Bharatpedia

Inter-Services Intelligence: Difference between revisions

Article Talk

Inter-Services Intelligence (edit)

Revision as of 21:03, 28 August 2023

1 byte removed ,  28 August 2023
m
clean up, typos fixed: Deputy Director → deputy director
m (Removed empty portal template using script)
m (clean up, typos fixed: Deputy Director → deputy director)
 
Line 60: Line 60:


==History==
==History==
The Inter-Services Intelligence was created in 1948 following the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|1947–48 Pakistan-India war]], which had exposed weaknesses in intelligence gathering, sharing, and coordination between the [[Pakistan Army|Army]], [[Pakistan Air Force|Air Force]], [[Pakistan Navy|Navy]], [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB) and [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|Military Intelligence]] (MI).<ref name="ISI History 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/pakistan/isi.htm|title=Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515203133/https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/pakistan/isi.htm |archive-date=15 May 2008}}</ref> The ISI was structured to be operated by officers from the three main military services and to specialize in the collection, analysis, and assessment of external military and non-military intelligence.<ref name="ISI History 1" /> The ISI was the [[Idea|brainchild]] of the former [[British Indian Army]] Major General Sir [[Robert Cawthome]], then Deputy Chief of Staff of the Pakistan Army and selected Colonel Shahid Hamid to set up the agency. Initially, the ISI had no role in the collection of internal intelligence, except for the [[North-West Frontier Province]] {NWFP) and [[Pakistan Administered Kashmir]].<ref name="ISI History 1" />  
The Inter-Services Intelligence was created in 1948 following the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|1947–48 Pakistan-India war]], which had exposed weaknesses in intelligence gathering, sharing, and coordination between the [[Pakistan Army|Army]], [[Pakistan Air Force|Air Force]], [[Pakistan Navy|Navy]], [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB) and [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|Military Intelligence]] (MI).<ref name="ISI History 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/pakistan/isi.htm|title=Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515203133/https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/pakistan/isi.htm |archive-date=15 May 2008}}</ref> The ISI was structured to be operated by officers from the three main military services and to specialize in the collection, analysis, and assessment of external military and non-military intelligence.<ref name="ISI History 1" /> The ISI was the [[Idea|brainchild]] of the former [[British Indian Army]] Major General Sir [[Robert Cawthome]], then Deputy Chief of Staff of the Pakistan Army and selected Colonel Shahid Hamid to set up the agency. Initially, the ISI had no role in the collection of internal intelligence, except for the [[North-West Frontier Province]] (NWFP) and [[Pakistan Administered Kashmir]].<ref name="ISI History 1" />  


Naval [[Commander]] [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan]], who was tenuring as Deputy Director of [[Naval Intelligence of Pakistan|Naval Intelligence]], and played a pivotal role in formulating the procedures of the ISI, undertook and managed the recruitment and expansion of the ISI. Following the [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|1958 coup d'état]], all national intelligence agencies came under the direct control of the President and Chief Martial Law Administrator. The maintenance of national security, which was the principal function of these agencies, came to mean the consolidation of the Ayub regime. Any criticism of the regime was seen as a threat to national security.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frederic |first=Grare |date=6 March 2009 |title=Reforming the Intelligence Agencies in Pakistan's Transitional Democracy |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2009/03/06/reforming-intelligence-agencies-in-pakistan-s-transitional-democracy-pub-22817 |url-status=live |access-date=7 July 2021 |website=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |archive-date=17 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217123321/https://carnegieendowment.org/2009/03/06/reforming-intelligence-agencies-in-pakistan-s-transitional-democracy-pub-22817 }}</ref>  
Naval [[Commander]] [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan]], who was tenuring as deputy director of [[Naval Intelligence of Pakistan|Naval Intelligence]], and played a pivotal role in formulating the procedures of the ISI, undertook and managed the recruitment and expansion of the ISI. Following the [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|1958 coup d'état]], all national intelligence agencies came under the direct control of the President and Chief Martial Law Administrator. The maintenance of national security, which was the principal function of these agencies, came to mean the consolidation of the Ayub regime. Any criticism of the regime was seen as a threat to national security.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frederic |first=Grare |date=6 March 2009 |title=Reforming the Intelligence Agencies in Pakistan's Transitional Democracy |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2009/03/06/reforming-intelligence-agencies-in-pakistan-s-transitional-democracy-pub-22817 |url-status=live |access-date=7 July 2021 |website=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |archive-date=17 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217123321/https://carnegieendowment.org/2009/03/06/reforming-intelligence-agencies-in-pakistan-s-transitional-democracy-pub-22817 }}</ref>  


After [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] [[Operation Fair Play|had seized power]] on 5&nbsp;July 1977 and became the Chief Martial Law Administrator, the ISI was expanded to collecting intelligence on the [[Pakistan Communist Party]] and [[Pakistan Peoples Party]].<ref name="ISI History 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LANCER/idr00006.htm|title=ISI|access-date=12 May 2008|first=Bharat|last=rakshak|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704195306/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LANCER/idr00006.htm|archive-date=4 July 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Soviet–Afghan War]] in the 1980s saw the enhancement of the ISI's [[covert operations]]. A special Afghanistan section (called the SS Directorate) was created under the command of Brigadier Mohammed Yousaf to oversee day-to-day operations in Afghanistan. A number of officers from the ISI's [[Covert Action Division]] received training in the United States, and "many covert action experts of the CIA were attached to the ISI to guide it in its operations against Soviet troops by using the Afghan Mujahideen."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Pakistan Intelligence & Security Activities & Operations Handbook |publisher=USA International Business Publications |year=2009 |isbn= 978-1438737218 |pages=41}}</ref> In September 2001, Pervez Musharraf appointed a new Director General for ISI, Lieutenant General Ehsan ul Haq<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kiessling |first=Hein |title=Faith, Unity, Discipline: The Inter-Service-Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1849045179}}</ref> who was replaced later by the Lieutenant General Shuja Pasha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gilani dismisses reports of extension to ISI chief |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/gilani-dismisses-reports-of-extension-to-isi-chief-571287 |url-status=live |access-date=7 July 2021 |website=ndtv.com |archive-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826122251/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/gilani-dismisses-reports-of-extension-to-isi-chief-571287 }}</ref>  
After [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] [[Operation Fair Play|had seized power]] on 5&nbsp;July 1977 and became the Chief Martial Law Administrator, the ISI was expanded to collecting intelligence on the [[Pakistan Communist Party]] and [[Pakistan Peoples Party]].<ref name="ISI History 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LANCER/idr00006.htm|title=ISI|access-date=12 May 2008|first=Bharat|last=rakshak|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704195306/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LANCER/idr00006.htm|archive-date=4 July 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Soviet–Afghan War]] in the 1980s saw the enhancement of the ISI's [[covert operations]]. A special Afghanistan section (called the SS Directorate) was created under the command of Brigadier Mohammed Yousaf to oversee day-to-day operations in Afghanistan. A number of officers from the ISI's [[Covert Action Division]] received training in the United States, and "many covert action experts of the CIA were attached to the ISI to guide it in its operations against Soviet troops by using the Afghan Mujahideen."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Pakistan Intelligence & Security Activities & Operations Handbook |publisher=USA International Business Publications |year=2009 |isbn= 978-1438737218 |pages=41}}</ref> In September 2001, Pervez Musharraf appointed a new Director General for ISI, Lieutenant General Ehsan ul Haq<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kiessling |first=Hein |title=Faith, Unity, Discipline: The Inter-Service-Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1849045179}}</ref> who was replaced later by the Lieutenant General Shuja Pasha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gilani dismisses reports of extension to ISI chief |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/gilani-dismisses-reports-of-extension-to-isi-chief-571287 |url-status=live |access-date=7 July 2021 |website=ndtv.com |archive-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826122251/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/gilani-dismisses-reports-of-extension-to-isi-chief-571287 }}</ref>  
Line 78: Line 78:
The wing is particularly significant because the port at [[Gwadar]] is slated to be a linchpin for the major trade corridor linking northwestern China to the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pawar |first=B.S. |title=Demystifying the Isi |url=http://www.claws.in/images/journals_doc/1425990525_BSPawar.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711010714/http://www.claws.in/images/journals_doc/1425990525_BSPawar.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2016 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=claws.in}}</ref>
The wing is particularly significant because the port at [[Gwadar]] is slated to be a linchpin for the major trade corridor linking northwestern China to the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pawar |first=B.S. |title=Demystifying the Isi |url=http://www.claws.in/images/journals_doc/1425990525_BSPawar.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711010714/http://www.claws.in/images/journals_doc/1425990525_BSPawar.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2016 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=claws.in}}</ref>


