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{{Short description|Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014}}
{{Short description|Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014}}
{{other people}}
{{other people}}
 
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
 
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Manmohan Singh
| name                = Manmohan Singh
| image              = Dr. Manmohan Singh.jpg
| alt                = Manmohan Singh
| alt                = Manmohan Singh
| caption            = Official portrait, 2004
| caption            = Official portrait, 2009
| office              = 13th [[Prime Minister of India]]
| office              = 13th [[Prime Minister of India]]
| president          = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] <br /> [[Pratibha Patil]] <br /> [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| president          = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] <br /> [[Pratibha Patil]] <br /> [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
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| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Gursharan Kaur]]|1958}}
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Gursharan Kaur]]|1958}}
| children            = 3, including [[Upinder Singh|Upinder]] and [[Daman Singh|Daman]]
| children            = 3, including [[Upinder Singh|Upinder]] and [[Daman Singh|Daman]]
| alma_mater          = {{nowrap|[[Panjab University]] ([[B.A.|BA]], [[M.A.|MA]])<br />[[University of Cambridge]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br />[[University of Oxford]] ([[PhD]])}}
| alma_mater          = {{nowrap|[[Panjab University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]])<br />[[University of Cambridge]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br />[[University of Oxford]] ([[PhD]])}}
| profession          = {{hlist |[[Economist]]|academician|bureaucrat|politician}}
| profession          = {{hlist |[[Economist]]|academician|bureaucrat|politician}}
| residence          = 3 Motilal Nehru Marg, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/former-pm-manmohan-singh-moves-to-3-motilal-nehru-marg-1543989.html | title=Former PM Manmohan Singh moves to 3, Motilal Nehru Marg| date=27 May 2014}}</ref>
| residence          = 3 Motilal Nehru Marg, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/former-pm-manmohan-singh-moves-to-3-motilal-nehru-marg-1543989.html | title=Former PM Manmohan Singh moves to 3, Motilal Nehru Marg| date=27 May 2014}}</ref>
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| signature          = Manmohan Singh Signatures.svg
| signature          = Manmohan Singh Signatures.svg
| signature_alt      = Manmohan Singh
| signature_alt      = Manmohan Singh
| image              = Official Portrait of the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.jpg
| office4            = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| office4            = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start4        = 19 August 2019
| term_start4        = 19 August 2019
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In a 2005 interview with the British journalist [[Mark Tully]], Singh said about his Cambridge days:
In a 2005 interview with the British journalist [[Mark Tully]], Singh said about his Cambridge days:


{{quote|I first became conscious of the creative role of politics in shaping human affairs, and I owe that mostly to my teachers [[Joan Robinson]] and [[Nicholas Kaldor]]. Joan Robinson was a brilliant teacher, but she also sought to awaken the inner conscience of her students in a manner that very few others were able to achieve. She questioned me a great deal and made me think the unthinkable. She propounded the left wing interpretation of Keynes, maintaining that the state has to play more of a role if you really want to combine development with social equity. Kaldor influenced me even more; I found him pragmatic, scintillating, stimulating. Joan Robinson was a great admirer of what was going on in China, but Kaldor used the Keynesian analysis to demonstrate that capitalism could be made to work.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=13290|title=Manmohan Singh – PIB|website=Press Information Bureau|access-date=24 September 2019}}</ref>}}
{{blockquote|I first became conscious of the creative role of politics in shaping human affairs, and I owe that mostly to my teachers [[Joan Robinson]] and [[Nicholas Kaldor]]. Joan Robinson was a brilliant teacher, but she also sought to awaken the inner conscience of her students in a manner that very few others were able to achieve. She questioned me a great deal and made me think the unthinkable. She propounded the left wing interpretation of Keynes, maintaining that the state has to play more of a role if you really want to combine development with social equity. Kaldor influenced me even more; I found him pragmatic, scintillating, stimulating. Joan Robinson was a great admirer of what was going on in China, but Kaldor used the Keynesian analysis to demonstrate that capitalism could be made to work.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=13290|title=Manmohan Singh – PIB|website=Press Information Bureau|access-date=24 September 2019}}</ref>}}


