→{{anchor|C|Group C}}Group C: Temperate/mesothermal climates
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* [[Spirit Lake (Washington)|Spirit Lake]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], United States (''Csc'') | * [[Spirit Lake (Washington)|Spirit Lake]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], United States (''Csc'') | ||
=== {{anchor| | '''Examples''' | ||
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* [[Adelaide]], [[Australia]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Algiers]], [[Algeria]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Amman]], [[Jordan]] (''Csa'', bordering on ''BSh'') | |||
* [[Antalya]], [[Turkey]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Athens]], [[Greece]] (''Csa'', bordering on ''BSh'') | |||
* [[Barcelona]], [[Spain]] (''Csa'', bordering on ''Cfa'') | |||
* [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Casablanca]], [[Morocco]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Dushanbe]], [[Tajikistan]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]], [[Portugal]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Ilam, Iran|Ilam]], [[Iran]] (''Csa'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irimo.ir/english/statistics/climanormals/ilam/ILAM.txt |title=FORM 1: STATION ILAM | |||
|access-date=2011-11-18 |publisher=Iranian Meteorological Organization |url-status=bot: unknown | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508054914/http://www.irimo.ir/english/statistics/climanormals/ilam/ILAM.txt | |||
|archive-date=8 May 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> | |||
* [[Irbid]], [[Jordan]] (''Csa'')<ref>{{cite web |title=Weather Information for Irbid |url=http://jometeo.gov.jo/ |publisher=Jordan Meteorological |access-date=27 November 2016}}</ref> | |||
* [[Izmir]], [[Turkey]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Jerusalem]], [[Israel]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Kermanshah]], [[Iran]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Latakia]], [[Syria]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], [[United States]] (''Csa'', bordering on ''BSh'') | |||
* [[Madrid]], [[Spain]] (''Csa'', bordering on ''BSk'') | |||
* [[Marseille]], [[France]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Mersin]], [[Turkey]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Monaco]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Naples]], [[Italy]] (''Csa'', bordering on ''Cfa'') | |||
* [[Nice, France|Nice]], [[France]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Palma de Mallorca]], [[Spain]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Perth]], [[Australia]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Rome]], [[Italy]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]], [[California]], [[United States]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]] (''Csa'', bordering on ''BSk'') | |||
* [[Tecate]], [[Baja California]], [[Mexico]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Tlemcen]], [[Algeria]] (''Csa'')<ref>{{cite web| url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1440 | title = World Weather Information Service–Tlemcen | publisher = World Meteorological Organization | access-date = 21 October 2016}}</ref> | |||
* [[Tunis]], [[Tunisia]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Valletta]], [[Malta]] (''Csa'') | |||
* [[Vatican City]] (''Csa'') | |||
{{div col end}} | |||
=== <span class="anchor" id="Csb"></span>''Csb'': mediterranean warm/cool summer climates === | |||
Dry-summer climates sometimes extend to additional areas (sometimes well north or south of) typical Mediterranean climates, however since their warmest month average temperatures do not reach {{convert|22|C|1}} they are classified as ''Csb''.<ref name=Beck /> Some of these areas would border the [[oceanic climate]] (''Cfb''), except their dry-summer patterns meet Köppen's ''Cs'' minimum thresholds. | |||
'''Examples''' | |||
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* [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]], [[Western Australia]], [[Australia]] (''Csb'') | |||
* [[Bayda, Libya|Bayda]], [[Libya]] (''Csb'') | |||
* [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]] (''Csb'') | |||
* [[Concepción, Chile|Concepción]], [[Chile]] (''Csb'') | |||
* [[Guarda, Portugal|Guarda]], [[Portugal]] (''Csb'') | |||
* [[Linares, Chile|Linares]], [[Chile]] (''Csb'') | |||
* [[Mount Gambier, South Australia|Mount Gambier]], [[South Australia]], [[Australia]] (''Csb'') | |||
* [[Nakuru]], [[Kenya]] (''Csb'') | |||
* [[Nanaimo, British Columbia|Nanaimo]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] (''Csb'') | |||
* [[Ohrid]], [[North Macedonia]] (''Csb'') | |||
* [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Oregon]], [[United States]] (''Csb'') | |||
* [[Porto]], [[Portugal]] (''Csb'') | |||