Military officers of the armed forces as well as civilian officers from the [[Federal Investigation Agency]] (FIA}, [[Federal Board of Revenue (Pakistan)|Federal Board of Revenue]] (FBR), [[Pakistan Customs]], [[Law enforcement in Pakistan|police]] and [[Pakistani judiciary|judiciary]] make up ISI's general staff.. They are recruited on deputations for three to four years and enhance the ISI's professional competence. Experienced army officers who perform well are given repeated extensions in their service.{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}} According to some experts, the ISI is the largest intelligence agency in the world in terms of total staff. While the total number has never been made public, experts estimate around 10,000 officers and staff, which does not include informants or assets.<ref name="FAS">{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |title=Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |author=Pike, John |date=25 July 2002 |access-date=13 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515131913/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |archive-date=15 May 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref>
Military officers of the armed forces as well as civilian officers from the [[Federal Investigation Agency]] (FIA), [[Federal Board of Revenue (Pakistan)|Federal Board of Revenue]] (FBR), [[Pakistan Customs]], [[Law enforcement in Pakistan|police]] and [[Pakistani judiciary|judiciary]] make up ISI's general staff.. They are recruited on deputations for three to four years and enhance the ISI's professional competence. Experienced army officers who perform well are given repeated extensions in their service.{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}} According to some experts, the ISI is the largest intelligence agency in the world in terms of total staff. While the total number has never been made public, experts estimate around 10,000 officers and staff, which does not include informants or assets.<ref name="FAS">{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |title=Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |author=Pike, John |date=25 July 2002 |access-date=13 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515131913/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |archive-date=15 May 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref>


===Departments===
===Departments===
Line 445: Line 445:
====Al-Qaeda====
====Al-Qaeda====
{{Main|Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)|Soviet–Afghan War}}
{{Main|Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)|Soviet–Afghan War}}
The ISI supported [[Al-Qaeda]] during the war along with the CIA against the Soviet government, through the Taliban, and it is believed by some that there is still contact between Al-Qaeda and the ISI.<ref name=Aubrey>{{cite book|last=Aubrey|first=Stefan M.|title=The New Dimension of International Terrorism|year=2004|publisher=vdf Hochschulverlag AG|isbn=978-3-7281-2949-9|page=253}}</ref> An assessment by British Intelligence in 2000 into Al-Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan showed the ISI were playing an active role in some of them.<ref name=Atkins>{{cite book|last=Atkins|first=Stephen E|title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia|year=2011|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-59884-921-9|edition=2nd|page=540}}</ref> In 2002, it was alleged that when the Egyptian investigators tracked down Al-Qaeda member Ahmed Said Khadr in Pakistan, the Egyptian authorities informed Pakistani authorities of his location. However, the Afghan Taliban at night came in a car and took Khadir along with them to Afghanistan. The next day, Pakistani authorities claimed they were unable to capture Khadir.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McGirk |first=Tim |date=29 April 2002 |title=Rogues No More? |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501020506-233999,00.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 July 2021 |website=[[Time (magazine) |Time]] |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227112532/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501020506-233999,00.html }}</ref> The leak in 2012 of [[2012 Stratfor email leak|e-mails]] from [[Stratfor]] claimed papers captured during all the compounds during [[Death of Osama bin Laden|the raid]] in Abbotabad on Osama bin Laden's compound showed up to 12 ISI officials knew where he was and that Bin Laden had been in regular contact with the ISI.<ref name=McElroy>{{cite news|last=McElroy|first=Damien|title=Stratfor: Osama bin Laden 'was in routine contact with Pakistan's spy agency'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/9109457/Stratfor-Osama-bin-Laden-was-in-routine-contact-with-Pakistans-spy-agency.html|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=27 February 2012|location=London|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=3 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303165254/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/9109457/Stratfor-Osama-bin-Laden-was-in-routine-contact-with-Pakistans-spy-agency.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The ISI supported [[Al-Qaeda]] during the war along with the CIA against the Soviet government, through the Taliban, and it is believed by some that there is still contact between Al-Qaeda and the ISI.<ref name=Aubrey>{{cite book|last=Aubrey|first=Stefan M.|title=The New Dimension of International Terrorism|year=2004|publisher=vdf Hochschulverlag AG|isbn=978-3-7281-2949-9|page=253}}</ref> An assessment by British Intelligence in 2000 into Al-Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan showed the ISI were playing an active role in some of them.<ref name=Atkins>{{cite book|last=Atkins|first=Stephen E|title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia|year=2011|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-59884-921-9|edition=2nd|page=540}}</ref> In 2002, it was alleged that when the Egyptian investigators tracked down Al-Qaeda member Ahmed Said Khadr in Pakistan, the Egyptian authorities informed Pakistani authorities of his location. However, the Afghan Taliban at night came in a car and took Khadir along with them to Afghanistan. The next day, Pakistani authorities claimed they were unable to capture Khadir.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McGirk |first=Tim |date=29 April 2002 |title=Rogues No More? |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501020506-233999,00.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 July 2021 |website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227112532/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501020506-233999,00.html }}</ref> The leak in 2012 of [[2012 Stratfor email leak|e-mails]] from [[Stratfor]] claimed papers captured during all the compounds during [[Death of Osama bin Laden|the raid]] in Abbotabad on Osama bin Laden's compound showed up to 12 ISI officials knew where he was and that Bin Laden had been in regular contact with the ISI.<ref name=McElroy>{{cite news|last=McElroy|first=Damien|title=Stratfor: Osama bin Laden 'was in routine contact with Pakistan's spy agency'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/9109457/Stratfor-Osama-bin-Laden-was-in-routine-contact-with-Pakistans-spy-agency.html|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=27 February 2012|location=London|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=3 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303165254/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/9109457/Stratfor-Osama-bin-Laden-was-in-routine-contact-with-Pakistans-spy-agency.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


However, Al-Qaeda has repeatedly labelled ISI their enemy. Al-Qaeda claimed the Pakistani military and intelligence are their main targets in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/content/archival/news/world/al-qaeda-indian-subcontinent-pakistan.html|title=Al Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent threatens to wage war against Pak|date=27 June 2017|work=[[The Week (India)]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102053557/https://www.theweek.in/content/archival/news/world/al-qaeda-indian-subcontinent-pakistan.html|archive-date=2 January 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2019, [[Ayman al-Zawahari]] in a video message labelled ISI and the Pakistani military a "puppet" of the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/al-qaeda-releases-maiden-video-on-kashmir-issues-threats-to-army-govt/articleshow/70158497.cms|title=Al Qaeda releases maiden video on Kashmir; issues threats to army, govt|date=10 July 2019|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210014645/https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/al-qaeda-releases-maiden-video-on-kashmir-issues-threats-to-army-govt/articleshow/70158497.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/al-qaeda-releases-its-first-video-on-kashmir/article28363676.ece|title=Al-Qaeda releases its first video on Kashmir|date=10 July 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711114725/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/al-qaeda-releases-its-first-video-on-kashmir/article28363676.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
However, Al-Qaeda has repeatedly labelled ISI their enemy. Al-Qaeda claimed the Pakistani military and intelligence are their main targets in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/content/archival/news/world/al-qaeda-indian-subcontinent-pakistan.html|title=Al Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent threatens to wage war against Pak|date=27 June 2017|work=[[The Week (India)]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102053557/https://www.theweek.in/content/archival/news/world/al-qaeda-indian-subcontinent-pakistan.html|archive-date=2 January 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2019, [[Ayman al-Zawahari]] in a video message labelled ISI and the Pakistani military a "puppet" of the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/al-qaeda-releases-maiden-video-on-kashmir-issues-threats-to-army-govt/articleshow/70158497.cms|title=Al Qaeda releases maiden video on Kashmir; issues threats to army, govt|date=10 July 2019|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210014645/https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/al-qaeda-releases-maiden-video-on-kashmir-issues-threats-to-army-govt/articleshow/70158497.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/al-qaeda-releases-its-first-video-on-kashmir/article28363676.ece|title=Al-Qaeda releases its first video on Kashmir|date=10 July 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711114725/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/al-qaeda-releases-its-first-video-on-kashmir/article28363676.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
CleanupBot
Bots
16,952

edits

Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/420371"