After Cambridge, Singh returned to India and served as a teacher at [[Panjab University]].<ref name=TULLY>[[Mark Tully]]. "[http://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk/uploads/File/CAMArticles/Michalemas2005/cam_2005_46_profile1.pdf Architect of the New India]". ''Cambridge Alumni Magazine''. Michaelmas 2005. Retrieved on 28 February 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701144359/http://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk/uploads/File/CAMArticles/Michalemas2005/cam_2005_46_profile1.pdf |date=1 July 2013 }}</ref> In 1960, he went to the [[University of Oxford]] for his [[DPhil]], where he was a member of [[Nuffield College, Oxford|Nuffield College]]. His 1962 doctoral thesis under the supervision of [[Ian Little (economist)|I.M.D. Little]] was titled "India's export performance, 1951–1960, export prospects and policy implications", and was later the basis for his book "India's Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pmindia.nic.in/cv.pdf |title=Curriculum Vitae |access-date=11 December 2008 |publisher=[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister's Office]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221094735/http://pmindia.nic.in/cv.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2007 }}</ref>
After Cambridge, Singh returned to India and served as a teacher at [[Panjab University]].<ref name=TULLY>[[Mark Tully]]. "[http://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk/uploads/File/CAMArticles/Michalemas2005/cam_2005_46_profile1.pdf Architect of the New India]". ''Cambridge Alumni Magazine''. Michaelmas 2005. Retrieved on 28 February 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701144359/http://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk/uploads/File/CAMArticles/Michalemas2005/cam_2005_46_profile1.pdf |date=1 July 2013 }}</ref> In 1960, he went to the [[University of Oxford]] for his [[DPhil]], where he was a member of [[Nuffield College, Oxford|Nuffield College]]. His 1962 doctoral thesis under the supervision of [[Ian Little (economist)|I.M.D. Little]] was titled "India's export performance, 1951–1960, export prospects and policy implications", and was later the basis for his book "India's Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pmindia.nic.in/cv.pdf |title=Curriculum Vitae |access-date=11 December 2008 |publisher=[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister's Office]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221094735/http://pmindia.nic.in/cv.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2007 }}</ref>
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=== Minister of Finance ===
=== Minister of Finance ===
 
In 1991, India's fiscal deficit was close to 8.5 per cent of the gross domestic product, the [[balance of payments]] deficit was huge and the [[current account deficit]] was close to 3.5 percent of India's GDP.<ref name="rediff Business Desk">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/sep/26pm.htm |title= Manmohan Singh: Father of Indian Reform |date=26 September 2005 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=3 January 2010}}</ref> India's foreign reserves barely amounted to US$1&nbsp;billion, enough to pay for 2 weeks of imports,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/tr_show02.html |title=Commanding Heights : Episode 2 &#124; on PBS |publisher=Pbs.org |access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref> in comparison to US$600&nbsp;billion today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.biz.yahoo.com/100101/50/bauua1.html |title=Forex reserves swell 11% in 2009 |author=Mahalakshmi Hariharan |date=2 January 2010 |publisher=Yahoo Finance India |access-date=3 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103094134/http://in.biz.yahoo.com/100101/50/bauua1.html |archive-date=3 January 2010 }}</ref>
In 1991, India's fiscal deficit was close to 8.5 per cent of the gross domestic product, the [[balance of payments]] deficit was huge and the [[current account deficit]] was close to 3.5 percent of India's GDP.<ref name="rediff Business Desk">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/sep/26pm.htm |title= Manmohan Singh: Father of Indian Reform |date=26 September 2005 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=3 January 2010}}</ref> India's foreign reserves barely amounted to US$1&nbsp;billion, enough to pay for 2 weeks of imports,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/tr_show02.html |title=Commanding Heights : Episode 2 &#124; on PBS |publisher=Pbs.org |access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref> in comparison to US$600&nbsp;billion today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.biz.yahoo.com/100101/50/bauua1.html |title=Forex reserves swell 11% in 2009 |author=Mahalakshmi Hariharan |date=2 January 2010 |publisher=Yahoo Finance India |access-date=3 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103094134/http://in.biz.yahoo.com/100101/50/bauua1.html |archive-date=3 January 2010 }}</ref>


