Ganges: Difference between revisions

{{short description|Major river in southern Asia}}

| name_native       =  

| name_native_lang   =  

| name_other        =Ganga (India)<br>Padma (Bangladesh)

'''[[Uttar Pradesh]]''': [[Fatehgarh]], [[Bijnor]], [[Kannauj]], [[Bithoor]], [[Kasganj]], [[Kanpur]], [[Allahabad]], [[Mirzapur]], [[Varanasi]], [[Ghazipur]], [[Ballia]], [[Lucknow]] (''[[Gomti River|Gomti]]'' tributary), [[Farrukhabad]], [[Narora]]

'''[[West Bengal]]''': [[Murshidabad]], [[Palashi|Plassey]], [[Nabadwip]], [[Shantipur]], [[Kolkata]], [[Uttarpara]], [[Baranagar]], [[Diamond Harbour]], [[Haldia]], [[Budge Budge]], [[Howrah]], [[Uluberia]], [[Barrackpore]]

| source1            = Confluence at [[Devprayag]], [[Uttarakhand]] of the [[Alaknanda River|Alaknanda river]] (the [[River source|source stream]] in [[hydrology]] because of its greater length) and the [[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi river]] (the source stream in [[Hindu mythology]]).  The headwaters of the river include: [[Mandakini River|Mandakini]], [[Nandakini]], [[Pindar River|Pindar]] and the [[Dhauliganga River|Dhauliganga]], all tributaries of the Alaknanda.<ref name=ganges-britannica>{{citation|last1=Lodrick| first1=Deryck O.|last2=Ahmad|first2=Nafis|title=Ganges River|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=28 January 2021|url= https://www.britannica.com/place/Ganges-River|access-date= 2 February 2021}}</ref>

| tributaries_left  = [[Ramganga]], [[Garra]], [[Gomti River|Gomti]], [[Ghaghara River|Ghaghara]], [[Gandak River|Gandak]], [[Burhi Gandak River|Burhi Gandak]], [[Koshi River|Koshi]], [[Mahananda River|Mahananda]], [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], [[Barak River|Meghna]]

| tributaries_right  = [[Yamuna]], [[Tamsa River|Tamsa]] (also called Tons), [[Karmanasa River|Karamnasa]], [[Sone River|Sone]], [[Punpun River|Punpun]], [[Falgu River|Falgu]], [[Kiul River|Kiul]], [[Chandan River|Chandan]], [[Ajoy]], [[Damodar River|Damodar]], Rupnarayan

