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'''Gauhar Jaan''' (born '''Angelina Yeoward'''; 26 June 1873 – 17 January 1930)<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Thiyyadi |first=Sreevalsan |date=26 June 2018 |title=The Unheralded Revolution Gauhar Jaan Brought in to Indian Classical Music |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-unheralded-revolution-gauhar-jaan-brought-in-to-indian-classical-music/312862 |magazine=Outlook |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref> was an Indian singer and dancer from [[Kolkata]]. She was one of the first performers to record music on 78 rpm records in India, which was later released by the [[Saregama|Gramophone Company of India]] and | '''Gauhar Jaan''' (born '''Angelina Yeoward'''; 26 June 1873 – 17 January 1930)<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Thiyyadi |first=Sreevalsan |date=26 June 2018 |title=The Unheralded Revolution Gauhar Jaan Brought in to Indian Classical Music |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-unheralded-revolution-gauhar-jaan-brought-in-to-indian-classical-music/312862 |magazine=Outlook |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref> was an Indian singer and dancer from [[Kolkata]]. She was one of the first performers to record music on 78 rpm records in India, which was later released by the [[Saregama|Gramophone Company of India]] and resulted in her being known as "the Gramophone girl" and "the first recording superstar of India".<ref name="first"/> Having recorded more than 600 songs in more than ten languages between 1902 and 1920, Jaan is credited with popularising Hindustani classical music such as ''[[thumri]]'', ''[[dadra]]'', ''[[kajri]]'', and ''[[tarana]]'' during the period. | ||
==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
Gauhar Jaan was born as Angelina Yeoward on 26 June 1873 in [[Azamgarh]], of | Gauhar Jaan was born as Eleen Angelina Yeoward on 26 June 1873 in [[Azamgarh]], of Armenian descent.<ref>{{Cite book|title="My name is Gauhar Jaan!" : the life and times of a musician|last=Vikram.|first=Sampath|date=2010|publisher=Rupa & Co|isbn=9788129116185|location=New Delhi|oclc=631243857}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Savitha Gautam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/article429071.ece |title=The Hindu : Arts / Music : Recording Gauhar Jaan |publisher=Beta.thehindu.com |date=13 May 2010 |access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref> Her father, Robert William Yeoward, worked as an engineer in a dry ice factory, and married her mother, Adeline Victoria Hemmings, in 1872. Victoria, was the daughter of Hardy Hemmings, a british soldier and Rukmini in Allahabad and had a sister Vela, Vicky as she was called had been trained in music and dance.{{cn|date=January 2021}} | ||
In 1879 the marriage ended, causing hardships to both mother and daughter, who moved to [[Banaras]] in 1881, with a Muslim nobleman, 'Khursheed', who appreciated Victoria's music more than her husband. Later, Victoria converted to Islam and changed Angelina's name to 'Gauhar Jaan' and hers to 'Malka Jaan'.<ref name="Tribune">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020526/spectrum/main7.htm The importance of being Gauhar Jan] [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 26 May 2002.</ref> | In 1879 the marriage ended, causing hardships to both mother and daughter, who moved to [[Banaras]] in 1881, with a Muslim nobleman, 'Khursheed', who appreciated Victoria's music more than her husband. Later, Victoria converted to Islam and changed Angelina's name to 'Gauhar Jaan' and hers to 'Malka Jaan'.<ref name="Tribune">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020526/spectrum/main7.htm The importance of being Gauhar Jan] [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 26 May 2002.</ref> | ||
==Career== | ==Career== | ||
In time, Victoria (now 'Malka Jaan') became an accomplished singer, [[Kathak]] dancer and a | In time, Victoria (now 'Malka Jaan') became an accomplished singer, [[Kathak]] dancer and a tawaif in Banaras, and made a name for herself, as ''Badi Malka Jan''; she was called ''Badi'' (elder) because at that time three other Malka Jans were famous: Malka Jan of [[Agra]], Malka Jan of Mulk Pukhraj and Malka Jan of ''Chulbuli'', and she was the eldest amongst them.<ref name="south"/> | ||
Malka Jaan moved back to Calcutta in 1883, and established herself in the courts of Nawab [[Wajid Ali Shah]], who had settled at Metiaburj (Garden Reach), near [[Kolkata]] and within three years purchased a building at 24 Chit pore Road (now Rabindra Sarani), for Rs. 40,000. It is here that young Gauhar started her training, she learnt pure and light classical [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] vocal music from, Kale Khan of [[Patiala]], 'Kalu Ustad', and Ustad [[Ali Baksh Jarnail]] (founding members of [[Patiala Gharana]]) and [[Kathak]] from legendary Brindadin Maharaj (granduncle of [[Birju Maharaj]]), [[Dhrupad]] dhamar from Srijanbai, and Bengali Keertan from Charan Das. Soon she also started writing and composing [[ghazals]] under the pen-name 'Hamdam' and became proficient in [[Rabindra Sangeet]].<ref name="chowk">[http://chowk.com/ilogs/66468/32808 Gohar Jan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724130034/http://www.chowk.com/ilogs/66468/32808 |date=24 July 2008 }} Chowk, 16 April 2008.</ref> | Malka Jaan moved back to Calcutta in 1883, and established herself in the courts of Nawab [[Wajid Ali Shah]], who had settled at Metiaburj (Garden Reach), near [[Kolkata]] and within three years purchased a building at 24 Chit pore Road (now Rabindra Sarani), for Rs. 40,000. It is here that young Gauhar started her training, she learnt pure and light classical [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] vocal music from, Kale Khan of [[Patiala]], 'Kalu Ustad', and Ustad [[Ali Baksh Jarnail]] (founding members of [[Patiala Gharana]]) and [[Kathak]] from legendary Brindadin Maharaj (granduncle of [[Birju Maharaj]]), [[Dhrupad]] dhamar from Srijanbai, and Bengali Keertan from Charan Das. Soon she also started writing and composing [[ghazals]] under the pen-name 'Hamdam' and became proficient in [[Rabindra Sangeet]].<ref name="chowk">[http://chowk.com/ilogs/66468/32808 Gohar Jan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724130034/http://www.chowk.com/ilogs/66468/32808 |date=24 July 2008 }} Chowk, 16 April 2008.</ref> | ||
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Gauhar Jaan first visited [[Madras]] in 1910, for a concert in the [[Victoria Public Hall]], and soon her [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and Urdu songs were published in a Tamil music book. In December 1911, she was famously invited to perform at the coronation of [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] at [[Delhi Durbar]], where she sang a duet, ''Ye Hai Tajposhi Ka Jalsa, Mubarak Ho Mubarak Ho'', with Jankibai of [[Allahabad]].<ref name="south"/> | Gauhar Jaan first visited [[Madras]] in 1910, for a concert in the [[Victoria Public Hall]], and soon her [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and Urdu songs were published in a Tamil music book. In December 1911, she was famously invited to perform at the coronation of [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] at [[Delhi Durbar]], where she sang a duet, ''Ye Hai Tajposhi Ka Jalsa, Mubarak Ho Mubarak Ho'', with Jankibai of [[Allahabad]].<ref name="south"/> | ||
Eventually, in her final days, she moved to [[Mysore]], at the invitation of [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]] of [[Mysore]], and on 1 August 1928,<ref name="chowk"/> she was appointed as a 'Palace musician', though she died within 18 months, on 17 January 1930 in [[Mysore]].<ref>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2008/01/14/stories/2008011450660500.htm Gauhar Jan in Madras] [[The Hindu]], 14 January 2008.</ref> | Eventually, in her final days, she moved to [[Mysore]], at the invitation of [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]] of [[Mysore]], and on 1 August 1928,<ref name="chowk"/> she was appointed as a 'Palace musician', though she died within 18 months, on 17 January 1930 in [[Mysore]].<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20080720114624/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2008/01/14/stories/2008011450660500.htm Gauhar Jan in Madras]}} [[The Hindu]], 14 January 2008.</ref> | ||
In her lifetime, she recorded more than 600 songs from 1902 to 1920, in more than ten languages,<ref>[http:// | In her lifetime, she recorded more than 600 songs from 1902 to 1920, in more than ten languages,<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20030422115341/http://hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/03/stories/2003020301520200.htm Making musical waves]}} [[The Hindu]], 3 February 2003.</ref> including Bengali, Hindustani, Gujarati, Tamil, Marathi, Arabic, Persian, Pushto, French, and English. She would round off her performances for a record by announcing 'My name is Gohar Jan'.<ref name="first"/><ref>[http://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/ellpatke/Miscellany/gauharjan.htm Gauhar Jan Discography]</ref> | ||
She popularised light [[Hindustani classical music]] with her [[thumri]], [[dadra]], [[kajri]], [[chaiti]], [[bhajan]], [[tarana]] renditions, and also mastered the technique of condensing performing the elaborate melody Hindustani classical style to just three and a half minutes for a record. Her most famous song are, [[thumri]] sung in [[Bhairavi (Hindustani)|Bhairavi]] is ''Mora nahak laye gavanava, jabse gaye mori sud huna live'',<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080413/spectrum/main1.htm Melodies on record] [[Pran Nevile]], [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 13 April 2008.</ref> ''Ras ke bhare Tore Nain'', ''Mere dard-e-jigar''<ref>[http://www.earthmusic.net/hindi-film-songs.php?singerid%5B%5D=gauharjan&singermtype=plus Ras Ke Bhare]</ref> and Bhajans like, ''Radhey Krishna Bol Mukhse''.{{cn|date=January 2021}} | She popularised light [[Hindustani classical music]] with her [[thumri]], [[dadra]], [[kajri]], [[chaiti]], [[bhajan]], [[tarana]] renditions, and also mastered the technique of condensing performing the elaborate melody Hindustani classical style to just three and a half minutes for a record. Her most famous song are, [[thumri]] sung in [[Bhairavi (Hindustani)|Bhairavi]] is ''Mora nahak laye gavanava, jabse gaye mori sud huna live'',<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080413/spectrum/main1.htm Melodies on record] [[Pran Nevile]], [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 13 April 2008.</ref> ''Ras ke bhare Tore Nain'', ''Mere dard-e-jigar''<ref>[http://www.earthmusic.net/hindi-film-songs.php?singerid%5B%5D=gauharjan&singermtype=plus Ras Ke Bhare]</ref> and Bhajans like, ''Radhey Krishna Bol Mukhse''.{{cn|date=January 2021}} | ||
==Inspiration and honours== | ==Inspiration and honours== | ||
It is said that | It is said that [[Begum Akhtar]] in her early days wanted to pursue a career in Hindi films, but after listening to the singing of Gauhar and her mother, she gave up the idea completely and devoted herself to learning [[Hindustani classical music]], in fact, her first teacher was Ustad [[Imdad Khan]], who accompanied the mother-daughter duo on [[sarangi]].{{cn|date=January 2021}} | ||
On 26 June 2018, [[Google]] commemorated Gauhar Jaan with a [[Google Doodle|Doodle]] on her 145th birth anniversary.<ref name="Gauhar Jaan Google Doodle">{{cite web | title=Who was Gauhar Jaan, the singer Google Doodle is honouring today? | website=India Today | date=26 June 2018 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/people/story/who-was-gauhar-jaan-the-singer-google-doodle-is-honouring-today-1269871-2018-06-26| access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> Google commented: "Gauhar Jaan, who emerged on the scene at the turn of the 20th century, gained popularity through her singing and dancing, and would go on to define the future of Indian performance art.".<ref name="Gauhar Jaan's Google Doodle">{{cite web | title=Gauhar Jaan's 145th Birthday | website=Google | date=26 June 2018 | url=https://www.google.com/doodles/gauhar-jaans-145th-birthday| access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> | On 26 June 2018, [[Google]] commemorated Gauhar Jaan with a [[Google Doodle|Doodle]] on her 145th birth anniversary.<ref name="Gauhar Jaan Google Doodle">{{cite web | title=Who was Gauhar Jaan, the singer Google Doodle is honouring today? | website=India Today | date=26 June 2018 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/people/story/who-was-gauhar-jaan-the-singer-google-doodle-is-honouring-today-1269871-2018-06-26| access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> Google commented: "Gauhar Jaan, who emerged on the scene at the turn of the 20th century, gained popularity through her singing and dancing, and would go on to define the future of Indian performance art.".<ref name="Gauhar Jaan's Google Doodle">{{cite web | title=Gauhar Jaan's 145th Birthday | website=Google | date=26 June 2018 | url=https://www.google.com/doodles/gauhar-jaans-145th-birthday| access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> | ||
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==Restoration and release== | ==Restoration and release== | ||
[[Sa Re Ga Ma|Saregama India]] (formerly the Gramophone Co. of India Ltd. or [[His Master's Voice]] ([[HMV]])), is planning to re-release the milestone recordings of Gauhar Jaan, after retrieving them from Gramophone Company's London archives, and restoring them to their original glory.<ref name="express"/><ref>[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1021101/asp/calcutta/story_1343130.asp 100 years of recording] [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]], 1 November 2002.</ref>{{update needed|date=January 2021}} | [[Sa Re Ga Ma|Saregama India]] (formerly the Gramophone Co. of India Ltd. or [[His Master's Voice]] ([[HMV]])), is planning to re-release the milestone recordings of Gauhar Jaan, after retrieving them from Gramophone Company's London archives, and restoring them to their original glory.<ref name="express"/><ref>[https://archive.today/20130203155902/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1021101/asp/calcutta/story_1343130.asp 100 years of recording] [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]], 1 November 2002.</ref>{{update needed|date=January 2021}} | ||
Her songs are also part of the 'Vintage Music From India' (1996) audio album, and her image forms its cover.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Vintage-Music-India-Century-Classical/dp/B0000002SN 'Vintage Music From India']</ref> | Her songs are also part of the 'Vintage Music From India' (1996) audio album, and her image forms its cover.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Vintage-Music-India-Century-Classical/dp/B0000002SN 'Vintage Music From India']</ref> | ||
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* Miss Gohar, who was associated with Parsi Theatrical Company in [[Bombay]] (Mumbai);{{cn|date=January 2021}} | * Miss Gohar, who was associated with Parsi Theatrical Company in [[Bombay]] (Mumbai);{{cn|date=January 2021}} | ||
* [[Gohar Mamajiwala|Gohar Kayoum Mamajiwala]] (also known as Miss Gohar), a singer actress who was associated with and mistress of Sardar [[Chandulal Shah]] of [[Ranjit Studios|Ranjit Films (studio)]], Bombay; and | * [[Gohar Mamajiwala|Gohar Kayoum Mamajiwala]] (also known as Miss Gohar), a singer actress who was associated with and mistress of Sardar [[Chandulal Shah]] of [[Ranjit Studios|Ranjit Films (studio)]], Bombay; and | ||
*Gohar Bai Karnataka of Bijapur. She is typically associated with [[Bal Gandharva]]{{cn|date=January 2021}} | *Gohar Bai Karnataka of Bijapur. She is typically associated with [[Bal Gandharva]].{{cn|date=January 2021}} | ||
<!-- Irrelevant to main article-----According to a post on music discussion group rec.music.indian.misc, there was one more Malka Jan, who was Gauhar's contemporary, and had recorded music on 78 rpm records. Gohar's mother was never recorded. There were other singers named Gohar or Gauhar who were famous in the early 20th C. One of them was part-owner of RANJIT studio; she was companion of the Ranjit supremo Chandulal Shah. 'Gohar Bai Karnataki': Yet another famous Gohar was variously known as Gohar Jan or Gohar of Bijapur or Gohar Bai Karnataki. She was younger sister of Amirbai Karnataki. Singing sisters Ahilya (1902?), Amirbai (1904?) and Goharbai (1906?) were born to a muslim tabla player near Bijapur. Marathi stage singer Nanasaheb Chapekar discovered the sisters and helped them make a name in Mumbai. He and Gohar were companions in early 1930s. Later Gohar formed a famous association with [[Bal Gandharva]] (Full Name: Narayan Shripad Rajhans) from 1938 till her death in 1964. Narayanrao Bal Gandharva's first wife died in 1940. He and Gohar got married in 1951. Their years together were marked first by Gandharva's waning power as an artist and later by poverty. Bal Gandharva died in July 1967. --> | <!-- Irrelevant to main article-----According to a post on music discussion group rec.music.indian.misc, there was one more Malka Jan, who was Gauhar's contemporary, and had recorded music on 78 rpm records. Gohar's mother was never recorded. There were other singers named Gohar or Gauhar who were famous in the early 20th C. One of them was part-owner of RANJIT studio; she was companion of the Ranjit supremo Chandulal Shah. 'Gohar Bai Karnataki': Yet another famous Gohar was variously known as Gohar Jan or Gohar of Bijapur or Gohar Bai Karnataki. She was younger sister of Amirbai Karnataki. Singing sisters Ahilya (1902?), Amirbai (1904?) and Goharbai (1906?) were born to a muslim tabla player near Bijapur. Marathi stage singer Nanasaheb Chapekar discovered the sisters and helped them make a name in Mumbai. He and Gohar were companions in early 1930s. Later Gohar formed a famous association with [[Bal Gandharva]] (Full Name: Narayan Shripad Rajhans) from 1938 till her death in 1964. Narayanrao Bal Gandharva's first wife died in 1940. He and Gohar got married in 1951. Their years together were marked first by Gandharva's waning power as an artist and later by poverty. Bal Gandharva died in July 1967. --> | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* [https://chandrakantha.com/biodata/gauhar_jan.html Biography of Gauhar Jahan] by [[David Courtney]] | * [https://chandrakantha.com/biodata/gauhar_jan.html Biography of Gauhar Jahan] by [[David Courtney]] | ||
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[[Category:1930 deaths]] | [[Category:1930 deaths]] | ||
[[Category:Hindustani singers]] | [[Category:Hindustani singers]] | ||
[[Category:Indian | [[Category:Indian women classical singers]] | ||
[[Category:Kathak exponents]] | [[Category:Kathak exponents]] | ||
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]] | [[Category:Singers from Kolkata]] | ||
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[[Category:19th-century Indian singers]] | [[Category:19th-century Indian singers]] | ||
[[Category:Women Hindustani musicians]] | [[Category:Women Hindustani musicians]] | ||
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]] | [[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]] | ||
[[Category:19th-century Indian women artists]] | [[Category:19th-century Indian women artists]] | ||
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]] | [[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]] | ||
[[Category:19th-century Indian women singers]] | [[Category:19th-century Indian women singers]] | ||
[[Category:People from Azamgarh]] | [[Category:People from Azamgarh]] | ||
[[Category:Singers in British India]] | |||
[[Category:Dancers in British India]] | |||