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| date=8 July 2012 }}</ref> It stated that Singh appears "unwilling to stick his neck out" on reforms that will put the country back onto a growth path. Congress spokesperson [[Manish Tewari]] rebutted the charges. UPA ally [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] took issue with the magazine's statements. Praising the government, Prasad said UPA projects [were] doing well and asked, "What will America say as their own economy is shattered?".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cong-counters-time-magazines-underachiever-remark-against-pm/971792/ | title= Cong counters Time magazine's 'underachiever' remark against PM| date= 8 July 2012}}</ref>
| date=8 July 2012 }}</ref> It stated that Singh appears "unwilling to stick his neck out" on reforms that will put the country back onto a growth path. Congress spokesperson [[Manish Tewari]] rebutted the charges. UPA ally [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] took issue with the magazine's statements. Praising the government, Prasad said UPA projects [were] doing well and asked, "What will America say as their own economy is shattered?".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cong-counters-time-magazines-underachiever-remark-against-pm/971792/ | title= Cong counters Time magazine's 'underachiever' remark against PM| date= 8 July 2012}}</ref>


Political opponents, including BJP co-founder [[L. K. Advani]], have claimed that Singh is a "weak" prime minister. Advani declared "He is weak. What do I call a person who can't take his decisions until [[10 Janpath]] gives instruction."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/manmohan-singh-lk-advani-jan-chetna-yatra/1/157000.html |title=Manmohan Singh is a weak PM, reiterates Advani : East News – India Today |access-date=17 May 2012}}. Indiatoday.intoday.in (21 October 2011). Retrieved 17 May 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_manmohan-singh-weak-pm-unbecoming-of-the-coveted-post-bjp_1640518 |title=Manmohan Singh weak PM, unbecoming of the coveted post: BJP – India – DNA |access-date=17 May 2012}}. Dnaindia.com (21 January 2012). Retrieved 17 May 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/dangerous-to-have-a-weak-pm-anna_746121.html |title=Dangerous to have a weak PM: Anna |access-date=17 May 2012}}. Zeenews.India.com (9 December 2011). Retrieved 17 May 2012.</ref> ''[[The Independent]]'' also claimed that Singh did not have genuine political power.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-17/india/32713281_1_political-authority-india-story-reforms| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130524161926/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-17/india/32713281_1_political-authority-india-story-reforms| url-status= dead| archive-date= 24 May 2013| work= [[The Times of India]]| title= Saviour or Sonia's poodle, asks UK paper about PM Manmohan Singh| date= 17 July 2012 }}</ref>
Political opponents, including BJP co-founder [[L. K. Advani]], have claimed that Singh is a "weak" prime minister. Advani declared "He is weak. What do I call a person who can't take his decisions until [[10 Janpath]] gives instruction."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/manmohan-singh-lk-advani-jan-chetna-yatra/1/157000.html |title=Manmohan Singh is a weak PM, reiterates Advani : East News – India Today |access-date=17 May 2012}}. Indiatoday.intoday.in (21 October 2011). Retrieved 17 May 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_manmohan-singh-weak-pm-unbecoming-of-the-coveted-post-bjp_1640518 |title=Manmohan Singh weak PM, unbecoming of the coveted post: BJP – India – DNA |access-date=17 May 2012}}. Dnaindia.com (21 January 2012). Retrieved 17 May 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/dangerous-to-have-a-weak-pm-anna_746121.html |title=Dangerous to have a weak PM: Anna |access-date=17 May 2012}}. Zeenews.India.com (9 December 2011). Retrieved 17 May 2012.</ref> In 2013, BJP leader [[Narendra Modi]] had termed Singh as "night watchman" and a "puppet of the Gandhi family".<ref name="NDTV.com">{{cite news |last=Das |first=Mala |date=22 February 2019 |title=Narendra Modi targets Gandhis, calls Manmohan Singh 'night watchman' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narendra-modi-targets-gandhis-calls-manmohan-singh-night-watchman-514997 |work=NDTV |access-date=16 August 2023}}</ref>
 
Singh's public image had been tarnished, with his coalition government having been accused of various corruption scandals since the start of its second term in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12769214|title=India's corruption scandals|work=BBC | date=18 April 2012 }}</ref> The opposition demanded his resignation for his alleged inaction and indecisiveness in the [[2G spectrum case]]<ref>[http://tehelka.com/the-silence-of-the-lamb/ The silence of the lamb | Ashish Khetan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507214039/http://tehelka.com/the-silence-of-the-lamb/ |date=7 May 2013 }}. Tehelka.com. Retrieved on 16 July 2013.</ref> and [[Indian coal allocation scam]].<ref>[http://tehelka.com/is-prime-minister-manmohan-singh-actually-a-very-astute-politician/ Is Prime Minister Manmohan Singh actually a very astute politician? | Shoma Chaudhury] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531040552/http://tehelka.com/is-prime-minister-manmohan-singh-actually-a-very-astute-politician/ |date=31 May 2013 }}. Tehelka.com. Retrieved on 16 July 2013.</ref> Senior MP of the Communist Party of India [[Gurudas Dasgupta]] accused Manmohan Singh of "[[Dereliction of duty]]", alleging that Singh was fully aware of irregularities in dispensing of 2G telecom licences.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/gurudas-dasgupta-rubbishes-jpc-report-on-2g-scam/article4639234.ece Gurudas Dasgupta rubbishes JPC report on 2G scam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200727/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/gurudas-dasgupta-rubbishes-jpc-report-on-2g-scam/article4639234.ece |date=29 October 2013 }}. The Hindu (21 April 2013). Retrieved on 16 July 2013.</ref>


His party, the [[Indian National Congress]], was criticised by the Supreme Court for appointing [[Polayil Joseph Thomas|P.J. Thomas]] as the [[Central Vigilance Commission|CVC]] chief, while there was an ongoing corruption enquiry against the same individual in the [[Palmolein Oil Import Scam]]. Singh has come in for severe criticism for remaining silent on the matter.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/23/stories/2010112355701200.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101128010224/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/23/stories/2010112355701200.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 28 November 2010|title= Congress silent on CVC row |date= 23 November 2010|work= [[The Hindu]] |access-date=23 November 2010}}</ref> Singh was also criticised for allowing allocation of [[S-band]] spectrum without any bidding to [[ISRO]] by an agreement. The agreement was between Devas multimedia, a private firm and [[Antrix Corporation]], a commercial wing of ISRO.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_ignorant-prime-minister-is-a-serious-matter-bjp_1507552|title=An ignorant prime minister is a serious matter: BJP|work=DNA India|date=14 February 2011}}</ref>
In the recent years, political opponents have praised Singh. [[Arvind Kejriwal]] in 2018 said the people are "missing an educated PM like Dr Manmohan Singh".<ref name="NDTV.com2">{{cite news |last1=Sethi |first1=Nidhi |title="Missing 'Educated Prime Minister' Like Manmohan Singh": Arvind Kejriwal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/missing-educated-prime-minister-like-manmohan-singh-arvind-kejriwal-1860549 |access-date=16 August 2023 |work=NDTV |date=31 May 2018}}</ref> In 2022, [[Nitin Gadkari]] said the "country is indebted to Manmohan Singh for the liberalisation that gave a new direction".<ref name="NDTV.com3">{{cite news |title="Country Is Indebted To Him": Nitin Gadkari's Praise For Manmohan Singh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nitin-gadkaris-praise-for-manmohan-singh-country-is-indebted-to-him-3502152 |access-date=16 August 2023 |work=NDTV |agency=PTI |date=8 November 2022}}</ref>


== Degrees and posts held ==
== Degrees and posts held ==
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== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons|Manmohan Singh}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/ Prime Minister Manmohan Singh] ''Prime Ministers Office, Archived''
* [http://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/ Prime Minister Manmohan Singh] ''Prime Ministers Office, Archived''
* [http://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/pmsprofile.php Profile and CV of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh] ''Prime Ministers Office, Archived''
* [http://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/pmsprofile.php Profile and CV of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh] ''Prime Ministers Office, Archived''
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