The '''Ganges''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|æ|n|dʒ|iː|z}} {{respell|GAN|jeez}}) (in India: '''Ganga''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʌ|ŋ|ɡ|ə}} {{respell|GUNG|ə}}); in [[Bangladesh]]: '''Padma''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ʌ|d|m|ə}} {{respell|PUD|mə}}))<ref name=salman-uprety>{{harvnb|Salman|Uprety|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8GEr4fyDbqgC&pg=PA129 129]}}. "The Ganges Basin, known in India as the Ganga and in Bangladesh as the Padma, is an international river to which India, Bangladesh, Nepal and China are the riparian states."</ref><ref name=swain-ganges>{{citation|last=Swain|first=Ashok|title=Managing Water Conflict: Asia, Africa, and the Middle East|publisher=Routledge|page=54|year=2004|isbn=9781135768836|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IHpYZtKzXMC&pg=PA54|quote=The Ganges is an international river that flows through the territories of India and Bangladesh. In the Indian side, the Ganges is called the Ganga.&nbsp;... India's Ganga then becomes Padma for a Bangladeshi.}}</ref><ref name=PCGN-Ganges>{{citation|title=India: Factfile|url= https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/936421/India_Factfile.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024202519/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/936421/India_Factfile.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-24 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use|Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use (PCGN)]]|page=11|quote=PCGN recommended name=Ganges; Local Names: Padma (Bangladesh), Ganga (India); Feature type: River}}</ref><ref name=uslcsh34-ganges>{{citation|title=US Library of Congress Subject Headings, thirty-fourth edition (LCSH 34)|url=https://www.loc.gov/aba/publications/Archived-LCSH34/lcshintro.pdf|chapter=Subject headings: G|chapter-url=https://www.loc.gov/aba/publications/Archived-LCSH34/G.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221020339/http://loc.gov/aba/publications/Archived-LCSH34/G.pdf |archive-date=2016-12-21 |url-status=live|year=2012|page=23|quote=Ganges River (India and Bangladesh); UF (use for) Gangā River (India and Bangladesh); BT (broader term) Rivers—Bangladesh, Rivers—India; NT (narrower term) Padma River (Bangladesh)}}</ref> is a [[trans-boundary river]] of Asia which flows through [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]]. The {{convert|2525|km|mi|abbr=on}} river rises in the western [[Himalayas]] in the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Uttarakhand]]. It flows south and east through the [[Gangetic Plain|Gangetic plain]] of [[North India]], receiving the right-bank tributary, the [[Yamuna]], which also rises in the western Indian Himalayas, and several left-bank tributaries from [[Nepal]] that account for the bulk of its flow.<ref name=swain-ganges-2>{{citation|last=Swain|first=Ashok|title=Managing Water Conflict: Asia, Africa, and the Middle East|publisher=Routledge|page=54|year=2004|isbn=9781135768836|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IHpYZtKzXMC&pg=PA54|quote=This river originates on the southern slope of the Himalayan range, and on its way receives supplies from seven major tributaries. Three of them - the Gandak, Karnali (Ghagara) and Kosi — pass through the Himalayan 'Hindu' Kingdom of Nepal, and they supply the major portion of the Ganges flow.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Salman|Uprety|2002|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8GEr4fyDbqgC&pg=PA129 129]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=8GEr4fyDbqgC&pg=PA130 130]}}. "The tributaries that originate in Nepal and China, including the Kosi, Gandaki, Kamala, Bagmati, Kamali and Mahakali, account for about 45 percent of the Ganges flow."</ref> In [[West Bengal]] state, India, a feeder canal taking off from its right bank diverts 50% of its flow southwards, artificially connecting it to the [[Hooghly river]].  The Ganges continues into Bangladesh, its name changing to the [[Padma River|Padma]]. It is then joined by the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]], the lower stream of the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], and eventually the [[Meghna river|Meghna]], forming the major estuary of the [[Ganges Delta]], and emptying into the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna system is the second largest river on earth [[List of rivers by discharge|by discharge]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=World of Change: Padma River - NASA Earth Observatory|date=31 July 2018 |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/PadmaRiver}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ganges River Basin |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/ganges-river-basin/|last=Society|first=National Geographic|date=1 October 2019|website=National Geographic Society|language=en|access-date=18 May 2020}}</ref>

The [[main stem]] of the Ganges begins at the town of [[Devprayag]],<ref name=ganges-britannica/> at the confluence of the [[Alaknanda River|Alaknanda]], which is the [[River source|source stream]] in [[hydrology]] on account of its greater length, and the [[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi]], which is considered the source stream in [[Hindu Mythology]].

The Ganges is a lifeline to millions of people who live in its basin and depend on it for their daily needs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/indias-long-term-effort-to-clean-up-pollution-in-sacred-ganga-river |title=India’s effort to clean up sacred but polluted Ganga River |publisher=pbs.org |date=16 December 2009 |access-date=4 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news587747.html |title=US TV host takes dig at Ganges |publisher=Zeenews.com |date=11 February 2020 |access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref> It has been important historically, with many former provincial or imperial capitals such as [[Pataliputra]],<ref name="Ghosh">{{cite book|last=Ghosh|first=A.|title=An encyclopaedia of Indian archaeology|year=1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=law3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA334|access-date=27 April 2011|publisher=BRILL|oclc=313728835|isbn=978-90-04-09264-8|page=334}}</ref> [[Kannauj]],<ref name="Ghosh"/> [[Kara (Kaushambi)|Kara]], [[Munger]], [[Varanasi|Kashi]], [[Patna]], [[Hajipur]], [[Delhi]], [[Bhagalpur]], [[Murshidabad]], [[Baharampur]], [[Kampilya]], and [[Kolkata]] located on its banks or the banks of tributaries and connected waterways. The river is home to approximately 140 species of fish, 90 species of [[Amphibian|amphibians]], and also [[Reptile|reptiles]] and [[Mammal|mammals]], including [[critically endangered]] species such as the [[gharial]] and [[South Asian river dolphin]].<ref name="Rice2012">{{citation|last=Rice|first=Earle|title=The Ganges River |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vdeXBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |year=2012 |publisher=Mitchell Lane Publishers, Incorporated |isbn=978-1612283685|page=25}}</ref> The Ganges is the most sacred river to [[Hindus]].<ref name="Alter2001">{{citation|last=Alter|first=Stephen|title=Sacred Waters: A Pilgrimage Up the Ganges River to the Source of Hindu Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qb9yQgAACAAJ|access-date=30 July 2013|year=2001|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Trade & Reference Publishers|isbn=978-0-15-100585-7}}</ref> It is worshipped as the goddess ''[[Ganga in Hinduism|Ganga]]'' in [[Hinduism]].<ref name="BhattacharjiBandyopadhyay1995">{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharji|first1=Sukumari|last2=Bandyopadhyay|first2=Ramananda|title=Legends of Devi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0j0hRgWsg8C&pg=PA54|access-date=27 April 2011|year=1995|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0781-4|page=54}}</ref>

