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{{Short description|Tomb of the Mughal Emperor Humayun in Delhi, India}} | |||
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date= June 2016}} | |||
{{Infobox historic building | |||
| name = Humayun's Tomb | |||
| image = Tomb of Humayun, Delhi.jpg | |||
| image_size = | |||
| caption =Panoramic view of mosque in the daylight | |||
| map_type = India New Delhi | |||
| map_caption = Location of Humayun's Tomb in Delhi | |||
| building_type = Tomb | |||
| architectural_style = [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] | |||
| location = Mathura road, [[Nizamuddin East]], Delhi, India | |||
| coordinates = {{coord|28|35|35.8|N|77|15|02.5|E|region:IN-DL|display=inline,title}} | |||
| groundbreaking_date = 1557 | |||
| architect = Mirak Mirza Ghiyath | |||
Sayyed Muhammad | |||
| website = | |||
| embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | |||
| child = yes | |||
| official_name = Humayun's Tomb, Delhi | |||
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (iv)}}(ii), (iv) | |||
| ID = 232bis | |||
| year = 1993 | |||
| extension = 2016 | |||
| area = {{convert|27.04|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}} | |||
| buffer_zone = {{convert|53.21|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}} | |||
}} | |||
| references = | |||
}} | |||
== | '''Humayun's tomb''' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: ''Maqbara-i Humayun'') is the tomb of [[Humayun]] in Delhi, India.<ref name="Burke">{{cite book|last=Burke|first=S. M.|title=Akbar, the Greatest Mogul|year=1989|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|page=191}}</ref> The tomb was commissioned by Humayun's first wife and chief consort, Empress Bega Begum under her patronage<ref>{{cite book|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|title=The Mughal world : Life in India's Last Golden Age|url=https://archive.org/details/mughalworldlifei00eral|url-access=limited|year=2007|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0143102625|page=[https://archive.org/details/mughalworldlifei00eral/page/n374 369]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Vincent Arthur|title=Akbar: The Great Mogul 1542–1605|year=1919|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|page=125}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Henderson|first=Carol E.|title=Culture and Customs of India|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0313305139|page=90}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Humayun's Tomb, Delhi |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/232/ |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref name="mau">{{cite news|title=Mausoleum that Humayun never built|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/28/stories/2003042800730200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206210414/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/28/stories/2003042800730200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 6, 2007|access-date=31 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=April 28, 2003}}</ref> in 1558, and designed by Mirak Mirza Ghiyas and his son, Sayyid Muhammad,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archnet.org/sites/1567|title=Humayun's Tomb|website=ArchNet|access-date=April 23, 2018}}</ref> Persian architects chosen by her.<ref name="Cherry" /><ref name="asi" /> It was the first garden-tomb on the [[Indian subcontinent]],<ref name="uno">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/232 Humayun's Tomb, Delhi] [[World Heritage Committee]], [[UNESCO]].</ref> and is located in [[Nizamuddin East]], Delhi, India, close to the ''[[Dina-panah]]'' Citadel, also known as ''[[Purana Qila, Delhi|Purana Qila]]'' (Old Fort), that Humayun found in 1538. It was also the first structure to use red sandstone at such a scale.<ref>[http://india.gov.in/knowindia/humayunstomb.php Humayun's Tomb] [[Govt. of India]] Portal.</ref><ref>[[:File:HTSign.jpg|Plaque at Humayun's Tomb Site]].</ref> The tomb was declared a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 1993,<ref name="uno" /> and since then has undergone extensive restoration work, which is complete.<ref>{{cite news | title = Facelift for Humayun | newspaper = The Indian Express | date = 19 September 2013 | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/facelift-for-humayun/1170991/ | access-date =23 September 2013 }}</ref> Besides the main tomb enclosure of Humayun, several smaller monuments dot the pathway leading up to it, from the main entrance in the West, including one that even pre-dates the main tomb itself, by twenty years; it is the tomb complex of [[Isa Khan Niyazi]], an [[Pashtun people|Afghan]] noble in [[Sher Shah Suri]]'s court of the [[Suri dynasty]], who fought against the Mughals, constructed in 1547 [[Common Era|CE]]. | ||
{{ | |||
The complex encompasses the main tomb of the Emperor Humayun, which houses the graves of Empress Bega Begum, Hajji Begum, and also [[Dara Shikoh]], great-great-grandson of Humayun and son of the later Emperor [[Shah Jahan]], as well as numerous other subsequent Mughals, including Emperor [[Jahandar Shah]], [[Farrukhsiyar]], [[Rafi Ul-Darjat]], [[Rafi Ud-Daulat]], [[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh]] and [[Alamgir II]].<ref name=del/><ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/m/019addor0001809u00000000.html Mausoleum of Humayun, Delhi] [[British Library]].</ref> It represented a leap in [[Mughal architecture]], and together with its accomplished [[Charbagh]] garden, typical of [[Persian gardens]], but never seen before in India, it set a precedent for subsequent Mughal architecture. It is seen as a clear departure from the fairly modest mausoleum of his father, the first Mughal Emperor, [[Babur]], called ''[[Bagh-e Babur]]'' (Gardens of Babur) in [[Kabul]] (Afghanistan). Though the latter was the first Emperor to start the tradition of being buried in a [[paradise garden]].<ref name=gar/><ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/h/019pho000000052u00018000.html Humayun's Tomb and gateway] [[British Library]].</ref> Modelled on ''[[Gur-e Amir]]'', the tomb of his ancestor and Asia's conqueror [[Timur]] in [[Samarkand]], it created a precedent for future Mughal architecture of royal [[mausolea]], which reached its zenith with the [[Taj Mahal]], at [[Agra]].<ref>[http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=8 Humayun's Tomb] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417204750/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=8 |date=17 April 2010 }} archnet.org.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qMqBvtL_nI0C&dq=Humayun%27s+Tomb&pg=PA316 Humayun's Tomb] ''Frommer's India'', by Pippa De Bruyn, Keith Bain, Niloufer Venkatraman, Shonar Joshi. Published by Frommer's, 2008. {{ISBN|0-470-16908-7}}. p. 316.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=iFILG_V4hOMC&dq=Humayun%27s+Tomb&pg=RA1-PA106 The Monuments at Delhi] ''World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India'', by Ali Javid, Tabassum Javeed. Algora Publishing, 2008. {{ISBN|0-87586-482-1}}. pp. 105–106.</ref> | |||
The site was chosen on the banks of Yamuna river, due to its proximity to [[Nizamuddin Dargah]], the mausoleum of the celebrated [[Sufi]] saint of Delhi, [[Nizamuddin Auliya]], who was much revered by the rulers of Delhi, and whose residence, ''Chilla Nizamuddin Auliya'' lies just north-east of the tomb. In later Mughal history, the last Mughal Emperor, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] took refuge here, during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], along with three princes, and was captured by [[William Stephen Raikes Hodson|Captain Hodson]] before being exiled to Rangoon.<ref name=asi>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_humayuntomb.asp Humayun's Tomb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410041137/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_humayuntomb.asp |date=10 April 2009 }} [[Archaeological Survey of India]].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1857/dec/11/the-ex-king-of-delhi-question#S3V0148P0-01950|title=The Ex-king of Delhi – Question. (Hansard, 11 December 1857)|website=hansard.millbanksystems.com}}</ref> At the time of the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Slave Dynasty]] this land was under the 'KiloKheri Fort' which was capital of [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad|Sultan Qaiqabad]], son of [[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan|Nasiruddin]] (1268–1287). | |||
The [[Tombs of Battashewala Complex]] lie in the buffer zone of the World Heritage Site of the Humayun Tomb Complex; the two complexes are separated by a small road but enclosed within their own separate compound wall.<ref name="Bara">{{cite web|url=http://archnet.org/sites/10123|title= Batashewala Complex Conservation|access-date=15 June 2015|publisher=Archnet}}</ref> | |||
==History== | |||
[[File:Emperor Humayun.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Mughal Emperor]], [[Humayun]] r. 1508–1556]] | |||
[[File:"Capture of the King of Delhi by Captain Hodson".jpg|thumb|Capture of the last Mughal emperor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] and his sons by [[William Stephen Raikes Hodson|William Hodson]] at Humayun's tomb in September 1857]] | |||
After his death on 27 January 1556, Humayun's body was first buried in his palace in Purana Quila at Delhi. Thereafter it was taken to [[Sirhind]], in [[Punjab]] by Khanjar Beg and, in 1558, it was seen by Humayun's son, the then Mughal Emperor, [[Akbar]]. Akbar subsequently visited the tomb in 1571, when it was about to be completed.<ref name="mur">[[D. Fairchild Ruggles|Ruggles, D. Fairchild]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Jg3AAAAIAAJ&dq=Humayun%27s+Tomb&pg=PA133 Humayun's Tomb] ''Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture'', by Oleg Grabar. [[Brill Publishers]], 1988. {{ISBN|90-04-08155-0}}. pp. 133–140.</ref><ref name="cam">{{Cite book |last1=Asher |first1=Catherine Blanshard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&dq=Humayun's+Tomb&pg=PA46 |title=Architecture of Mughal India |last2=Asher |first2=Catherine Ella Blanshard |last3=Asher |first3=Catherine B. |date=1992-09-24 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26728-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=sp>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lu5jGGQ8fJkC&dq=Humayun%27s+Tomb&pg=PA39 Humayun's Tomb] ''Speaking stones: world cultural heritage sites in India'', by Bill Aitken. Dept. of Tourism. Published by Eicher Goodearth Limitedjsbbfjipppnshthe house, 2001. {{ISBN|81-87780-00-2}}. pp. 45–47.</ref> | |||
The tomb of Humayun was built by the orders of his first wife and chief consort, Empress [[Bega Begum]] (also known as Haji Begum). Construction began in 1565 and was completed in 1572; it cost 1.5 million rupees,<ref name=asi/> paid entirely by the Empress.<ref>{{cite book|last=Aziz|first=K. K.|title=The Meaning of Islamic Art : Explorations in Religious Symbolism and Social Relevance|year=2004|publisher=Adam Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-8174353979|page=510}}</ref> Bega Begum had been so grieved over her husband's death that she had thenceforth dedicated her life to a sole purpose: the construction of a memorial to him than would be the most magnificent mausoleum in the Empire, at a site near the [[Yamuna River]] in Delhi.<ref name="Takeo">{{cite web |last1=Kamiya |first1=Takeo |title=Humayun's Tomb in Delhi |url=http://www.kamit.jp/02_unesco/12_humayun/hum_eng.htm |access-date=27 January 2017 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |quote=In 1565 the previous queen of the Mughal Dynasty, Haji Begum, ordered the construction of the largest and the most splendid mausoleum in the empire for her late ill-fated husband, Humayun, near to the Yamuna River.}}</ref> According to ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'', a 16th-century detailed document written during the reign of Akbar, Bega Begum supervised the construction of the tomb after returning from [[Mecca]] and undertaking the ''[[Hajj]]'' pilgrimage.<ref>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D07701010%26ct%3D0 Haji Begum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802030308/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D07701010%26ct%3D0 |date=2 August 2010 }} [[Ain-i-Akbari]]. "He (Qa´sim 'Ali´ Khan) was employed to settle the affairs of Hájí Begum, daughter of the brother of Humáyún's mother (tagháí zádah i wálidah i Jannat-ástání), who after her return from Makkah had been put in charge of Humáyún's tomb in Dihlí, where she died."</ref> | |||
According to [[Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni]], one of the few contemporary historians to mention construction of the tomb, it was designed by the Persian architect Mirak Mirza Ghiyas (also referred to as Mirak Ghiyathuddin), who was selected by the Empress and brought from [[Herat]] (northwest [[Afghanistan]]); he had previously designed several buildings in Herat, [[Bukhara]] (now Uzbekistan), and others elsewhere in India.<ref name=Cherry>{{cite book|first=Gayatri|last=Sinha|chapter=Women Artists in India: Practice and Patronage|editor-last1=Cherry|editor-first1=Deborah|editor-last2=Helland|editor-first2=Janice|title=Local/global : Women Artists in the Nineteenth Century|year=2005|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0754631972|page=70}}</ref> Ghiyas died before the structure was completed and it was completed by his son, Sayyed Muhammad ibn Mirak Ghiyathuddin.<ref name=mur/><ref name=cam/> | |||
An English merchant, William Finch, who visited the tomb in 1611, describes rich interior furnishing of the central chamber (in comparison to the sparse look today). He mentions the presence of rich carpets, as well as a ''shamiana'', a small tent above the cenotaph, which was covered with a pure white sheet, and with copies of the [[Quran]] in front along with Humayun's sword, turban and shoes.<ref name=sp/> | |||
The fortunes of the once famous [[Charbagh]] (Four-gardens) made of four squares separated by four promenades, radiating from a central reflection pool. It spread over 13 hectares surrounding the monument, changed repeatedly over the years after its construction. The capital had already shifted to Agra in 1556, and the decline of the Mughals accelerated the decay of the monument and its features, as the expensive upkeep of the garden proved impossible. By the early 18th century, the once lush gardens were replaced by vegetable garden of people who had settled within the walled area. However, the capture of the last Mughal emperor, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] together with the premises, and his subsequent sentencing to exile, along with execution of his three sons, meant that the monument's worst days lay ahead, as the [[British Raj|British]] took over Delhi completely. In 1860, the Mughal design of the garden was replanted to a more [[English garden]]-style, with circular beds replacing the fours central water pools on the axial pathways and trees profusely planted in flowerbeds. This fault was corrected in the early 20th century, when on [[Viceroy of India|Viceroy]] [[Lord Curzon]]'s orders the original gardens were restored in a major restoration project between 1903 and 1909, which also included lining the plaster channels with sandstone; a 1915 planting scheme added emphasis to the central and diagonal axis by lining it with trees, though some trees were also planted on the platform originally reserved for tents.<ref name=gar>[http://www.archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/9361/doc/DPC1436.pdf A Tomb Brought to Life] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226221514/http://archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/9361/doc/DPC1436.pdf |date=26 February 2006 }} by [[Ratish Nanda]] ''Historic Gardens Review'' Number 13. London: The Historic Gardens Foundation, 2003.</ref> | |||
In 1882, the official curator of ancient monuments in India published his first report, which mentioned that the main garden was let out to various cultivators; amongst them till late were the royal descendants, who grew cabbage and tobacco in it.<ref>{{cite book|title=Preservation of National Monuments – First Report of the Curator of Ancient Monuments in India for the year 1881–82|url=https://archive.org/stream/preservationnat02colegoog#page/n56/mode/2up|year=1882|publisher=The Government Central Branch Press, Simla |page=xxvii}}</ref> | |||
In Ronaldshay's biography of Lord Curzon a letter is quoted from Lord Curzon to his wife in April 1905: "You remember Humayun's tomb? I had the garden restored, the water channels dug out and refilled and the whole place restored to its pristine beauty. I went to England last summer and, the eye of the master being away, the whole place has been allowed to revert. The garden has been let to a native and is now planted with turnips and the work of four years is thrown away! I shall drive out there, and woe betide the deputy commissioner whose apathy has been responsible." | |||
During the [[Partition of India]], in August 1947 the [[Purana Qila]] together with Humayun's Tomb, became major refugee camps for Muslims migrating to the newly founded Pakistan, and was later managed by the government of India. These camps stayed open for about five years, and caused considerable damage not only to the extensive gardens, but also to the water channels and the principal structures. The camps were raided many times by [[jatha]]s which caused vandalism to occur during the early partition days in 1947. Eventually, to avoid vandalism, the cenotaphs within the mausoleum were encased in brick. In the coming years, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) took on responsibility for the preservation of heritage monuments in India, and gradually the building and its gardens were restored. Until 1985, four unsuccessful attempts were made to reinstate the original water features.<ref name=gar/><ref>{{cite book |title= The long partition and the making of modern South Asia: refugees, boundaries, histories|last=Zamindar |first=Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali |year=2007|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-13846-8 |page= 34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfhqQLr96VgC&q=Purana+Qila&pg=PA34}}</ref> | |||
An important phase in the restoration of the complex began around 1993, when the monument was declared a World Heritage Site. This brought new interest to its restoration, and a detailed research and excavation process began under the aegis of the Aga Khan Trust and the ASI. This culminated in 2003, when much of the complex and gardens were restored, with the historic fountains running once again after several centuries of disuse. The restoration has been a continuous process ever since, with subsequent phases addressing various aspects and monuments of the complex.<ref name=gar/> | |||
==Architecture== | |||
[[File:Humayuns Tomb Plan with Scale For Wikipedia.svg|thumb|Floor plan of tomb structure of Humayun's Tomb]] | |||
[[File:Humayun tomb interior.jpg|thumb|Humayun's cenotaph]] | |||
[[File:Roof of entrance of Humayun's tomb.jpg|thumb|Ceiling of entrance chamber inside]] | |||
[[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Turkic and Mughal rule]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] also introduced [[Central Asian architecture|Central Asian]] and [[Persian architecture|Persian]] styles of [[Islamic architecture]] in the region, and by the late 12th century early monuments in this style were appearing in and around Delhi, the capital of [[Delhi Sultanate]]. Starting with the [[Turkish peoples|Turkic]] [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Slave dynasty]] which built the [[Qutb Minar]] (1192) and its adjacent [[Qutb complex#Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque|Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque]] (1193 CE). [[North India]] was successively ruled by foreign dynasties in the coming centuries, giving rise to the [[Indo-Islamic architecture]]. While the prevailing style of architecture was [[Trabeated|trabeate]], employing pillars, [[Beam (structure)|beam]]s and [[lintel]]s, this brought in the [[Arch|arcuate]] style of construction, with its [[arch]]es and beams, which flourished under Mughal patronage and by incorporating elements of Indian architecture, especially [[Rajasthani architecture]] including decorative [[corbel]] brackets, balconies, [[pendentive]] decorations and indeed kiosks or [[chhatri]]s, to develop a distinct [[Mughal architecture]] style, which was to become a lasting legacy of the Mughal rule.<ref name=at/> The combination of red sandstone and white marble was previously seen in [[Delhi Sultanate]] period tombs and mosques, most distinctively in the highly decorative [[Alai Darwaza]] gatehouse in the [[Qutub complex]], [[Mehrauli]], built in 1311, under the [[Khalji dynasty]].<ref name=tc/> | |||
[[File:Humayun's Tomb Garden Enclosure Plan.svg|thumb|Humayun's Tomb Garden Enclosure Plan]] | |||
The high rubble built enclosure is entered through two lofty double-storeyed gateways on the west and south, 16 metres high with rooms on either side of the passage and small courtyards on the upper floors. The tomb, built of [[rubble masonry]] and red sandstone, uses white marble as a [[Cladding (construction)|cladding]] material and also for the flooring, lattice screens ([[jaali]]s), door frames, [[eaves]] ([[chhajja]]), and the main dome. It stands on a vaulted terrace eight metres high and spread over 12,000m<sup>2</sup>. It is essentially square in design, though [[chamfer]]ed on the edges to appear octagonal, to prepare ground for the design of the interior structure. The [[plinth]] made with rubble core has fifty-six cells all around and houses over 100 gravestones. The entire base structure is on a raised platform, a few steps high.<ref name=mur/> | |||
Inspired by [[Persian architecture]]; the tomb reaches a height of {{convert|47|m}} and the plinth is {{convert|91|m}} wide, and was the first Indian building to use the Persian double dome on a high neck drum, and measures {{convert|42.5|m}}, and is topped by {{convert|6|m}} high brass [[finial]] ending in a [[crescent]], common in [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] tombs. The double or 'double-layered' dome, has an outer layer that supports the white marble exterior, while the inner part gives shape to the cavernous interior volume. In a contrast to the pure white exterior dome, the rest of the building is made up of red [[sandstone]], with white and black marble and yellow sandstone detailing, to relieve the monotony.<ref>{{cite web|title=Revitalisation of the Gardens of Emperor Humayun's Tomb (completed 2003)|url=http://www.akdn.org/india_humayun.asp|publisher=AKDN|access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref> | |||
The symmetrical and simple design on the exterior is in sharp contrast with the complex interior floor plan, of the inner chambers, which is a square ninefold plan, where eight two-storied vaulted chambers radiate from the central, double-height domed chamber. It can be entered through an imposing entrance ''[[iwan]]'' (high arc) on the south, which is slightly recessed, while other sides are covered with intricate ''[[jaali]]s'', stone latticework. Underneath this white dome in a domed chamber (hujra), lies the central octagonal [[sepulcher]], the burial chamber containing a single [[cenotaph]], that of the second [[Mughal Emperor]], [[Humayun]]. The cenotaph is aligned on the north-south axis, as per Islamic tradition, wherein the head is placed to the north, while the face is turned sideways towards [[Mecca]]. The real burial chamber of the Emperor, however, lies in an underground chamber, exactly beneath the upper cenotaph, accessible through a separate passage outside the main structure, which remains mostly closed to visiting public. This burial technique along with ''[[pietra dura]]'', a marble and even stone [[inlay]] ornamentation in numerous geometrical and arabesque patterns, seen all around the facade is an important legacy of Indo-Islamic architecture, and flourished in many later mausolea of the [[Mughal Empire]], like the [[Taj Mahal]], which also features twin cenotaphs and exquisite ''pietra dura'' craftsmanship.<ref name=at>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_humayuntomb_char.asp World Heritage Sites – Humayun's Tomb: Characteristics of Indo-Islamic architecture] [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).</ref> | |||
The main chamber also carries the symbolic element, a ''[[mihrab]]'' design over the central marble lattice or ''jaali'', facing [[Mecca]] in the West. Instead of the traditional [[Sura 24|Surah 24]], [[An-Noor]] of [[Quran]] being inscribed on the mihrabs, this one is just an outline allowing light to enter directly into the chamber, from ''[[Qibla]]'' or the direction of Mecca, thus elevating the status of the Emperor above his rivals and closer to divinity.<ref name=mur/> | |||
This chamber with its high ceiling is encompassed by four main octagonal chambers on two floors, set at the diagonals with arched lobbies leading to them also connecting them. There are four auxiliary chambers in between, suggesting that the tomb was built as a dynastic mausoleum. Collectively the concept of eight side chambers not only offers passage for [[circumambulation]] of the main cenotaph, a practice common in Sufism and also visible in many Mughal imperial mausoleums, it also reflects the concept of Paradise in [[Islamic cosmology]]. Each of the main chambers has, in turn, eight more, smaller chambers radiating from them, and thus the symmetrical ground plan reveals itself to contain 124 [[Vault (architecture)|vaulted]] chambers in all. Many smaller chambers too, contain cenotaphs of other members of the Mughal royal family and nobility, all within main walls of the tomb. Prominent among them cenotaphs of Hamida Begum herself are there alongside [[Dara Shikoh]]. In all there are over 100 graves within the entire complex, including many on the first level terrace, earning it the name "Dormitory of the [[Mughals]]". Since the graves are not inscribed their identification remains uncertain.<ref name=del/><ref name=cam/> | |||
The building was the first to use its unique combination of red sandstone and white marble, and includes several elements of [[Indian architecture]], like the small canopies or ''[[chhatri]]s'' surrounding the central dome, popular in [[Rajasthani architecture]] and which were originally covered with blue tiles.<ref name=del>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rrdm_XMAiIYC&dq=Humayun%27s+Tomb&pg=PA29 Delhi – Humayun's Tomb and Adjacent Building] ''Delhi Through Ages'', by S. R. Bakshi. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 1995. {{ISBN|81-7488-138-7}}. pp. 29–35.</ref><ref name=cam/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waugh |first=Daniel C. |title=Humayun's tomb, Delhi |url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/india/delhi/humayun/humayun.html |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=depts.washington.edu}}</ref> | |||
{{Clear}} | |||
==''Char Bagh''== | |||
While the main tomb took over eight years to build, it was also placed in centre of a {{convert|30|acre|m2|adj=on}} [[Charbagh]], a [[Persian gardens|Persian-style garden]] with a quadrilateral layout. It was the first of its kind in South Asia on such a scale.<ref name="mur" /> The highly geometrical and enclosed [[Paradise garden]] is divided into four squares by paved walkways (khiyabans) and two bisecting central water channels, reflecting the four rivers that flow in ''[[jannat]]'', the [[Islamic]] concept of paradise. Each of the four square is further divided into 8 smaller gardens with pathways, creating 32 miniature gardens in all (with the mausoleum in the centre), a design typical of later [[Mughal gardens]]. The central water channels appear to be disappearing beneath the tomb structure and reappearing on the other side in a straight line, suggesting a Quranic verse which talks of rivers flowing beneath the 'Garden of Paradise'.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wnKiKy9_2u4C&dq=Humayun%27s+Tomb&pg=PA179 Mughul Tomb Gardens]''The poetics of gardens'', by Charles Willard Moore, William J. Mitchell. MIT Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-262-63153-9}}. p. 17.</ref><ref name=cam/> | |||
Standing in the center at the place where the main axes intersect, the tomb is similar in form and position to a garden pavilion. But here it marks the place where the body of the deceased ruler rests. "The garden is about sovereignty, and the mausoleum is about dynasty. When the mausoleum is implanted in a garden, as it is at Humayun's tomb, sovereignty and dynasty are combined in a teleological statement that the king is king as he always has been and always will be."<ref name="mur" /> | |||
The entire tomb and the garden is enclosed within high rubble walls on three sides. The fourth side was meant to be the river Yamuna, which has since shifted course away from the structure. The central walkways terminate at two gates: a main one in the southern wall, and a smaller one in the western wall. It has two double-storey entrances; the West gate is used now, while the South gate, which was used during Mughal era, is now closed. Aligned at the centre on the eastern wall lies a ''baradari'', which is a building or room with twelve doors designed to allow the free draught of air through it. On the northern wall lies a ''[[Turkish bath|hammam]]'', a bath chamber.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tom Turner|title=Garden History: Philosophy and Design|year=2005|url=https://archive.org/details/gardenhistoryphi00turn|url-access=limited|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0415317498|page=[https://archive.org/details/gardenhistoryphi00turn/page/n173 163]}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Tomb of Barber(Nai Ka Gumbad).jpg|thumb|Tomb of Barber (Nai Ka Gumbad)]] | |||
[[File:Chillah Nizamuddin.jpg|thumb|Chillah Nizamuddin]] | |||
==Other monuments== | |||
[[File:Isha Khan Niyazi's tomb - Delhi 297 HT.jpg|right|thumb|[[Isa Khan Niyazi]]'s Tomb, dating 1547]] | |||
'''[[Tomb of Isa Khan|Tomb and mosque of Isa Khan]]:''' Several monuments dot the pathway leading up to the tomb enclosure from the main entrance in the West. Prominent among them is one that pre-dates the main tomb itself, by twenty years. Constructed in 1547 CE, it is the tomb complex of [[Isa Khan Niyazi]], an [[Pashtun people|Afghan]] noble in [[Sher Shah Suri]]'s court of the [[Suri dynasty]], who fought against the Mughals. The octagonal tomb is positioned within an octagonal garden, which was built during his own lifetime and the reign of [[Islam Shah Suri]], son of Sher Shah. It later served as a burial place for the entire family of Isa Khan. On the western side of the tomb lies a three-bay wide mosque, in red sandstone. The octagonal tomb bears a striking resemblance to other tombs of the [[Sur dynasty]] monuments in the [[Lodhi Gardens]], in Delhi and demonstrates a marked progression in the development of the exquisite architectural style of the main tomb. Some of the architectural details present here were seen later in the main Humayun's tomb, though on a much grander scale, such as the tomb being placed in a walled garden enclosure.<ref name=tc/><ref>[http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=11 Isa Khan Niyazi Tomb Complex] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311111642/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=11 |date=11 March 2007 }} archnet.org.</ref> | |||
[[File:Bu Halima's Garden and Tomb view.jpg|right|thumb|Bu Halima's Garden and tomb view]] | |||
'''Bu Halima's Tomb and Garden:''' When entering the complex from the West, visitor's first enter a garden complex, known as Bu Halima's Garden, though little is known about her, and since the tomb or the raised platform where it once stood is not at the centre, it appears to be a later addition.<ref name=tc/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/ctsnow/202431441/|title=Bu-Halima's Garden and Tomb on the grounds of Humayun's Tomb complex}}</ref> | |||
'''[[Afsarwala Tomb Complex|Afsarwala Tomb and mosque]]:''' Standing southwest end of the complex, lies the ''Afsarwala'' tomb, dedicated to an unknown person. One of the marble graves inside the tomb is dated 1566-67 CE. The mosque itself can be dated to the same period judging from its siting, standing as it does adjacent to the tomb, rather than away from it.<ref name=tc/> | |||
'''[[Arab Serai]]:''' Literally meaning the ''[[Caravanserai|sarai]]'' (resthouse) for the horses, the structure stands adjacent to the Afsarwala mosque and was built by [[Bega Begum]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Banerji|first=S.K.|title=Humayun Badshah|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.511547|year=1938|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=232}}</ref> around 1560-1561 CE, ostensibly built for the craftsmen who came for the construction work. It could accommodate 300 Arabas. (in Persian ارابه means:[[Cart]] or [[Gari (vehicle)]]). | |||
[[File:Nila Gumbad, Delhi.jpg|right|thumb|''Nila Gumbad'' ca 1625–6, built by courtier [[Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana]], for his servant Fahim Khan]] | |||
'''[[Nila Gumbad]]:''' Standing outside the boundary of the complex is the tomb known as ''Nila Burj'' (now known as ''Nila Gumbad'') or 'Blue Dome', so called because it carries striking blue glazed tiles. It was built by [[Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana]], son of [[Bairam Khan]] also a courtier in [[Mughal Emperor]], [[Akbar]]'s court, for his servant Miyan Fahim. Fahim, who not only grew up with his son, but later also died alongside one of Rahim's own sons, Feroze Khan, while fighting against the rebellion of Mughal general [[Mahabat Khan]] in 1625–26, during the reign of [[Jahangir]].<ref>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702051%26ct%3D237%26rqs%3D302%26rqs%3D309%26rqs%3D310 Miyan Fahim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007092053/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702051%26ct%3D237%26rqs%3D302%26rqs%3D309%26rqs%3D310 |date=7 October 2016 }} [[Ain-i-Akbari]].</ref> | |||
This structure is known for its unique architecture, as it is octagonal on the outside while square within; its ceiling is decorated with painted and incised plaster, it has a high neck dome and shows a conspicuous absence of a double dome feature, common to tombs of the period. | |||
'''Chillah Nizamuddin Aulia:''' Believed to be the residence of patron saint of Delhi, [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] (d. 1325), is located just outside the main complex, near the northeastern corner of the principal mausoleum and is an example of [[Tughlaq]] period architecture. | |||
Yet further away from the tomb complex, lie Mughal-period monuments, ''Bada Bateshewala Mahal'', the tomb of Muzaffar Husain Mirza, the grand nephew of Humayun, built 1603–04 on platform with five arches on each side, has its interior walls decorated with incised and painted [[Plasterwork|plaster]]; the ''Chote Bateshewala Mahal'' once an arcaded octagonal building with a domed ceiling and stone ''jaalis''. Both these monument now lie inside a commercial area facing the complex's parking lot.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi's Belly: Unknown city|url=http://www.livemint.com/2011/04/01205634/Delhi8217s-Belly--Unkown-c.html |newspaper=[[Live Mint]] |date=1 April 2011}}</ref> Another period structure is ''Barapula'', a bridge with 12 piers and 11 arched openings, built in 1621 by Mihr Banu Agha, the chief eunuch of [[Jahangir]]'s court.<ref>{{cite web |title= Bridge to the past|url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Bridge-to-the-past/488135/|date=12 July 2009 |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |access-date=3 August 2009}}</ref> | |||
'''Barber's Tomb:''' | |||
Towards the south-east corner, within the Char Bagh, lies a tomb known as ''Nai-ka-Gumbad'', or Barber's Tomb, belonging to royal [[barber]], it is datable to 1590-91 CE, through an inscription found inside. Its proximity to the main tomb and the fact that it is the only other structure within the main tomb complex suggests its importance, however, there are no inscriptions suggesting as to who is interred therein, the name Barbers tomb is the local name of the structure, hence still in use.<ref name=tc>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_humayuntomb_complex.asp World Heritage Sites – Humayun's Tomb: Tomb Complex] [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI). retrieved-31 May 2010.</ref> | |||
The tomb stands on a raised platform, reached by seven steps from the south, it has a square plan and consists of a single compartment covered with a double-dome. Inside lie two graves each inscribed with verses from the Quran. Also, one of the graves is inscribed with figure 999 which may stand for the [[Hijra year]] 1590–91. However, in an 1820 watercolour now at ''[[British Library]]'', the [[Persian language|Persian]] caption beneath the structure reads, ''Maqbarah-i-Kokah'' i.e. "Tomb of Kaka", and Kokah or Kaka in Persian stand for [[foster-brother]] (mirak brother), Mirak (a Persian title as sir) though the identity of the person remains unknown, and it might be (incorrectly) referring to another nearby monument in the [[Chausath Khamba]] complex, the [[tomb of Ataga Khan]], the foster brother of Humayun, which lies in [[Nizamuddin West]] area and not to the east of the Humayun's tomb.<ref name=bl2>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/m/019addor0001809u00000000.html Mausoleum of Humayun, Delhi] ''[[British Library]]''</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120717142637/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.5.steingass.1099751 Koka] ''[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/steingass/ Koka] ''A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary''.</ref><ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1200_1299/nizamuddin/chaunsat/chaunsat.html Old images of Chausath Khamba] ''[[Columbia University]]''</ref> | |||
{{Clear}} | |||
==Tombs in Monument== | |||
* [[Humayun|Nasiruddin Muhammad Humayun]] | |||
* [[Hamida Banu Begum]] | |||
* [[Bega Begum]] | |||
* [[Murad Mirza (son of Akbar)|Shahzada Murad Mirza]] | |||
* [[Dara Shikoh|Shahzada Dara Shikoh]] | |||
* [[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh|Shahzada Kam Baksh]] | |||
* [[Bidar Bakht|Shahzada Bidar Bakht]] | |||
* [[Jahandar Shah|Muizuddin Muhammad Jahandar Shah]] | |||
* [[Farrukhsiyar|Muinuddin Muhammad Farrukhsiyar]] | |||
* [[Azim-ush-Shan|Shahzada Azim-ush-Shaan Mirza]] | |||
* [[Rafi-ush-Shan|Shahzada Rafi-ush-Shaan Mirza]] | |||
* [[Jahan Shah (Mughal prince)|Shahzada Jahan Shah Mirza]] | |||
* Shahzada Humayun Mirza | |||
* [[Rafi ud-Darajat]] | |||
* [[Shah Jahan II|Rafi ud-Daulah]] | |||
* [[Alamgir II|Azizuddin Muhammad Alamgir II]] | |||
==Restoration== | |||
[[File:Restoration work at Humayun's tomb, Delhi, 2008.jpg|left|thumb|Restoration work at Humayun's tomb, required removal of 3000 truckloads (12,000 cubic meters) of earth, and special chute installed at the back, from the roof (2008)]] | |||
Before the restoration work was undertaken, [[vandalism]] and illegal encroachments were rampant at the site of the tomb, presenting a serious danger to the preservation of this invaluable treasure. At the main entrance of Humayun's Tomb, dingy stalls had been put up under a very corrupt system of municipal patronage known as ''tehbazari'', and all sorts of heavy vehicles were allowed to be parked illegally in these open spaces. On the Nila Gumbad side was a huge citadel of India's vote bank politics{{snd}}thousands of "slum dwellers" were kept by an influential section of the political leadership to serve as "bonded voters" during elections. The environment of the dargah of Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya had also been ruthlessly degraded and the holy tank had become a messy cesspool. | |||
Restoration work by the [[Aga Khan Trust for Culture]] (AKTC), in collaboration with [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), began around 1999 after research work, which started in 1997, and was completed in March 2003. Around 12 hectares of lawns were replanted, and over 2500 trees and plants, including mango, lemon, neem, hibiscus and jasmine cuttings, were planted in the gardens. Installation of a new water circulation system for the walkway channels was also undertaken. To ensure that water flowed naturally through the channels and pools on the 12-hectare (30 acre) site without the aid of hydraulic systems, the water channels were re-laid to an exacting grade of one centimetre every 40 metres (1:4000 slope). This eventually enabled water to flow through the watercourses in the gardens, and dormant fountains to start functioning once again. Other tasks in this mammoth restoration project included setting up a [[rainwater harvesting]] system using 128 ground water recharge pits, and desilting and revitalising old wells that were discovered during the restoration work.<ref>[[:File:Environmental Development at Humayuns Tomb, Delhi.jpg|Plaque about the Experimental development at Humayun's Tomb, Delhi, 2000-2003.]]</ref><ref>[http://www.akdn.org/agency/aktc_humayun.html Revitalisation of the Humayun's Tomb Gardens – AKTC] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204213614/http://www.akdn.org/agency/aktc_humayun.html |date=4 December 2004 }} [[Aga Khan Trust for Culture]] website.</ref> This was first a privately funded collaborative effort under the aegis of the National Cultural Fund (NCF) by the ASI. Funding included a sum of $650,000 from the Aga Khan Trust for Culture of [[Aga Khan IV|His Highness the Aga Khan]], with help from the Oberoi Hotels Group.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040225055805/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/29/stories/2004012900250300.htm ...Aga Khan Trust for Culture and help from the Oberoi Hotels Group] [[The Hindu]], 29 January 2004</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19991118/ige18138.html Trust's research on Humayun's Tomb over, project to begin] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514075717/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19991118/ige18138.html |date=14 May 2011 }} [[Indian Express]], 18 November 1999.</ref><ref>[http://www.archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/8641/doc/DPC1249.pdf Humayun Tomb Gardens Revitalisation, 2000s] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226203616/http://archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/8641/doc/DPC1249.pdf |date=26 February 2006 }} Archnet.org.</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/29/magazine/on-the-verge-a-mughal-splendor-regained.html?pagewanted=1 A Mughal Splendor Regained] By [[Celia W. Dugger]]. [[New York Times]], 29 September 2002.</ref> In addition, AKTC is conducting a more significant restoration at [[Bagh-e Babur|Babur's tomb]], the resting place of Humayun's father in [[Kabul]]. | |||
After the restoration work, the conditions in and around this complex underwent a sea-change. All the stalls and other intrusions were removed and the monuments and green spaces restored. Elegant gardens now surround the monuments, adding to their dignity and grace. When illuminated at night, the monument looks truly magnificent. | |||
In 2009, as a part of the ongoing restoration work, the ASI and AKTC, after months of manual work using hand-tools, removed from the roof a thick layer of cement concrete that had been exerting pressure of about 1,102 tons on the structure. The cement concrete was originally laid in the 1920s to prevent water seepage, and led to a blockage in water passages. Subsequently, each time there was leakage, a fresh layer of cement was added, leading to an accumulated thickness of about 40 cm; this has now been replaced with a traditional lime-based roof layer. In the next phase, similar treatment was given to the tomb's first ''chabutra'' (plinth), which was originally paved with large blocks of quartzite stone, some weighing over a 1,000 kg. In the 1940s, an uneven settlement in the lower plinth had been corrected by covering it with a layer of concrete, adding to the disfigurement of the original Mughal flooring, which matched with that at the West Gate.<ref>{{cite news |title= At Humayun's tomb, weight is off|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Delhi/At-Humayuns-tomb-weight-is-off/articleshow/4754636.cms|date=9 July 2009 |publisher=[[Times Of India]] |access-date=3 August 2009 |first1=Richi |last1=Verma}}</ref> | |||
==The Tomb in literature== | |||
[[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] published the poetical illustration ''The Tomb of Humaioon, Delhi'' in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833. This reflects on the scene and is based on an engraving of a painting by William Purser, showing a somewhat distant view of the tomb.<ref>{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833|url=https://digital.tcl.sc.edu/digital/collection/annuals/id/9643|section=poetical illustration|year=1832|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833|url=https://digital.tcl.sc.edu/digital/collection/annuals/id/9644|section=picture|year=1832|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref> | |||
==The mausoleum today== | |||
Ill thought out construction plans like The Delhi Government's plans in 2006–2007 to build a new tunnel to connect [[East Delhi]] to [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi]] in [[South Delhi]], and to widen the roads near the tomb for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] to connect [[National Highway 24 (India)|National Highway-24]] with [[Lodhi Road]], also posed a serious threat to the monument. Urban planners feared that the historic monument would not have been able to withstand the vibrations ensuing from the construction work in such close proximity. Finally, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] was able to halt the plans.<ref>{{cite news |title= Humayun's Tomb faces twin threats |url= http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/13/stories/2007061307570400.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070619082248/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/13/stories/2007061307570400.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 19 June 2007|date=13 June 2007 |access-date=3 August 2009 |work= [[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi govt passes Commonwealth road project |url= http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=44854|date= 18 August 2008|publisher=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=3 August 2009}}</ref> | |||
On 30 May 2014, the finial of the tomb was knocked off the dome by a heavy storm which struck the city.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vincent|first1=Pheroze L.|title=Heavy storm knocks finial off Humayun's Tomb|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/heavy-storm-knocks-finial-off-humayuns-tomb/article6071104.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref> On 19 April 2016, [[India]]'s Union Culture Minister Dr. [[Mahesh Sharma]] unveiled the restored finial of the monument.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=138999|title=Dr. Mahesh Sharma Unveils Gold Finial at Humayun's Tomb|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref> The original finial will be conserved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/gold-finial-at-humayuns-tomb-unveiled-2761366/|title=Gold finial at Humayun's Tomb unveiled|date=20 April 2016}}</ref> | |||
==Gallery== | |||
<!-- PLEASE DO NOT ADD FURTHER IMAGES HERE unless they are about an important building not featured here as yet, or ADD THEM AT COMMONS page, Thanks! --> | |||
<gallery widths="200" heights="200"> | |||
File:Humayun's Tomb, Delhi, India 2019.jpg | |||
File:Humayun's Tomb Monument.jpg| View of the Southwestern Corner of Humayun's Tomb | |||
File:Humayun's tomb by Shagil Kannur 2.jpg|A reflection | |||
File:The white marble dome and chhatris on the roof of Humayun's tomb.jpg| Six-pointed Stars on One of Humayun's Tomb's Pishtaqs | |||
File:Humayun Delhi 2.jpg|Cenotaphs of [[Hamida Banu Begum]], [[Dara Shikoh]] etc. in a side room | |||
File:Jaali or marble lattice screen showing a mihrab, from inside Humayun's tomb, Delhi.jpg| A jali mihrab indicates the qibla direction while one stands inside Humayun's cenotaph's chamber and looks to the west. | |||
File:Humayun's Tomb from the entrance, Delhi.jpg| Humayun's Tomb Seen from Inside the West Gate | |||
File:Details of Entrance portal into Humayuns Tomb, Delhi.jpg| The Western Facade of the West Gate at Humayun's Tomb | |||
File:Isa Khan's mosque, built ca 1547 AD, near Humayun's tomb.jpg|Isa Khan's mosque, across his tomb, also built ca 1547 CE, near Humayun's tomb | |||
File:Gateway into Arab Sarai, near Humayun's tomb complex, Delhi.jpg|Gateway into ''Araba Sarai'', south to the pathway towards Humayun's tomb | |||
File:Afsarwala tomb - Landscape view.JPG|Afsarwala tomb located near Humayun Tomb | |||
File:Humayun's Tomb, with the Barber's Tomb in the foreground, Delhi, 1858 photograph.jpg|Tomb of Humayun, with his barber's tomb (''Nai-ka-Gumbad'') in the foreground, Delhi (1858 photograph) | |||
File:Humayun's Tomb, Delhi. 1860.jpg|[[English garden]]-style roundabouts replaced the square central tanks of the [[Charbagh]] garden in 1860 | |||
File:Humayun's Tomb at night 04.jpg|Humayun's Tomb at night | |||
File:A side view of Humayun's Tomb.jpg|A side view of Humayun's Tomb | |||
</gallery> | |||
==See also== | |||
{{Portal|India|Architecture|Islam}} | |||
* [[Sunder Nursery]] | |||
* [[Sabz Burj]] | |||
* [[Aga Khan Historic Cities Support Programme]] | |||
* [[Tomb of Safdarjung]] | |||
* [[Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments]] | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
==Further reading== | |||
* {{cite book|last=Begum|first=Gulbadan |author-link=Gulbadan Begum|others=Annette S. Beveridge (trans.)|title=Humayun-nama :The history of Humayun|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofhumayun00gulbrich|year=1902|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society}} | |||
* {{cite book|last=Banerji|first=S K|title=Humayun Badshah|url=https://archive.org/details/humayunbadshah035068mbp|year=1938|publisher=Humphrey Milford Oxford University Press}} | |||
* {{cite book|last=Hearn|first=Gordon Risley|title=The Seven Cities of Delhi|url=https://archive.org/stream/sevencitiesofdel00hear#page/44/mode/2up/search/Kutb|year=1906|publisher=W. Thacker & Co., London|ref=He}} | |||
* ''Humayun's Tomb & adjacent monuments'', by Akbar Naqvi. Published by Archaeological Survey of India, 2002. {{ISBN|81-87780-08-8}}. | |||
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=rrdm_XMAiIYC&dq=Humayun%27s+Tomb&pg=PA29 Delhi – Humayun's Tomb and Adjacent Building] ''Delhi Through Ages'', by S. R. Bakshi. Published by Anmol Publications, 1995. {{ISBN|81-7488-138-7}}. pp. 29–47. | |||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041230061043/http://archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/3619/doc/dpt0841.pdf ''Orthodoxy, Innovation, and Revival: Considerations of the Past Imperial Mughal Tomb Architecture'' by Michael Brand. 1993] | |||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030819045519/http://archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/3590/doc/dpt0812.pdf ''Humayun's Tomb: Form, Function, and Meaning in Early Mughal Architecture'', by Glenn D. Lowry, 1987] | |||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100417204742/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7401 Humayun Tomb Gardens Revitalisation, 2000s, documents and videos] | |||
* Zohreh Bozorg-nia, ''Mimaran-i Iran''. {{ISBN|964-7483-39-2}}, 2004, p. 184. | |||
* ''Mughal Architecture of Delhi : A Study of Mosques and Tombs'' (1556–1627 A.D.), by Praduman K. Sharma, Sundeep, 2001, {{ISBN|81-7574-094-9}}. ''Chapt 10''. | |||
* ''Garden Tomb of Humayun: An Abode in Paradise'', by Neeru Misra and Tanay Misra, Published by Aryan Books International, Delhi, 2003 | |||
* [[Ruggles, D. Fairchild]]. 1997. Humayun's Tomb and Garden: Typologies and Visual Order. In Gardens in the Time of the Great Muslim Empires: Theory and Design. Attilio Petruccioli (ed). Leiden; New York: E.J. Brill | |||
==External links== | |||
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{{ | * {{Official|http://www.humayunstomb.com}} | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090410041137/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_humayuntomb.asp Humayun's Tomb] [[Archaeological Survey of India]] | |||
* [https://s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/mughalarch.com/outline.html Humayun's Tomb Bibliography with Linked Articles] | |||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044737/http://www.nri-connect.com/IndiaTravelTourism/Heritage-Indian-Sites.htm Compilation of Indian Heritage Sites] | |||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041204213614/http://www.akdn.org/agency/aktc_humayun.html AKTC revitalisation of the Humayun's Tomb Gardens] | |||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080308091920/http://www.delhi-tourism-india.com/forts-monuments/humayu-tomb.htm Humayun's Tomb on Delhi-Tourism-India.com] | |||
* | |||
* {{Osmway|220385654}} | |||
* [http://journeymart.com/de/india/delhi/new-delhi/humayun's-tomb.aspx Humayun's Tomb Best Time To Visit] | |||
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* [https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=28.593264,77.250602&q=28.593264,77.250602&spn=0.002209,0.00537&t=h Satellite picture by Google Maps] | |||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080503074921/http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/india/new-delhi/humayun-s-tomb/inside/sphere-quicktime.html Panoramic view on Humayun's Tomb at WHTour] | |||
* [http://www.fotopedia.com/reporter/stories/MgR6-JH9Ksf Humayun's Tomb slideshow] at [[Fotopedia]] | |||
<!-- *[http://www.shaarique.com/humayuns-tomb/ Pictures of the Humayun’s Tomb] personal collection of 3 images--> | |||
<!-- *[http://www.panoramio.com/photo/1012927 Photos linked to Google Earth] personal collection only few images, see commons for better ones--> | |||
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{{Humayun's Tomb complex}} | |||
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[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1572]] | |||
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]] | |||
[[Category:Mughal gardens in India]] | |||
[[Category:Mughal tombs]] | |||
[[Category:Sandstone buildings in India]] | |||
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Delhi]] | |||
[[Category:Mausoleums in Delhi]] | |||
[[Category:Aga Khan Trust for Culture projects]] | |||
[[Category:Landscape design history]] | |||
[[Category:Persian gardens in India]] | |||
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]] | |||
[[Category:Akbar]] | |||
[[Category:1572 establishments in India]] | |||
[[Category:1572 establishments in the Mughal Empire]] | |||
[[Category:Tombs in Delhi]] | |||