* [[Rieti]], [[Italy]] (''Csb'') | |||
* [[Salamanca]], [[Spain]] (''Csb'') | |||
* [[San Carlos de Bariloche]], [[Argentina]] (''Csb'') | |||
* [[San Cristóbal de la Laguna]], [[Spain]] (''Csb'') | |||
* [[San Francisco]], [[California]], [[United States]] (''Csb'') | |||
* [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]], [[United States]] (''Csb'') | |||
* [[Sintra]], [[Portugal]] (''Csb'') | |||
* [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] (''Csb'') | |||
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=== <span class="anchor" id="Csc"></span>''Csc'': mediterranean cold summer climates === | |||
Cold summer Mediterranean climates (''Csc'') exist in high-elevation areas adjacent to coastal ''Csb'' climate areas, where the strong maritime influence prevents the average winter monthly temperature from dropping below 0 °C. This climate is rare and is predominantly found in climate fringes and isolated areas of the Cascades and Andes Mountains, as the dry-summer climate extends further poleward in the Americas than elsewhere.<ref name="McKnight" /> Rare instances of this climate can be found in some coastal locations in the North Atlantic and at high altitudes in Hawaii. | |||
'''Examples''' | |||
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* [[Akureyri]], [[Iceland]] (''Csc''), alternatively: dry-summer subarctic climate (''Dsc'') | |||
* [[Balmaceda, Chile|Balmaceda]], [[Chile]] (''Csc'') | |||
* [[Government Camp, Oregon#Climate|Government Camp]], [[Oregon]], [[United States]] (''Csc'', bordering on ''Dsb'' and ''Dsc'') | |||
* [[Haleakalā]] Summit, [[Hawaii]], [[United States]] (''Csc'') | |||
* [[Harstad]], [[Norway]] (''Csc''), alternatively: dry-summer subarctic climate (''Dsc'') | |||
* [[Liawenee]], [[Australia]] (''Csc'', bordering on ''Csb'') | |||
* [[Røst]], [[Norway]] (''Csc'', bordering on ''Cfc'') | |||
* [[Spirit Lake (Washington)|Spirit Lake]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[United States]] (''Csc'') | |||
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=== <span class="anchor" id="Cfa"></span>''Cfa'': humid subtropical climates === | |||
{{Main|Humid subtropical climate}} | {{Main|Humid subtropical climate}} | ||
These climates usually occur on the eastern coasts and eastern sides of continents, usually in the high 20s and 30s latitudes. Unlike the dry summer Mediterranean climates, humid subtropical climates have a warm and wet flow from the tropics that creates warm and moist conditions in the summer months. As such, summer (not winter as is the case in Mediterranean climates) is often the wettest season. | These climates usually occur on the eastern coasts and eastern sides of continents, usually in the high 20s and 30s latitudes. Unlike the dry summer Mediterranean climates, humid subtropical climates have a warm and wet flow from the tropics that creates warm and moist conditions in the summer months. As such, summer (not winter as is the case in Mediterranean climates) is often the wettest season. | ||
The flow out of the subtropical highs and the summer monsoon creates a southerly flow from the tropics that brings warm and moist air to the lower east sides of continents. This flow is often what brings the frequent but short-lived summer thundershowers so typical of the more southerly subtropical | The flow out of the subtropical highs and the summer monsoon creates a southerly flow from the tropics that brings warm and moist air to the lower east sides of continents. This flow is often what brings the frequent and strong but short-lived summer thundershowers so typical of the more southerly subtropical climates like the southeast United States, southern China, and Japan.<ref name=McKnight />{{rp|223–6}} | ||
'''Examples''' | '''Examples''' | ||
{{col | {{div col|colwidth=35em}} | ||
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* [[Asunción]], [[Paraguay]] (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Aw'') | |||
* [[Atlanta, Georgia]], [[United States]] (''Cfa'') | |||
* [[Bandar-e Anzali]], [[Iran]] (''Cfa'') | |||
* [[Belgrade, Serbia|Belgrade]], [[Serbia]] (''Cfa'') | |||
* [[Bologna]], [[Italy]] (''Cfa'') | |||
* [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]] (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Cfb'') | |||
* [[Brisbane]], [[Australia]] (''Cfa'') | |||
* [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]] (''Cfa'') | |||
* [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] (''Cfa'') | * [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] (''Cfa'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Chongqing]], [[China]] (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Cwa'') | ||
* [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]], [[Texas]], [[United States]] (''Cfa'') | |||
* [[Durban, South Africa|Durban]], [[South Africa]] (''Cfa'') | |||