The Ganges is threatened by [[Pollution of the Ganges|severe pollution]]. This poses a danger not only to humans but also to animals. The levels of [[fecal coliform]] bacteria from human waste in the river near Varanasi are more than a hundred times the Indian government's official limit.<ref name="Rice2012"/> The [[Ganga Action Plan]], an environmental initiative to clean up the river, has been considered a failure{{efn|name=haberman}}{{efn|name=gardner}}<ref name=cleanperish>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111103162858/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-19/edit-page/28148254_1_national-river-conservation-plan-ganga-action-plan-ganga-and-yamuna "Clean Up Or Perish"], ''[[The Times of India]]'', 19 March 2010</ref> which is variously attributed to [[corruption]], a lack of will in the government, poor technical expertise,{{efn|name=sheth}} poor environmental planning{{efn|name=singh}} and a lack of support from  religious authorities.{{efn|name=puttick}}

After flowing for {{convert|256.90|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Krishna Murti|1991|p=19}} through its narrow Himalayan valley, the Ganges emerges from the mountains at [[Rishikesh]], then [[debouch]]es onto the Gangetic Plain at the pilgrimage town of [[Haridwar]].<ref name="Britannica"/> At Haridwar, a dam diverts some of its waters into the [[Ganges Canal]], which irrigates the ''[[Doab]]'' region of [[Uttar Pradesh]], whereas the river, whose course has been roughly southwest until this point, now begins to flow southeast through the plains of northern India.

The Ganges river follows a {{convert|900|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}} arching course passing through the cities of Kannauj, [[Farukhabad]], and [[Kanpur]]. Along the way it is joined by the [[Ramganga]], which contributes an average annual flow of about {{convert|495|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} to the river.{{sfn|Jain|Agarwal|Singh|2007|p=341}} The Ganges joins the {{convert|1444|km|mi|abbr=on}} long River [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]] at the [[Triveni Sangam]] at [[Prayagraj]](previously Allahabad), a confluence considered holy in Hinduism. At their confluence the Yamuna is larger than the Ganges contributing about 58.5% of the combined flow,{{sfn|Gupta|2007|page=347}} with an average flow of {{convert|2948|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Jain|Agarwal|Singh|2007|p=341}}

Along the way between Allahabad and [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]], [[West Bengal]], the Ganges river passes the towns of [[Chunar]], [[Mirzapur]], [[Varanasi]], [[Ghazipur]], [[Arrah|Ara]], [[Patna]], [[Chhapra|Chapra]], [[Hajipur]], [[Mokama]], [[Begusarai]], [[Munger]], [[Sahibganj]], [[Rajmahal]], [[Bhagalpur]], [[Ballia]], [[Buxar]], [[Simaria]], [[Sultanganj]], and [[Farakka]]. At Bhagalpur, the river begins to flow south-southeast and at Farakka, it begins its attrition with the branching away of its first [[distributary]], the {{convert|408|km|mi|abbr=on}} long [[Hooghly River|Bhāgirathi-Hooghly]], which goes on to become the [[Hooghly River]]. Just before the border with Bangladesh the [[Farakka Barrage]] controls the flow of Ganges, diverting some of the water into a feeder canal linked to the Hooghly for the purpose of keeping it relatively silt-free. The Hooghly River is formed by the confluence of the Bhagirathi River and [[Ajay River]] at [[Katwa]], and Hooghly has a number of tributaries of its own. The largest is the [[Damodar River]], which is {{convert|625|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, with a drainage basin of {{convert|25820|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Dhungel|Pun|2009|p=215}} The Hooghly River empties into the Bay of Bengal near [[Sagar Island]].{{sfn|Chakrabarti|2001| pp=126–27}} Between Malda and the Bay of Bengal, the Hooghly river passes the towns and cities of [[Murshidabad]], [[Nabadwip]], Kolkata and [[Howrah]].

