions|date=1 September 2019|publisher=ICC}}</ref> The order of batters is usually announced just before the match, but it can be varied.<ref name=Law1 /> | ||
The main objective of each team is to score more runs than their opponents but, in some forms of cricket, it is also necessary to dismiss all of the opposition batters in their final innings in order to win the match, which would otherwise be [[result (cricket)#Draw|drawn]].<ref name=result>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-21-the-result/ |title=Law 21 – The result |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115221857/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-21-the-result/ |archive-date=15 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> If the team batting last is all out having scored fewer runs than their opponents, they are said to have "lost by ''n'' runs" (where ''n'' is the difference between the aggregate number of runs scored by the teams). If the team that bats last scores enough runs to win, it is said to have "won by ''n'' wickets", where ''n'' is the number of wickets left to fall. For example, a team that passes its opponents' total having lost six wickets (i.e., six of their batters have been | The main objective of each team is to score more runs than their opponents but, in some forms of cricket, it is also necessary to [[Dismissal (cricket)|dismiss]] all of the opposition batters in their final innings in order to win the match, which would otherwise be [[result (cricket)#Draw|drawn]].<ref name=result>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-21-the-result/ |title=Law 21 – The result |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115221857/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-21-the-result/ |archive-date=15 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> If the team batting last is all out having scored fewer runs than their opponents, they are said to have "lost by ''n'' runs" (where ''n'' is the difference between the aggregate number of runs scored by the teams). If the team that bats last scores enough runs to win, it is said to have "won by ''n'' wickets", where ''n'' is the number of wickets left to fall. For example, a team that passes its opponents' total having lost six wickets (i.e., six of their batters have been dismissed) have won the match "by four wickets".<ref name=result /> | ||
In a two-innings-a-side match, one team's combined first and second innings total may be less than the other side's first innings total. The team with the greater score is then said to have "won by an innings and ''n'' runs", and does not need to bat again: ''n'' is the difference between the two teams' aggregate scores. If the team batting last is all out, and both sides have scored the same number of runs, then the match is a [[Result (cricket)#Tie|tie]]; this result is quite rare in matches of two innings a side with only 62 happening in [[first-class cricket|first-class matches]] from the earliest known instance in 1741 until January 2017. In the [[Test cricket|traditional form]] of the game, if the time allotted for the match expires before either side can win, then the game is declared a [[result (cricket)#Draw|draw]].<ref name=result /> | In a two-innings-a-side match, one team's combined first and second innings total may be less than the other side's first innings total. The team with the greater score is then said to have "won by an innings and ''n'' runs", and does not need to bat again: ''n'' is the difference between the two teams' aggregate scores. If the team batting last is all out, and both sides have scored the same number of runs, then the match is a [[Result (cricket)#Tie|tie]]; this result is quite rare in matches of two innings a side with only 62 happening in [[first-class cricket|first-class matches]] from the earliest known instance in 1741 until January 2017. In the [[Test cricket|traditional form]] of the game, if the time allotted for the match expires before either side can win, then the game is declared a [[result (cricket)#Draw|draw]].<ref name=result /> | ||
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{{main|Cricket clothing and equipment}} | {{main|Cricket clothing and equipment}} | ||
[[File:WGGrace.jpg|thumb|upright|right|English cricketer [[W. G. Grace]] "taking guard" in 1883. His pads and bat are very similar to those used today. The gloves have evolved somewhat. Many modern players use more defensive equipment than were available to Grace, most notably helmets and arm guards.]] | [[File:WGGrace.jpg|thumb|upright|right|English cricketer [[W. G. Grace]] "taking guard" in 1883. His pads and bat are very similar to those used today. The gloves have evolved somewhat. Many modern players use more defensive equipment than were available to Grace, most notably helmets and arm guards.]] | ||
The wicket-keeper (a specialised fielder behind the batter) and the batters wear protective gear because of the hardness of the ball, which can be delivered at speeds of more than {{convert|145|km/h|mph}} and presents a major health and safety concern. Protective clothing includes [[batting pads|pads]] (designed to protect the knees and shins), [[batting gloves]] or [[wicket-keeper's gloves]] for the hands, a [[helmet (cricket)|safety helmet]] for the head and a [[box (cricket)|box]] for male players inside the trousers (to protect the [[crotch]] area).<ref name=AppD>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/appendix-d/ |title=Appendix D |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702064301/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/appendix-d/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some batters wear additional padding inside their shirts and trousers such as thigh pads, arm pads, rib protectors and shoulder pads. The only fielders allowed to wear protective gear are those in positions very close to the batter (i.e., if they are alongside or in front of him), but they cannot wear gloves or external leg guards.<ref name=Law41/> | The [[wicket-keeper]] (a specialised fielder behind the batter) and the batters wear protective gear because of the hardness of the ball, which can be delivered at speeds of more than {{convert|145|km/h|mph}} and presents a major health and safety concern. Protective clothing includes [[batting pads|pads]] (designed to protect the knees and shins), [[batting gloves]] or [[wicket-keeper's gloves]] for the hands, a [[helmet (cricket)|safety helmet]] for the head and a [[box (cricket)|box]] for male players inside the trousers (to protect the [[crotch]] area).<ref name=AppD>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/appendix-d/ |title=Appendix D |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702064301/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/appendix-d/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some batters wear additional padding inside their shirts and trousers such as thigh pads, arm pads, rib protectors and shoulder pads. The only fielders allowed to wear protective gear are those in positions very close to the batter (i.e., if they are alongside or in front of him), but they cannot wear gloves or external leg guards.<ref name=Law41/> | ||
Subject to certain variations, on-field clothing generally includes a collared shirt with short or long sleeves; long trousers; woolen pullover (if needed); [[cricket cap]] (for fielding) or a safety helmet; and spiked shoes or boots to increase traction. The kit is traditionally all white and this remains the case in Test and first-class cricket but, in limited overs cricket, team colours are worn instead.<ref>Birley (1999), p. 343.</ref> | Subject to certain variations, on-field clothing generally includes a collared shirt with short or long sleeves; long trousers; woolen pullover (if needed); [[cricket cap]] (for fielding) or a safety helmet; and spiked shoes or boots to increase traction. The kit is traditionally all white and this remains the case in Test and first-class cricket but, in limited overs cricket, team colours are worn instead.<ref>Birley (1999), p. 343.</ref> | ||
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While the umpire (1) in shot stands at the bowler's end of the pitch, his colleague stands in the outfield, usually in or near the fielding position called "[[square leg]]", so that he is in line with the [[popping crease]] (7) at the striker's end of the pitch. The bowling crease (not numbered) is the one on which the wicket is located between the return creases (12). The bowler (4) intends to hit the wicket (9) with the ball (5) or, at least, to prevent the striker (8) from scoring [[run (cricket)|runs]]. The striker (8) intends, by using his bat, to defend his wicket and, if possible, to hit the ball away from the pitch in order to score runs. | While the umpire (1) in shot stands at the bowler's end of the pitch, his colleague stands in the outfield, usually in or near the fielding position called "[[square leg]]", so that he is in line with the [[popping crease]] (7) at the striker's end of the pitch. The bowling crease (not numbered) is the one on which the wicket is located between the return creases (12). The bowler (4) intends to hit the wicket (9) with the ball (5) or, at least, to prevent the striker (8) from scoring [[run (cricket)|runs]]. The striker (8) intends, by using his bat, to defend his wicket and, if possible, to hit the ball away from the pitch in order to score runs. | ||
Some players are skilled in both batting and bowling, or as either | Some players are skilled in both batting and bowling, or as either of these as well as wicket-keeping, so are termed [[all-rounder]]s. Bowlers are classified according to their style, generally as [[fast bowling|fast bowlers]], [[seam bowling|seam bowlers]] or [[spin bowling|spinners]]. Batters are classified according to whether they are right-handed or left-handed. | ||
====Fielding==== | ====Fielding==== | ||
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[[File:Master Blaster at work.jpg|right|thumb|[[Sachin Tendulkar]] is the only player to have scored one hundred international [[Century (cricket)|centuries]]]] | [[File:Master Blaster at work.jpg|right|thumb|[[Sachin Tendulkar]] is the only player to have scored one hundred international [[Century (cricket)|centuries]]]] | ||
The decision to attempt a run is ideally made by the batter who has the better view of the ball's progress, and this is communicated by calling: usually "yes", "no" or "wait". More than one run can be scored from a single hit: hits worth one to three runs are common, but the size of the field is such that it is usually difficult to run four or more.<ref name=Law18/> To compensate for this, hits that reach the boundary of the field are automatically awarded four runs if the ball touches the ground ''en route'' to the boundary or six runs if the ball clears the boundary without touching the ground within the boundary. In these cases the batters do not need to run.<ref name=Law19>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-19-boundaries/ |title=Law 19 – Boundaries |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> Hits for five are unusual and generally rely on the help of "overthrows" by a fielder returning the ball. If an odd number of runs is scored by the striker, the two batters have changed ends, and the one who was non-striker is now the striker. Only the striker can score individual runs, but all runs are added to the team's total.<ref name=Law18/> | The decision to attempt a run is ideally made by the batter who has the better view of the ball's progress, and this is communicated by calling: usually "yes", "no" or "wait". More than one run can be scored from a single hit: hits worth one to three runs are common, but the size of the field is such that it is usually difficult to run four or more.<ref name=Law18/> To compensate for this, hits that reach the boundary of the field are automatically awarded four runs if the ball touches the ground ''en route'' to the boundary or six runs if the ball clears the boundary without touching the ground within the boundary. In these cases the batters do not need to run.<ref name=Law19>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-19-boundaries/ |title=Law 19 – Boundaries |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> Hits for five are unusual and generally rely on the help of "overthrows" by a fielder returning the ball. | ||
If an odd number of runs is scored by the striker, the two batters have changed ends, and the one who was non-striker is now the striker. Only the striker can score individual runs, but all runs are added to the team's total.<ref name="Law18" /> | |||
Additional runs can be gained by the batting team as [[extra (cricket)|extras]] (called "sundries" in Australia) due to errors made by the fielding side. This is achieved in four ways: [[no-ball]], a penalty of one extra conceded by the bowler if he breaks the rules;<ref name=Law24>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-24-no-ball/ |title=Law 24 – No ball |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703092552/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-24-no-ball |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[wide (cricket)|wide]], a penalty of one extra conceded by the bowler if he bowls so that the ball is out of the batter's reach;<ref name=Law25a>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-25-wide-ball/ |title=Law 25 – Wide ball |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702061246/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-25-wide-ball/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[bye (cricket)|bye]], an extra awarded if the batter misses the ball and it goes past the wicket-keeper and gives the batters time to run in the conventional way;<ref name=Law26>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-26-bye-and-leg-bye/ |title=Law 26 – Bye and Leg bye |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703085522/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-26-bye-and-leg-bye/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[leg bye]], as for a bye except that the ball has hit the batter's body, though not his bat.<ref name=Law26/> If the bowler has conceded a no-ball or a wide, his team incurs an additional penalty because that ball (i.e., delivery) has to be bowled again and hence the batting side has the opportunity to score more runs from this extra ball.<ref name=Law24/><ref name=Law25a/> | Additional runs can be gained by the batting team as [[extra (cricket)|extras]] (called "sundries" in Australia) due to errors made by the fielding side. This is achieved in four ways: [[no-ball]], a penalty of one extra conceded by the bowler if he breaks the rules;<ref name=Law24>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-24-no-ball/ |title=Law 24 – No ball |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703092552/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-24-no-ball |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[wide (cricket)|wide]], a penalty of one extra conceded by the bowler if he bowls so that the ball is out of the batter's reach;<ref name=Law25a>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-25-wide-ball/ |title=Law 25 – Wide ball |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702061246/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-25-wide-ball/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[bye (cricket)|bye]], an extra awarded if the batter misses the ball and it goes past the wicket-keeper and gives the batters time to run in the conventional way;<ref name=Law26>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-26-bye-and-leg-bye/ |title=Law 26 – Bye and Leg bye |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703085522/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-26-bye-and-leg-bye/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[leg bye]], as for a bye except that the ball has hit the batter's body, though not his bat.<ref name=Law26/> If the bowler has conceded a no-ball or a wide, his team incurs an additional penalty because that ball (i.e., delivery) has to be bowled again and hence the batting side has the opportunity to score more runs from this extra ball.<ref name=Law24/><ref name=Law25a/> | ||
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The captain is often the most experienced player in the team, certainly the most tactically astute, and can possess any of the main skillsets as a batter, a bowler or a wicket-keeper. Within the Laws, the captain has certain responsibilities in terms of nominating his players to the umpires before the match and ensuring that his players conduct themselves "within the spirit and traditions of the game as well as within the Laws".<ref name=Law1/> | The captain is often the most experienced player in the team, certainly the most tactically astute, and can possess any of the main skillsets as a batter, a bowler or a wicket-keeper. Within the Laws, the captain has certain responsibilities in terms of nominating his players to the umpires before the match and ensuring that his players conduct themselves "within the spirit and traditions of the game as well as within the Laws".<ref name=Law1/> | ||
The wicket-keeper (sometimes called simply the "keeper") is a specialist fielder subject to various rules within the Laws about his equipment and demeanour. He is the only member of the fielding side who can effect a [[stumped|stumping]] and is the only one permitted to wear gloves and external leg guards.<ref name=Law40>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-40-the-wicket-keeper/ |title=Law 40 – The wicket-keeper |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416223531/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-40-the-wicket-keeper/ |archive-date=16 April 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Depending on their primary skills, the other ten players in the team tend to be classified as specialist batters or specialist bowlers. Generally, a team will include five or six specialist batters and four or five specialist bowlers, plus the wicket-keeper.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.talkcricket.co.uk/guides/bowling_strategy.html |title=Bowling Strategy |work=TalkCricket |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.talkcricket.co.uk/guides/cricket_batting_strategy.html |title=Batting Strategy |work=TalkCricket |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> | The wicket-keeper (sometimes called simply the "keeper") is a specialist fielder subject to various rules within the Laws about his equipment and demeanour. He is the only member of the fielding side who can effect a [[stumped|stumping]] and is the only one permitted to wear gloves and external leg guards.<ref name=Law40>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-40-the-wicket-keeper/ |title=Law 40 – The wicket-keeper |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416223531/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-40-the-wicket-keeper/ |archive-date=16 April 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
Depending on their primary skills, the other ten players in the team tend to be classified as specialist batters or specialist bowlers. Generally, a team will include five or six specialist batters and four or five specialist bowlers, plus the wicket-keeper.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.talkcricket.co.uk/guides/bowling_strategy.html |title=Bowling Strategy |work=TalkCricket |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.talkcricket.co.uk/guides/cricket_batting_strategy.html |title=Batting Strategy |work=TalkCricket |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> | |||
===Umpires and scorers=== | ===Umpires and scorers=== | ||
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The match details, including runs and dismissals, are recorded by two official [[scoring (cricket)|scorers]], one representing each team. The scorers are directed by the hand signals of an umpire (see image, right). For example, the umpire raises a forefinger to signal that the batter is out (has been dismissed); he raises both arms above his head if the batter has hit the ball for six runs. The scorers are required by the Laws to record all runs scored, wickets taken and overs bowled; in practice, they also note significant amounts of additional data relating to the game.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-4-the-scorers/ |title=Law 4 – The scorers |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702065817/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-4-the-scorers/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | The match details, including runs and dismissals, are recorded by two official [[scoring (cricket)|scorers]], one representing each team. The scorers are directed by the hand signals of an umpire (see image, right). For example, the umpire raises a forefinger to signal that the batter is out (has been dismissed); he raises both arms above his head if the batter has hit the ball for six runs. The scorers are required by the Laws to record all runs scored, wickets taken and overs bowled; in practice, they also note significant amounts of additional data relating to the game.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-4-the-scorers/ |title=Law 4 – The scorers |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702065817/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-4-the-scorers/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
A match's [[Cricket statistics|statistics]] are summarised on a scorecard. Prior to the popularisation of scorecards, most scoring was done by men sitting on vantage points cuttings notches on [[tally stick]]s and runs were originally called notches.<ref>Bowen (1970), p. 57.</ref> According to [[Rowland Bowen]], the earliest known scorecard templates were introduced in 1776 by T. Pratt of [[Sevenoaks]] and soon came into general use.<ref>Bowen (1970), p. 266.</ref> It is believed that scorecards were printed and sold at [[Lord's]] for the first time in 1846.<ref>Bowen (1970), p. 274.</ref> | A match's [[Cricket statistics|statistics]] are summarised on a [[Cricket scorecard|scorecard]]. Prior to the popularisation of scorecards, most scoring was done by men sitting on vantage points cuttings notches on [[tally stick]]s and runs were originally called notches.<ref>Bowen (1970), p. 57.</ref> According to [[Rowland Bowen]], the earliest known scorecard templates were introduced in 1776 by T. Pratt of [[Sevenoaks]] and soon came into general use.<ref>Bowen (1970), p. 266.</ref> It is believed that scorecards were printed and sold at [[Lord's]] for the first time in 1846.<ref>Bowen (1970), p. 274.</ref> | ||
===Spirit of the Game=== | ===Spirit of the Game=== | ||
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according to the Laws, but also within the Spirit of Cricket".</blockquote> | according to the Laws, but also within the Spirit of Cricket".</blockquote> | ||
The Preamble is a short statement intended to emphasise the "positive behaviours that make cricket an exciting game that encourages leadership, friendship, and teamwork."<ref name=2017_changes>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/assets/2017-Law-Changes-Summary-Paper.pdf |title=Summary of changes to the Laws of Cricket 2017 Code |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627233220/https://www.lords.org/assets/2017-Law-Changes-Summary-Paper.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its second line states that "the major responsibility for ensuring fair play rests with the captains, but extends to all | The Preamble is a short statement intended to emphasise the "positive behaviours that make cricket an exciting game that encourages leadership, friendship, and teamwork."<ref name=2017_changes>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/assets/2017-Law-Changes-Summary-Paper.pdf |title=Summary of changes to the Laws of Cricket 2017 Code |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627233220/https://www.lords.org/assets/2017-Law-Changes-Summary-Paper.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its second line states that "the major responsibility for ensuring fair play rests with the captains, but extends to all players, match officials and, especially in junior cricket, teachers, coaches and parents."<ref name=preamble/> | ||
players, match officials and, especially in junior cricket, teachers, coaches and parents."<ref name=preamble/> | |||
The umpires are the sole judges of fair and unfair play. They are required under the Laws to intervene in case of dangerous or unfair play or in cases of unacceptable conduct by a player. | The umpires are the sole judges of fair and unfair play. They are required under the Laws to intervene in case of dangerous or unfair play or in cases of unacceptable conduct by a player. | ||
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{{main|Forms of cricket}} | {{main|Forms of cricket}} | ||
[[File:England vs South Africa.jpg|thumb|A [[Test cricket|Test match]] between South Africa and England in January 2005. The men wearing black trousers are the [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]]. Teams in Test cricket, [[first-class cricket]] and [[club cricket]] wear traditional white uniforms and use red [[cricket ball]]s.]] | [[File:England vs South Africa.jpg|thumb|A [[Test cricket|Test match]] between South Africa and England in January 2005. The men wearing black trousers are the [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]]. Teams in Test cricket, [[first-class cricket]] and [[club cricket]] wear traditional white uniforms and use red [[cricket ball]]s.]] | ||
Cricket is a multi-faceted sport with multiple formats that can effectively be divided into [[first-class cricket]], [[limited overs cricket]] and, historically, [[single wicket cricket]]. The highest standard is [[Test cricket]] (always written with a capital "T") which is in effect the international version of first-class cricket and is restricted to teams representing the twelve countries that are full members of the ICC (see above). Although the term "Test match" was not coined until much later, Test cricket is deemed to have begun with two matches between [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[England national cricket team|England]] in the [[1876-77 Australian cricket season|1876–77 Australian season]]; since 1882, most Test series between England and Australia have been played for a trophy known as [[The Ashes]]. The term "first-class", in general usage, is applied to top-level domestic cricket. Test matches are played over five days and first-class over three to four days; in all of these matches, the teams are allotted two innings each and the draw is a valid result.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionary of Cricket |last=Rundell |first=Michael |year=2006 |publisher=A&C Black Publishers Ltd |location=London |isbn=978-0-7136-7915-1 |page=336 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Vu9cih3u1kC&q=%22dictionary%20of%20cricket%22%20test&pg=PT336 |access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref> | Cricket is a multi-faceted sport with multiple formats that can effectively be divided into [[first-class cricket]], [[limited overs cricket]] and, historically, [[single wicket cricket]]. | ||
The highest standard is [[Test cricket]] (always written with a capital "T") which is in effect the international version of first-class cricket and is restricted to teams representing the twelve countries that are full members of the ICC (see above). Although the term "Test match" was not coined until much later, Test cricket is deemed to have begun with two matches between [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[England national cricket team|England]] in the [[1876-77 Australian cricket season|1876–77 Australian season]]; since 1882, most Test series between England and Australia have been played for a trophy known as [[The Ashes]]. The term "first-class", in general usage, is applied to top-level domestic cricket. Test matches are played over five days and first-class over three to four days; in all of these matches, the teams are allotted two innings each and the [[Draw (cricket)|draw]] is a valid result.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionary of Cricket |last=Rundell |first=Michael |year=2006 |publisher=A&C Black Publishers Ltd |location=London |isbn=978-0-7136-7915-1 |page=336 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Vu9cih3u1kC&q=%22dictionary%20of%20cricket%22%20test&pg=PT336 |access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref> | |||
Limited overs cricket is always scheduled for completion in a single day, and the teams are allotted one innings each. There are two types: [[List A cricket|List A]] which normally allows fifty overs per team; and [[Twenty20]] in which the teams have twenty overs each. Both of the limited overs forms are played internationally as [[Limited Overs International]]s (LOI) and [[Twenty20 International]]s (T20I). List A was introduced in England in the 1963 season as a knockout cup contested by the first-class county clubs. In 1969, a national league competition was established. The concept was gradually introduced to the other leading cricket countries and the first limited overs international was played in 1971. In 1975, the first [[Cricket World Cup]] took place in England. Twenty20 is a new variant of limited overs itself with the purpose being to complete the match within about three hours, usually in an evening session. The first [[Twenty20 World Championship]] was held in 2007. Limited overs matches cannot be drawn, although a tie is possible and an unfinished match is a "no result".<ref>{{cite web |url= | Limited overs cricket is always scheduled for completion in a single day, and the teams are allotted one innings each. There are two main types: [[List A cricket|List A]] which normally allows fifty overs per team; and [[Twenty20]] in which the teams have twenty overs each. Both of the limited overs forms are played internationally as [[Limited Overs International]]s (LOI) and [[Twenty20 International]]s (T20I). List A was introduced in England in the 1963 season as a knockout cup contested by the first-class county clubs. In 1969, a national league competition was established. The concept was gradually introduced to the other leading cricket countries and the first limited overs international was played in 1971. In 1975, the first [[Cricket World Cup]] took place in England. Twenty20 is a new variant of limited overs itself with the purpose being to complete the match within about three to four hours, usually in an evening session. The first [[Twenty20 World Championship]] was held in 2007. In addition, a few full-member cricket boards have decided to start leagues that are played in the [[T10 cricket|T10 format]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=CPL to launch inaugural T10 tournament 'The 6ixty' in August |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cpl-to-launch-inaugural-t10-tournament-the-6ixty-in-august-1320902 |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=SportsCafe |date=2022-11-21 |title=Sri Lanka becomes first full-member cricket nation to introduce T10 League |url=https://sportscafe.in/cricket/articles/2022/nov/21/sri-lanka-becomes-first-full-member-cricket-nation-to-introduce-t-10-league |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=SportsCafe.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ZC to launch six-team T10 tournament in March 2023 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/zimbabwe-cricket-launches-six-team-t10-tournament-in-march-2023-1348496 |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=T10 League Plans Expansion To Five Locations After Thumbs Up From 2 ICC Full Members {{!}} Cricket News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/t10-league-plans-expansion-to-five-locations-after-thumbs-up-from-2-icc-full-members-3554950 |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref> in which games are intended to last approximately 90 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2021-01-25 |title=Explained: Everything You Need to Know About Cricket's T10 League |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/explainer-t10-league-rules-teams-and-players |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abu Dhabi T10 cricket league eyes global expansion |url=https://www.gulftoday.ae/sport/2022/12/07/abu-dhabi-t10-cricket-league-eyes-global-expansion |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=www.gulftoday.ae}}</ref> Limited overs matches cannot be drawn, although a [[Tie (cricket)|tie]] is possible and an unfinished match is a "[[No-result|no result]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=ICC clarification of limited overs |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-clarifies-what-counts-and-what-doesn-t-255055 |access-date=8 July 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2016 |title=The first official T20 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/blogs/content/story/980687.html |access-date=8 July 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> | ||
Single wicket was popular in the 18th and 19th centuries and its matches were generally considered top-class. In this form, although each team may have from one to six players, there is only one batter in at a time and he must face every delivery bowled while his innings lasts. Single wicket has rarely been played since limited overs cricket began. Matches tended to have two innings per team like a full first-class one and they could end in a draw.<ref>Major (2007), pp. 155–167 & 404–410.</ref> | Single wicket was popular in the 18th and 19th centuries and its matches were generally considered top-class. In this form, although each team may have from one to six players, there is only one batter in at a time and he must face every delivery bowled while his innings lasts. Single wicket has rarely been played since limited overs cricket began. Matches tended to have two innings per team like a full first-class one and they could end in a draw.<ref>Major (2007), pp. 155–167 & 404–410.</ref> | ||
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Most international matches are played as parts of 'tours', when one nation travels to another for a number of weeks or months, and plays a number of matches of various sorts against the host nation. Sometimes a [[Test cricket#Perpetual trophies|perpetual trophy]] is awarded to the winner of the Test series, the most famous of which is [[The Ashes]]. | Most international matches are played as parts of 'tours', when one nation travels to another for a number of weeks or months, and plays a number of matches of various sorts against the host nation. Sometimes a [[Test cricket#Perpetual trophies|perpetual trophy]] is awarded to the winner of the Test series, the most famous of which is [[The Ashes]]. | ||
The ICC also organises competitions that are for several countries at once, including the [[Cricket World Cup]], [[ICC T20 World Cup]] and [[ICC Champions Trophy]]. A league competition for Test matches played as part of normal tours, the [[ICC World Test Championship]], had been proposed several times, and its [[2019–21 ICC World Test Championship|first instance]] began in 2019. A league competition for ODIs, the [[ICC Cricket World Cup Super League]], began in August 2020. The ICC maintains [[ICC Test Championship|Test rankings]], [[ICC ODI Championship|ODI rankings]] and [[ICC T20I Championship|T20 rankings]] systems for the countries which play these forms of cricket. | The ICC also organises competitions that are for several countries at once, including the [[Cricket World Cup]], [[ICC T20 World Cup]] and [[ICC Champions Trophy]]. A league competition for Test matches played as part of normal tours, the [[ICC World Test Championship]], had been proposed several times, and its [[2019–21 ICC World Test Championship|first instance]] began in 2019. A league competition for [[One Day International|ODIs]], the [[ICC Cricket World Cup Super League]], began in August 2020. The ICC maintains [[ICC Test Championship|Test rankings]], [[ICC ODI Championship|ODI rankings]] and [[ICC T20I Championship|T20 rankings]] systems for the countries which play these forms of cricket. | ||
Competitions for member nations of the ICC with [[List of International Cricket Council members#Associate members|Associate status]] include the [[ICC Intercontinental Cup]], for first-class cricket matches, and the [[World Cricket League]] for one-day matches, the final matches of which now also serve as the [[ICC World Cup Qualifier]]. | Competitions for member nations of the ICC with [[List of International Cricket Council members#Associate members|Associate status]] include the [[ICC Intercontinental Cup]], for first-class cricket matches, and the [[World Cricket League]] for one-day matches, the final matches of which now also serve as the [[ICC World Cup Qualifier]]. | ||
The game's only appearance in an [[Olympic Games]] was the [[Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics|1900 Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The ignorant Olympians |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-ignorant-olympians-134962 |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> It was shortlisted for the [[2028 Summer Olympics]] in [[Los Angeles]] but did not make the final programme.<ref>Ansari, Aarish (27 June 2023). [https://olympics.com/en/news/los-angeles-2028-olympics-programme-provisional-list-cricket "Los Angeles 2028 Olympics: Cricket, boxing not on provisional sports list."] ''Olympics.com'' ([[International Olympic Committee]]). Retrieved 16 July 2023.</ref> | |||
===National competitions=== | ===National competitions=== | ||
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===Club and school cricket=== | ===Club and school cricket=== | ||
[[File:Y.M.C.A. women playing cricket, Sydney University, R. Donaldson, 23 April 1941.jpg|thumb|Y.M.C.A. women playing cricket as part of 'sports for troops', [[Sydney University]], 23 April 1941]] | |||
{{main|Village cricket|Club cricket|Schools cricket}} | {{main|Village cricket|Club cricket|Schools cricket}} | ||
The world's earliest known cricket match was a [[village cricket]] meeting in [[Kent]] which has been deduced from a 1640 court case recording a "cricketing" of "the Weald and the Upland" versus "the Chalk Hill" at [[Chevening]] "about thirty years since" (i.e., {{circa|1611}}). Inter-parish contests became popular in the first half of the 17th century and continued to develop through the 18th with the first local leagues being founded in the second half of the 19th.<ref name="DU4"/> | The world's earliest known cricket match was a [[village cricket]] meeting in [[Kent]] which has been deduced from a 1640 court case recording a "cricketing" of "the Weald and the Upland" versus "the Chalk Hill" at [[Chevening]] "about thirty years since" (i.e., {{circa|1611}}). Inter-parish contests became popular in the first half of the 17th century and continued to develop through the 18th with the first local leagues being founded in the second half of the 19th.<ref name="DU4"/> | ||
At the grassroots level, local [[club cricket]] is essentially an amateur pastime for those involved but still usually involves teams playing in competitions at weekends or in the evening. [[Schools cricket]], first known in southern England in the 17th century, has a similar scenario and both are widely played in the countries where cricket is popular.<ref>Birley (1999), pp. 9–10.</ref> Although there can be variations in game format, compared with professional cricket, the Laws are always observed and club/school matches are therefore formal and competitive events.<ref>Birley (1999), pp. 151–152.</ref> The sport has numerous informal variants such as [[French cricket]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/french.htm |title=Rules of French Cricket |publisher=topend sports |access-date=8 July 2017}}</ref> | At the grassroots level, local [[club cricket]] is essentially an amateur pastime for those involved but still usually involves teams playing in competitions at weekends or in the evening. [[Schools cricket]], first known in southern England in the 17th century, has a similar scenario and both are widely played in the countries where cricket is popular.<ref>Birley (1999), pp. 9–10.</ref> Although there can be variations in game format, compared with professional cricket, the Laws are always observed and club/school matches are therefore formal and competitive events.<ref>Birley (1999), pp. 151–152.</ref> The sport has numerous informal variants such as [[French cricket]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/french.htm |title=Rules of French Cricket |publisher=topend sports |access-date=8 July 2017}}</ref> On the North American side, in 2023, [[Monroe Township High School]], in [[Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey|Monroe Township]], [[Middlesex County, New Jersey|Middlesex County]], [[New Jersey]], launched the first U.S. high school cricket club.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fox5ny.com/video/1229269.amp|title=Abeer Khan decided to turn cricket into something his whole community can enjoy|publisher=FOX5NY|date=June 2, 2023|access-date=June 3, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/highschoolsports/2023/05/nj-high-schooler-launches-historic-cricket-team-signaling-the-sports-growth.html?outputType=amp|title=N.J. high schooler launches historic cricket team, signaling the sport's growth|author=Corey Annan|date=May 25, 2023|access-date=June 3, 2023}}</ref> | ||
==Culture== | ==Culture== | ||
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===Influence on everyday life=== | ===Influence on everyday life=== | ||
Cricket has had a broad impact on popular culture, both in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and elsewhere. It has, for example, influenced the lexicon of these nations, especially the English language, with various phrases such as "that's not cricket" (that's unfair), "had a good [[Innings#Usage outside of cricket|innings]]" (lived a long life) and "[[sticky wicket]]". "On a sticky wicket" (''aka'' "sticky dog" or "glue pot")<ref>{{Cite book |last=Green |first=Jonathon |title=Dictionary of Jargon |publisher=Routledge |year=1987 |isbn=9780710099198 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofjarg00jona/page/528 528] |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofjarg00jona/page/528 }}</ref> is a [[metaphor]]<ref name="CalliesKeller2011">{{cite book |author1=Marcus Callies |author2=Wolfram R. Keller |author3=Astrid Lohöfer |title=Bi-directionality in the Cognitive Sciences: Avenues, Challenges, and Limitations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SC3cBXfj4UcC&pg=PA73 |year=2011 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-90-272-2384-5 |pages=73–}}</ref> used to describe a difficult circumstance. It originated as a term for difficult batting conditions in cricket, caused by a damp and soft pitch.<ref name="Hendrickson2001">{{cite book |author=Robert Hendrickson |title=World English: From Aloha to Zed |url=https://archive.org/details/worldenglishfrom00hend |url-access=registration |year= 2001 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-34518-3}}</ref> | Cricket has had a broad impact on popular culture, both in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and elsewhere. It has, for example, influenced the [[lexicon]] of these nations, especially the English language, with various phrases such as "that's not cricket" (that's unfair), "had a good [[Innings#Usage outside of cricket|innings]]" (lived a long life) and "[[sticky wicket]]". "On a sticky wicket" (''aka'' "sticky dog" or "glue pot")<ref>{{Cite book |last=Green |first=Jonathon |title=Dictionary of Jargon |publisher=Routledge |year=1987 |isbn=9780710099198 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofjarg00jona/page/528 528] |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofjarg00jona/page/528 }}</ref> is a [[metaphor]]<ref name="CalliesKeller2011">{{cite book |author1=Marcus Callies |author2=Wolfram R. Keller |author3=Astrid Lohöfer |title=Bi-directionality in the Cognitive Sciences: Avenues, Challenges, and Limitations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SC3cBXfj4UcC&pg=PA73 |year=2011 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-90-272-2384-5 |pages=73–}}</ref> used to describe a difficult circumstance. It originated as a term for difficult batting conditions in cricket, caused by a damp and soft pitch.<ref name="Hendrickson2001">{{cite book |author=Robert Hendrickson |title=World English: From Aloha to Zed |url=https://archive.org/details/worldenglishfrom00hend |url-access=registration |year= 2001 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-34518-3}}</ref> | ||
===In the arts and popular culture=== | ===In the arts and popular culture=== | ||
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[[File:William Handcock Tom Wills.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tom Wills]], cricketer and co-founder of [[Australian football]]]] | [[File:William Handcock Tom Wills.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tom Wills]], cricketer and co-founder of [[Australian football]]]] | ||
In the visual arts, notable cricket paintings include [[Albert Chevallier Tayler]]'s ''[[Kent vs Lancashire at Canterbury]]'' (1907) and [[Russell Drysdale]]'s ''[[The Cricketers]]'' (1948), which has been called "possibly the most famous Australian painting of the 20th century."<ref name="Meacham">{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/entertainment/arts/montmartre-with-eucalypts/2009/06/05/1243708612484.html |title=Montmartre, with eucalypts |last=Meacham |first=Steve |date=6 June 2009 |work=Sydney Morning Herald |publisher=Fairfax |access-date=31 August 2009}}</ref> French [[impressionism|impressionist]] [[Camille Pissarro]] painted cricket on a visit to England in the 1890s.<ref name=art/> [[Francis Bacon (artist)|Francis Bacon]], an avid cricket fan, captured a batter in motion.<ref name=art/> [[Caribbean]] artist [[Wendy Nanan]]'s cricket images<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/07/in_pictures_caribbean_cricket_art/html/1.stm |work=BBC News |title=Caribbean cricket art, in the middle |access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref> are featured in a limited edition first day cover for [[Royal Mail]]'s "World of Invention" stamp issue, which celebrated the London Cricket Conference 1–3 March 2007, first international workshop of its kind and part of the celebrations leading up to the 2007 [[Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bletchleycovers.com |title=Cricket: Dawn of a New World |date=March 2007 |publisher=Bletchley Park Post Office |access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref> | In the visual arts, notable cricket paintings include [[Albert Chevallier Tayler]]'s ''[[Kent vs Lancashire at Canterbury]]'' (1907) and [[Russell Drysdale]]'s ''[[The Cricketers]]'' (1948), which has been called "possibly the most famous Australian painting of the 20th century."<ref name="Meacham">{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/entertainment/arts/montmartre-with-eucalypts/2009/06/05/1243708612484.html |title=Montmartre, with eucalypts |last=Meacham |first=Steve |date=6 June 2009 |work=Sydney Morning Herald |publisher=Fairfax |access-date=31 August 2009}}</ref> French [[impressionism|impressionist]] [[Camille Pissarro]] painted cricket on a visit to England in the 1890s.<ref name=art/> [[Francis Bacon (artist)|Francis Bacon]], an avid cricket fan, captured a batter in motion.<ref name=art/> [[Caribbean]] artist [[Wendy Nanan]]'s cricket images<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/07/in_pictures_caribbean_cricket_art/html/1.stm |work=BBC News |title=Caribbean cricket art, in the middle |access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref> are featured in a limited edition first day cover for [[Royal Mail]]'s "World of Invention" stamp issue, which celebrated the London Cricket Conference 1–3 March 2007, first international workshop of its kind and part of the celebrations leading up to the 2007 [[Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bletchleycovers.com |title=Cricket: Dawn of a New World |date=March 2007 |publisher=Bletchley Park Post Office |access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref> | ||
In music, many [[Calypso music|calypsos]] make reference to the [[List of calypsos with sociopolitical influences#Sports - Cricket|Sport of Cricket]]. | |||
===Influence on other sports=== | ===Influence on other sports=== | ||
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In England, a number of [[association football]] clubs owe their origins to cricketers who sought to play football as a means of keeping fit during the winter months. [[Derby County F. C.|Derby County]] was founded as a branch of the [[Derbyshire County Cricket Club]] in 1884;<ref>Goldstein, p. 184.</ref> [[Aston Villa F. C.|Aston Villa]] (1874) and [[Everton F. C.|Everton]] (1876) were both founded by members of church cricket teams.<ref>Goldstein, pp. 15 & 184.</ref> [[Sheffield United F. C.|Sheffield United]]'s [[Bramall Lane]] ground was, from 1854, the home of the [[Sheffield Cricket Club]], and then of [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]]; it was not used for football until 1862 and was shared by Yorkshire and Sheffield United from 1889 to 1973.<ref>Goldstein, p. 458.</ref> | In England, a number of [[association football]] clubs owe their origins to cricketers who sought to play football as a means of keeping fit during the winter months. [[Derby County F. C.|Derby County]] was founded as a branch of the [[Derbyshire County Cricket Club]] in 1884;<ref>Goldstein, p. 184.</ref> [[Aston Villa F. C.|Aston Villa]] (1874) and [[Everton F. C.|Everton]] (1876) were both founded by members of church cricket teams.<ref>Goldstein, pp. 15 & 184.</ref> [[Sheffield United F. C.|Sheffield United]]'s [[Bramall Lane]] ground was, from 1854, the home of the [[Sheffield Cricket Club]], and then of [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]]; it was not used for football until 1862 and was shared by Yorkshire and Sheffield United from 1889 to 1973.<ref>Goldstein, p. 458.</ref> | ||
In the late 19th century, a former cricketer, English-born [[Henry Chadwick (writer)|Henry Chadwick]] of [[Brooklyn]], New York, was credited with devising the baseball [[box score (baseball)|box score]]<ref>His Hall of Fame plaque states, in part: "Inventor of the box score. Author of the first rule-book ... Chairman of rules committee in first nationwide baseball organization." Lederer, Rich. ''By the Numbers: Computer technology has deepened fans' passion with the game's statistics. Memories and Dreams'' (Vol. 33, No. 6; Winter 2011[–2012], pp. 32–34). [[National Baseball Hall of Fame]] official magazine.</ref> (which he adapted from the cricket scorecard) for reporting game events. The first box score appeared in an 1859 issue of the ''Clipper''.<ref name=NPR>{{cite web |last=Pesca |first=Mike |title=The Man Who Made Baseball's Box Score a Hit |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106891539 |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |access-date=8 March 2014 |date=30 July 2009}}</ref> The statistical record is so central to the game's "historical essence" that Chadwick is sometimes referred to as "the Father of Baseball" because he facilitated the popularity of the sport in its early days.<ref name=Myth>{{cite news |last1=Arango |first1=Tim |title=Myth of baseball's creation endures, with a prominent fan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/13/sports/baseball/13doubleday.html |access-date=8 November 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 November 2010}}</ref> | In the late 19th century, a former cricketer, English-born [[Henry Chadwick (writer)|Henry Chadwick]] of [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City|New York]], was credited with devising the baseball [[box score (baseball)|box score]]<ref>His Hall of Fame plaque states, in part: "Inventor of the box score. Author of the first rule-book ... Chairman of rules committee in first nationwide baseball organization." Lederer, Rich. ''By the Numbers: Computer technology has deepened fans' passion with the game's statistics. Memories and Dreams'' (Vol. 33, No. 6; Winter 2011[–2012], pp. 32–34). [[National Baseball Hall of Fame]] official magazine.</ref> (which he adapted from the cricket scorecard) for reporting game events. The first box score appeared in an 1859 issue of the ''[[New York Clipper|Clipper]]''.<ref name=NPR>{{cite web |last=Pesca |first=Mike |title=The Man Who Made Baseball's Box Score a Hit |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106891539 |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |access-date=8 March 2014 |date=30 July 2009}}</ref> The statistical record is so central to the game's "historical essence" that Chadwick is sometimes referred to as "the Father of Baseball" because he facilitated the popularity of the sport in its early days.<ref name=Myth>{{cite news |last1=Arango |first1=Tim |title=Myth of baseball's creation endures, with a prominent fan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/13/sports/baseball/13doubleday.html |access-date=8 November 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 November 2010}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Glossary of cricket terms]] | * [[Glossary of cricket terms]] | ||
* [[Willow and Stumpy]] | * [[Willow and Stumpy]] | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
'''Organisations and competitions''' | '''Organisations and competitions''' | ||
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{{Team sports}} | {{Team sports}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[Category:Cricket| ]] | [[Category:Cricket| ]] | ||
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[[Category:Sports originating in England]] | [[Category:Sports originating in England]] | ||
[[Category:Team sports]] | [[Category:Team sports]] | ||
[[Category:Turf sports]] | |||