* [[Edirne]], [[Turkey]] (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Csa'')<ref>{{cite web| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190111044020/https://mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=EDIRNE| archive-date = 11 January 2019 | |||
| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=EDIRNE | title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service | language = tr | access-date = 11 April 2021}}</ref> | |||
* [[Florianópolis]], [[Brazil]] (''Cfa'') | |||
* [[Jeju Island|Jeju]], [[South Korea]] (''Cfa'') | |||
* [[Kozani]], [[Greece]] (''Cfa'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emy.gr/emy/el/climatology/climatology_city?perifereia=West+Macedonia&poli=Kozani|title=Κλιματικά Δεδομένα ανά Πόλη- ΜΕΤΕΩΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΑ, ΕΜΥ, Εθνική Μετεωρολογική Υπηρεσία|website=www.emy.gr|accessdate=17 August 2023}}</ref> | |||
* [[Krasnodar]], [[Russia]] (''Cfa'') | |||
* [[La Plata]], [[Argentina]] (''Cfa'') | |||
* [[Lugano]], [[Switzerland]] (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Cfb'') | |||
* [[Lyon]], [[France]] (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Cfb'') | |||
* [[Matamoros, Tamaulipas]], [[Mexico]] (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Aw'') | |||
* [[Milan]], [[Italy]] (''Cfa'') | |||
* [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]] (''Cfa'') | * [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]] (''Cfa'') | ||
* [[ | * [[New York City, New York]], [[United States]] (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Dfa'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Odesa]], [[Ukraine]] (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Dfa'' and ''BSk'') | ||
* [[Osaka]], [[Japan]] (''Cfa'') | |||
* [[ | * [[Porto Alegre]], [[Brazil]] (''Cfa'') | ||
* [[Qabala]], [[Azerbaijan]] (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Dfa'' and ''Dfb'') | |||
* [[ | * [[Rasht]], [[Iran]] (''Cfa'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Rosario]], [[Argentina]] (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Cwa'') | ||
* [[ | |||
* [[ | |||
* [[Samsun]], [[Turkey]] (''Cfa'') | * [[Samsun]], [[Turkey]] (''Cfa'') | ||
* [[ | * [[San Marino]] (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Cfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Cwa'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Sari, Iran|Sari]], [[Iran]] (''Cfa'') | ||
* [[Shanghai]], [[China]] (''Cfa'') | |||
* [[Sochi]], [[Russia]] (''Cfa'') | * [[Sochi]], [[Russia]] (''Cfa'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Split, Croatia|Split]], [[Croatia]] (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Csa'') | ||
* [[Srinagar]], [[India]] (''Cfa'') | |||
* [[Sydney]], [[Australia]] (''Cfa'') | |||
* [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]] (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Cwa'') | |||
* [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] (''Cfa'') | * [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] (''Cfa'') | ||
* [[Tirana]], [[Albania]] (''Cfa'') | * [[Tirana]], [[Albania]] (''Cfa'') | ||
* [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] (''Cfa'') | * [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] (''Cfa'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Toulouse]], [[France]] (''Cfa'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Ulsan]], [[South Korea]] (''Cfa'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]], [[Bulgaria]] (''Cfa'') | ||
{{ | * [[Venice]], [[Italy]] (''Cfa'') | ||
</div | * [[Yokohama]], [[Japan]] (''Cfa'') | ||
* [[Zaqatala (city)|Zaqatala]], [[Azerbaijan]] (''Cfa'')<ref name = Zaqatala>{{cite web | |||
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/AJ/37575.TXT | |||
| title = Zagatala Climate Normals 1961–1990 | |||
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | |||
| access-date = March 22, 2015}}</ref> | |||
* [[Zonguldak]], [[Turkey]] (''Cfa'') | |||
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=== | === <span class="anchor" id="Cfb"></span>''Cfb'': oceanic climate === | ||
==== Marine west coast climate ==== | ==== Marine west coast climate ==== | ||
''Cfb'' climates usually occur in the higher middle latitudes on the western sides of continents between the latitudes of 40° and 60°; they are typically situated immediately poleward of the Mediterranean climates. However, in southeast Australia, southeast South America, and extreme southern Africa this climate is found immediately poleward of temperate climates, on places near the coast and at a somewhat lower latitude. In western Europe, this climate occurs in coastal areas up to 68°N in Norway. | ''Cfb'' climates usually occur in the higher middle latitudes on the western sides of continents between the latitudes of 40° and 60°; they are typically situated immediately poleward of the Mediterranean climates. However, in southeast Australia, southeast South America, and extreme southern Africa this climate is found immediately poleward of temperate climates, on places near the coast and at a somewhat lower latitude. In western Europe, this climate occurs in coastal areas up to 68°N in Norway. | ||
These climates are dominated all year round by the polar front, leading to changeable, often overcast weather. Summers are mild due to cool ocean currents. Winters are milder than other climates in similar latitudes, but usually very cloudy, and frequently wet. ''Cfb'' climates are also encountered at high elevations in certain subtropical and tropical areas, where the climate would be that of a subtropical/tropical | These climates are dominated all year round by the polar front, leading to changeable, often overcast weather. Summers are mild due to cool ocean currents. Winters are milder than other climates in similar latitudes, but usually very cloudy, and frequently wet. ''Cfb'' climates are also encountered at high elevations in certain subtropical and tropical areas, where the climate would be that of a subtropical/tropical rainforest if not for the altitude. These climates are called "highlands".<ref name=McKnight />{{rp|226–9}} | ||
'''Examples''' | '''Examples''' | ||
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{{col | <!-- A SPACE PRECEDES ANY OTHER CHARACTERS IN ALPHANUMERIC ARRANGEMENTS / THIS MEANS ALL LOCATIONS THAT HAVE A SPACE WITHIN THE NAME ARE LISTED BEFORE ANY OTHER NAMES THAT START WITH THAT LETTER AND DON'T CONTAIN SPACES / DO NOT ADD MORE THAN THREE EXAMPLES FROM EACH COUNTRY --> | ||
* [[Amsterdam, Netherlands|Amsterdam]], [[North Holland]], [[Netherlands]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[ | * [[Artvin]], [[Turkey]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Csb'')<ref name = Artvin>{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190122032753/https://mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=ARTVIN | archive-date = 22 January 2019 | ||
| url = https://mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=ARTVIN | title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service| language = tr| access-date = 11 December 2021}}</ref> | |||
* [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[ | * [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[United Kingdom]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Bergen]], [[Vestland]], [[Norway]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[ | |||
* [[Bergen]], [[ | |||
* [[Berlin]], [[Germany]] (''Cfb'') | * [[Berlin]], [[Germany]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Bern]], [[Switzerland]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Bilbao]], [[Spain]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Block Island]], [[Rhode Island]], [[United States]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Bordeaux]], [[France]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Brussels, Belgium|Brussels]], [[Belgium]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Christchurch]], [[New Zealand]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[Corvo Island]], [[Azores]], [[Portugal]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Cfa'') | |||
* [[Debrecen]], [[Hungary]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Cfa'' and ''Dfa'') | |||
* [[Dublin, Ireland|Dublin]], [[Ireland]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[Forks, Washington|Forks]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[United States]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[Frankfurt]], [[Germany]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[George, Western Cape|George]], [[Western Cape]], [[South Africa]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[Hobart]], [[Tasmania]], [[Australia]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[Ketchikan, Alaska|Ketchikan]], [[Alaska]], [[United States]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[Ljubljana]], [[Slovenia]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'') | |||
* [[London, England]], [[United Kingdom]] (''Cfb'') | * [[London, England]], [[United Kingdom]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[Luxembourg City, Luxembourg|Luxembourg City]], [[Luxembourg]] (''Cfb'') | * [[Luxembourg City, Luxembourg|Luxembourg City]], [[Luxembourg]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Malmö]], [[Sweden]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Mar del Plata]], [[Argentina]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]] (''Cfb'') | * [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Munich]], [[Bavaria]], [[Germany]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Ørland]], [[Trøndelag]], [[Norway]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[Osorno, Chile|Osorno]], [[Los Lagos Region]], [[Chile]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[Paris]], [[France]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[Penticton]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'' and ''BSk'') | |||
* [[Port Elizabeth]], [[South Africa]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[Poznań]], [[Poland]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'') | |||
* [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'') | |||
* [[Prince Rupert, British Columbia|Prince Rupert]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] (''Cfb'') | * [[Prince Rupert, British Columbia|Prince Rupert]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Puerto Montt]], [[Los Lagos Region]], [[Chile]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Punta del Este]], [[Uruguay]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Cfa'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Santander, Spain|Santander]], [[Spain]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Santiago de Compostela]], [[Spain]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Skagen]], [[Denmark]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'') | ||
* [[Vaduz, Liechtenstein|Vaduz]], [[Liechtenstein]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[ | |||
* [[Valdivia]], [[Los Ríos Region]], [[Chile]] (''Cfb'') | * [[Valdivia]], [[Los Ríos Region]], [[Chile]] (''Cfb'') | ||
{{col | * [[Vancouver, British Columbia|Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Csb'') | ||
* [[Vienna, Austria|Vienna]], [[Austria]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[Vladikavkaz]], [[Russia]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'') | |||
* [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[Wollongong]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Cfa'') | |||
* [[Zagreb]], [[Croatia]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'') | |||
* [[Zürich]], [[Switzerland]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'') | |||
{{div col end}} | |||
==== | ==== <span class="anchor" id="Cfb"></span>Subtropical highland climate with uniform rainfall ==== | ||
{{main|Oceanic climate#Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)}} | {{main|Oceanic climate#Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)}} | ||
Subtropical highland climates with uniform rainfall (''Cfb'') are a type of oceanic climate mainly found in highlands of [[Australia]], such as in or around the [[Great Dividing Range]] in the north of the state of [[New South Wales]], and also sparsely in other continents, such as in [[South America]], among others. Unlike a typical ''Cwb'' climate, they tend to have rainfall spread evenly throughout the year. They have characteristics of both the ''Cfb'' and ''Cfa'' climates, but unlike these climates, they have a high [[diurnal temperature variation]] and low humidity, owing to their inland location and relatively high [[elevation]]. | Subtropical highland climates with uniform rainfall (''Cfb'') are a type of oceanic climate mainly found in the highlands of [[Australia]], such as in or around the [[Great Dividing Range]] in the north of the state of [[New South Wales]], and also sparsely in other continents, such as in [[South America]], among others. Unlike a typical ''Cwb'' climate, they tend to have rainfall spread evenly throughout the year. They have characteristics of both the ''Cfb'' and ''Cfa'' climates, but unlike these climates, they have a high [[diurnal temperature variation]] and low humidity, owing to their inland location and relatively high [[elevation]]. | ||
'''Examples''' | '''Examples''' | ||
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{{col | <!-- A SPACE PRECEDES ANY OTHER CHARACTERS IN ALPHANUMERIC ARRANGEMENTS / THIS MEANS ALL LOCATIONS THAT HAVE A SPACE WITHIN THE NAME ARE LISTED BEFORE ANY OTHER NAMES THAT START WITH THAT LETTER AND DON'T CONTAIN SPACES / DO NOT ADD MORE THAN THREE EXAMPLES FROM EACH COUNTRY --> | ||
* [[Aetomilitsa]], [[Greece]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'') | |||
* [[ | |||
* [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]] (''Cfb'') | * [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Boone, North Carolina|Boone]], [[North Carolina]], [[United States]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'') | ||
* [[Cameron Highlands District|Cameron Highlands]], [[Malaysia]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[ | |||
* [[Chachapoyas, Peru|Chachapoyas]], [[Peru]] (''Cfb'') | * [[Chachapoyas, Peru|Chachapoyas]], [[Peru]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[Cobán]], [[Guatemala]] (''Cfb'') | * [[Cobán]], [[Guatemala]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[Constanza, Dominican Republic|Constanza]], [[Dominican Republic]] (''Cfb'') | * [[Constanza, Dominican Republic|Constanza]], [[Dominican Republic]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[Cuenca, Ecuador|Cuenca]], [[Ecuador]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[Curitiba]], [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]], [[Brazil]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[Eldoret]], [[Kenya]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[Kodaikanal]], [[India]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[Le Tampon]], [[Réunion]], [[France]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[Lithgow, New South Wales|Lithgow]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]] (''Cfb'') | * [[Lithgow, New South Wales|Lithgow]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Manizales]], [[Colombia]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Maseru]], [[Lesotho]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Cwb'') | ||
* [[Mérida, Mérida|Mérida]], [[Venezuela]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Cwb'' and ''Am'') | |||
* [[Mouthe]], [[France]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'') | |||
* [[Mthatha]], [[South Africa]] (''Cfb'') | |||
* [[Nuwara Eliya]], [[Sri Lanka]] (''Cfb'') | * [[Nuwara Eliya]], [[Sri Lanka]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Quito]], [[Pichincha Province|Pichincha]], [[Ecuador]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Sa Pa]], [[Vietnam]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Soria]], [[Spain]] (''Cfb'') | ||
{{col | * [[Teresópolis]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]] (''Cfb'') | ||
* [[Xalapa]], [[Veracruz]], [[Mexico]] (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Cfa'') | |||
{{div col end}} | |||
=== | === <span class="anchor" id="Cfc"></span>''Cfc'': subpolar oceanic climate === | ||
Subpolar oceanic climates (''Cfc'') occur poleward of or at higher elevations than the maritime temperate climates | Subpolar oceanic climates (''Cfc'') occur poleward of or at higher elevations than the maritime temperate climates and are mostly confined either to narrow coastal strips on the western poleward margins of the continents, or, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, to islands off such coasts. They occur in both hemispheres, most often at latitudes from 60° north and south to 70° north and south.<ref name=McKnight /> | ||
'''Examples''' | '''Examples''' | ||
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* [[Auckland Islands]], [[New Zealand]] (''Cfc'') | |||
* [[Karlsøy]], [[Norway]] (''Cfc'') | |||
* [[Miena, Tasmania|Miena]], [[Tasmania]], [[Australia]] (''Cfc'') | |||
* [[Punta Arenas]], [[Chile]] (''Cfc'') | |||
* [[Reykjavík]], [[Iceland]] (''Cfc'') | * [[Reykjavík]], [[Iceland]] (''Cfc'') | ||
* [[Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego|Río Grande]], [[Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego]], [[Argentina]] (''Cfc'') | |||
* [[Río Turbio]], [[Santa Cruz Province, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Argentina]] (''Cfc'') | |||
* [[Tórshavn]], [[Faroe Islands]] (''Cfc'') | * [[Tórshavn]], [[Faroe Islands]] (''Cfc'') | ||
* [[Unalaska, Alaska|Unalaska]], [[Alaska]], [[United States]] (''Cfc'') | * [[Unalaska, Alaska|Unalaska]], [[Alaska]], [[United States]] (''Cfc'') | ||
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=== | ===<span class="anchor" id="Cwa"></span>''Cwa'': dry-winter humid subtropical climate=== | ||
''Cwa'' is monsoonal influenced, having the classic dry | ''Cwa'' is monsoonal influenced, having the classic dry winter–wet summer pattern associated with tropical monsoonal climates. They are found at similar latitudes as the ''Cfa'' climates, except in regions where monsoons are more prevalent. These regions are in the [[Southern Cone]] of South America, the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic Plain]] of South Asia, southeastern Africa, and parts of East Asia and Mexico. | ||
'''Examples''' | '''Examples''' | ||
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{{ | * [[Busan]], [[South Korea]] (''Cwa'') | ||
* [[Chengdu]], [[Sichuan]], [[China]] (''Cwa'') | |||
* [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[Argentina]] (''Cwa'') | |||
* [[Guadalajara]], [[Jalisco]], [[Mexico]] (''Cwa'') | |||
* [[Guangzhou]], [[China]] (''Cwa'')<ref>{{cite web |title=Pure tabular statistics |url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |website=experience.arcgis.com |publisher=China Meteorological Data Service Center |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> | |||
* [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]] (''Cwa'') | |||
* [[Hanoi]], [[Vietnam]] (''Cwa'') | |||
* [[Hong Kong]] (''Cwa'') | |||
* [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]] (''Cwa'') | |||
* [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]] (''Cwa'') | |||
* [[Lilongwe]], [[Malawi]] (''Cwa'') | |||
* [[Lubumbashi]], [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] (''Cwa'') | * [[Lubumbashi]], [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] (''Cwa'') | ||
* [[Lucknow]], [[India]] (''Cwa'') | |||
* [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]] (''Cwa'') | * [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]] (''Cwa'') | ||
* [[Macau]] (''Cwa'') | |||
* [[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]] (''Cwa'') | |||
* [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]] (''Cwa'') | * [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]] (''Cwa'') | ||
* [[Rangpur, Bangladesh]] (''Cwa'') | * [[Rangpur, Bangladesh]] (''Cwa'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Sialkot]], [[Pakistan]] (''Cwa'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Siguatepeque]], [[Honduras]] (''Cwa'') | ||
* [[Taunggyi]], [[Myanmar]] (''Cwa'') | |||
* [[ | * [[San Miguel de Tucumán|Tucumán]], [[Argentina]] (''Cwa'') | ||
* [[ | |||
* [[Yeosu]], [[South Korea]] (''Cwa'') | * [[Yeosu]], [[South Korea]] (''Cwa'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Zapopan]], [[Mexico]] (''Cwa'') | ||
* [[Zhengzhou]], [[China]] (''Cwa'') | |||
* [[Zhengzhou | {{div col end}} | ||
{{col | |||
=== <span class="anchor" id="Cwb"></span>''Cwb'': dry-winter subtropical highland climate === | |||
Dry-winter subtropical highland climate (''Cwb'') is a type of climate mainly found in highlands inside the tropics of [[Central America]], [[South America]], [[Africa]], and [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]] or areas in the subtropics. Winters are noticeable and dry, and summers can be very rainy. In the tropics, the monsoon is provoked by the tropical air masses and the dry winters by subtropical high pressure. | |||
'''Examples''' | |||
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{{col | * [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]] (''Cwb'') | ||
* [[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]] (''Cwb'') | |||
* [[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]] (''Cwb'') | |||
* [[Cajamarca]], [[Peru]] (''Cwb'') | |||
* [[Cherrapunji]], [[India]] (''Cwb'') | |||
* [[Cusco]], [[Peru]] (''Cwb'') | |||
* [[Da Lat]], [[Vietnam]] (''Cwb'') | * [[Da Lat]], [[Vietnam]] (''Cwb'') | ||
* [[Dali City]], [[China]] (''Cwb'') | |||
* [[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]] (''Cwb'') | |||
* [[Diamantina, Minas Gerais|Diamantina]], [[Brazil]] (''Cwb'') | |||
* [[Gangtok]], [[India]] (''Cwb'') | * [[Gangtok]], [[India]] (''Cwb'') | ||
* [[Hakha]], [[Myanmar]] (''Cwb'') | * [[Hakha]], [[Myanmar]] (''Cwb'') | ||
* [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]] (''Cwb'') | |||
* [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]] (''Cwb'') | |||
* [[Kunming]], [[China]] (''Cwb'') | |||
* [[Lhasa]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], [[China]] (''Cwb'', bordering on ''Dwb'' and ''BSk'') | |||
* [[Mbabane]], [[Eswatini]] (''Cwb'') | |||
* [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]] (''Cwb'') | |||
* [[Mokhotlong]], [[Lesotho]] (''Cwb'') | * [[Mokhotlong]], [[Lesotho]] (''Cwb'') | ||
* [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] (''Cwb'') | * [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] (''Cwb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Ooty]], [[India]] (''Cwb'') | ||
* [[Phongsali]], [[Laos]] (''Cwb'') | |||
* [[Quetzaltenango]], [[Guatemala]] (''Cwb'') | |||
* [[ | |||
* [[ | |||
* [[Salta]], [[Argentina]] (''Cwb'') | * [[Salta]], [[Argentina]] (''Cwb'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Shimla]], [[India]] (''Cwb'') | ||
{{col | * [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] (''Cwb'') | ||
* [[Vereeniging]], [[South Africa]] (''Cwb'', bordering on ''Cwa'') | |||
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=== | === <span class="anchor" id="Cwc"></span>''Cwc'': dry-winter cold subtropical highland climate === | ||
Dry-winter | Dry-winter cold subtropical highland climates (''Cwc'') exist in high-elevation areas adjacent to ''Cwb'' climates. This climate is rare and is found mainly in isolated locations mostly in the Andes in Bolivia and Peru, as well as in sparse mountain locations in Southeast Asia. | ||
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* [[El Alto]], [[Bolivia]] (''Cwc'') | * [[El Alto]], [[Bolivia]] (''Cwc'', bordering on ''ET'') | ||
* [[ | * [[Juliaca]], [[Peru]] (''Cwc'', bordering on ''ET'') | ||
{{col | * [[La Paz]], [[Bolivia]] (''Cwc'', bordering on ''ET'') | ||
* [[Mount Pulag]], [[Philippines]] (''Cwc'', bordering on ''ET'' and ''Cwb'') | |||
* [[Potosí]], [[Bolivia]] (''Cwc'', bordering on ''ET'') | |||
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== {{anchor|D}}Group D: Continental/microthermal climates == | == {{anchor|D}}Group D: Continental/microthermal climates == | ||