The Ganges is the embodiment of all [[sacred waters]] in [[Hindu mythology]].<ref name=eck1982-p214>{{Harvnb|Eck|1982|p=214}}</ref> Local rivers are said to be ''like'' the Ganges and are sometimes called the local Ganges.<ref name=eck1982-p214/> The [[Godavari River]] of [[Maharashtra]] in Western India is called the Ganges of the South or the 'Dakshin Ganga'; the Godavari is the Ganges that was led by the sage [[Gautama Maharishi|Gautama]] to flow through Central India.<ref name=eck1982-p214/> The Ganges is invoked whenever water is used in Hindu ritual and is therefore present in all sacred waters.<ref name=eck1982-p214/> Despite this, nothing is more stirring for a Hindu than a dip in the actual river, which is thought to remit sins, especially at one of the famous [[Tirtha and Kshetra|tirthas]] such as [[Gangothri|Gangotri]], [[Haridwar]], [[Triveni Sangam]] at Allahabad, or Varanasi.<ref name=eck1982-p214/> The symbolic and religious importance of the Ganges is one of the few things that Hindus, even their skeptics, have agreed upon.<ref name=eck1982-p214-215>{{Harvnb|Eck|1982|pp=214–15}}</ref> Jawaharlal Nehru, a religious iconoclast himself, asked for a handful of his ashes to be thrown into the Ganges.<ref name=eck1982-p214-215/> "The Ganga", he wrote in his will, "is the river of India, beloved of her people, round which are intertwined her racial memories, her hopes and fears, her songs of triumph, her victories and her defeats. She has been a symbol of India's age-long culture and civilization, ever-changing, ever-flowing, and yet ever the same Ganga."<ref name=eck1982-p214-215/>

===''Avatarana'' - Descent of Ganges===

As the Ganges had descended from heaven to earth, she is also considered the vehicle of ''ascent'', from earth to heaven.<ref name=eck1998-p145-146>{{Harvnb|Eck|1998|pp=145–46}}</ref> As the ''Triloka-patha-gamini'', (Sanskrit: ''triloka''= "three worlds", ''patha'' = "road", ''gamini'' = "one who travels") of the Hindu tradition, she flows in [[Svarga|heaven]], [[Prithvi|earth]], and the [[Patala|netherworld]], and, consequently, is a "tirtha" or crossing point of all beings, the living as well as the dead.<ref name=eck1998-p145-146/> It is for this reason that the story of the ''avatarana'' is told at ''[[Śrāddha|Shraddha]]'' ceremonies for the deceased in Hinduism, and Ganges water is used in [[Vedic rituals after death]].<ref name=eck1998-p145-146/> Among all hymns devoted to the Ganges, there are none more popular than the ones expressing the worshipper's wish to breathe his last surrounded by her waters.<ref name=eck1998-p145-146/> The ''Gangashtakam'' expresses this longing fervently:<ref name=eck1998-p145-146/><blockquote>O Mother!&nbsp;... Necklace adorning the worlds!<br />Banner rising to heaven!<br />I ask that I may leave of this body on your banks,<br />Drinking your water, rolling in your waves,<br />Remembering your name, bestowing my gaze upon you.<ref>Quoted in: {{Harvnb|Eck|1998|pp=145–46}}</ref></blockquote>

Hindus consider the waters of the Ganges to be both pure and purifying.<ref name=eck1982-p216-217>{{Harvnb|Eck|1982|pp=216&ndash;217}}</ref>  Regardless of all scientific understanding of its waters, the Ganges is always ritually and symbolically pure in Hindu culture.<ref name=eck1982-p216-217/>  Nothing reclaims order from disorder more than the waters of the Ganga.<ref name=eck1982-p217>{{Harvnb|Eck|1982|pp=217}}</ref>  Moving water, as in a river, is considered purifying in Hindu culture because it is thought to both absorb impurities and take them away.<ref name=eck1982-p217/>  The swiftly moving Ganga, especially in its upper reaches, where a bather has to grasp an anchored chain to not be carried away, is especially purifying.<ref name=eck1982-p217/>  What the Ganges removes, however, is not necessarily physical dirt, but symbolic dirt; it wipes away the sins of the bather, not just of the present, but of a lifetime.<ref name=eck1982-p217/>

[[File:Kumbh Mela2001.JPG|thumb|A procession of [[Akhara]]s marching over a makeshift bridge over the Ganges River. Kumbh Mela at [[Allahabad]], 2001.]]

 

Contemplated first by Col. [[John Russell Colvin]] in 1836, it did not at first elicit much enthusiasm from its eventual architect Sir [[Proby Thomas Cautley]], who balked at the idea of cutting a canal through extensive low-lying land to reach the drier upland destination. However, after the [[Agra famine of 1837–38]], during which the [[East India Company]]'s administration spent [[Rs.]] 2,300,000 on famine relief, the idea of a canal became more attractive to the company's budget-conscious Court of Directors. In 1839, the [[Governor General of India]], [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland|Lord Auckland]], with the Court's assent, granted funds to Cautley for a full survey of the swath of land that underlay and fringed the projected course of the canal. The Court of Directors, moreover, considerably enlarged the scope of the projected canal, which, in consequence of the severity and geographical extent of the famine, they now deemed to be the entire [[Doab]] region.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ce8FpJzR-4C&pg=PA103|title=Uttar Pradesh General Knowledge|first=Dr C. L.|last=Khanna|date=1 September 2010|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|isbn=9788174824080}}</ref>

[[Bansagar Dam]] was built on the [[Sone River]], a tributary of the Ganges for both irrigation and [[hydroelectric]] power generation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mowr.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/anu228556756739.pdf |title=Bansagar Dam project |access-date=27 April 2011 |publisher=Government of India Ministry of Water Sources |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111008223133/http://mowr.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/anu228556756739.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2011}}</ref> Ganges floodwaters along with Brahmaputra waters can be supplied to most of its right side basin area along with central and south India by constructing a [[coastal reservoir]] to store water on the Bay of Bengal sea area.

Tourism is another related activity. Three towns holy to Hinduism—Haridwar, Allahabad (Prayagraj), and Varanasi—attract millions of pilgrims to its waters to take a dip in the Ganges, which is believed to cleanse oneself of sins and help attain salvation. The rapids of the Ganges are also popular for [[rafting|river rafting]] in the town of Rishikesh, attracting adventure seekers in the summer months. Several cities such as Kanpur, Kolkata and Patna have also developed riverfront walkways along the banks to attract tourists.<ref name=Behteri1>{{cite news|author=Sushovan Sircar|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140311/jsp/calcutta/story_18037449.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424060712/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140311/jsp/calcutta/story_18037449.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 April 2014|title=Take a walk along the Hooghly|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=11 March 2014|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=Behteri3>{{cite news|author=Piyush Kumar Tripathi|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130803/jsp/bihar/story_17188971.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424210840/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130803/jsp/bihar/story_17188971.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 April 2014|title=Funds flow for riverfront project|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=3 August 2013|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=Behteri2>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Ganga-pathway-to-be-complete-in-three-years/articleshow/34068161.cms|title=Ganga pathway to be complete in three years|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 April 2014|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/city/kanpur/Central-govt-approval-to-KDAs-riverfront-development-project/articleshow/45304859.cms|title=Central govt approval to KDA's riverfront development project |newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 November 2014 |publisher=  The Times of India Mobile Site}}</ref>

The Ganga Action Plan, which was taken on priority and with much enthusiasm, was delayed for two years. The expenditure was almost doubled. But the result was not very appreciable. Much expenditure was done on political propaganda. The concerning governments and the related agencies were not very prompt to make it a success. The public of the areas was not taken into consideration. The release of urban and industrial wastes in the river was not controlled fully. The flowing of dirty water through drains and sewers were not adequately diverted. The continuing customs of burning dead bodies, throwing carcasses, washing of dirty clothes by washermen, and immersion of idols and cattle wallowing were not checked. Very little provision of public latrines was made and the open defecation of lakhs of people continued along the riverside. All these made the Action Plan a failure.</blockquote>

* {{ws|[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838/The Ganges|The Ganges]]}} A painting of the Ganges entering the plains near [[Haridwar]] by William Purser with a poetical illustration by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838.<ref> {{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA108|section=picture|year=1837|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA110|section=poetical illustration|year=1837|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref>