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| image = File:Qutb Minar 2011.jpg | | image = File:Qutb Minar 2011.jpg | ||
| image_size = 200px | | image_size = 200px | ||
| coordinates = {{Coord|28.524355|N|77.185248|E|region:IN-DL_type:landmark_scale:50|display=title}} | | coordinates = {{Coord|28.524355|N|77.185248|E|region:IN-DL_type:landmark_scale:50|display=inline,title}} | ||
| designation1 = WHS | | designation1 = WHS | ||
| designation1_offname = | | designation1_offname = | ||
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This victory tower is a symbol of the synthesis of traditional Islamic architecture and Southwestern Asian design. Elizabeth Lambourn’s ''Islam Beyond Empires: Mosques and Islamic Landscapes in India and the Indian Ocean'' studies the introduction of Islam in [[South Asia]] and how the region influenced the Islamic religious architecture.<ref name=":42">{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9781119069218.ch30 |chapter=Islam beyond Empires |title=A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture |year=2017 |last1=Lambourn |first1=Elizabeth A. |pages=755–776 |isbn=978-1-119-06921-8 }}</ref> These newly arrived Muslims from the [[Muslim world|Islamic West]] escaped the [[Mongol Empire]] and emigrated to India, where they constructed religious centers. The Qutb Minar serves as a central marker to these new [[Muslims|Muslim]] communities as well as being a reminder of Islam's presence in the area.<ref name=":42" /> The architecture of the minaret varies greatly from that of the typical style and design of the mosques constructed in the [[Middle East]]. The style of these structures is heavily influenced by the local architecture such as the Indic temples. This affected the different materials, techniques, and decoration that were used in the construction of the Qutb Minar.<ref name=":42" /> | This victory tower is a symbol of the synthesis of traditional Islamic architecture and Southwestern Asian design. Elizabeth Lambourn’s ''Islam Beyond Empires: Mosques and Islamic Landscapes in India and the Indian Ocean'' studies the introduction of Islam in [[South Asia]] and how the region influenced the Islamic religious architecture.<ref name=":42">{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9781119069218.ch30 |chapter=Islam beyond Empires |title=A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture |year=2017 |last1=Lambourn |first1=Elizabeth A. |pages=755–776 |isbn=978-1-119-06921-8 }}</ref> These newly arrived Muslims from the [[Muslim world|Islamic West]] escaped the [[Mongol Empire]] and emigrated to India, where they constructed religious centers. The Qutb Minar serves as a central marker to these new [[Muslims|Muslim]] communities as well as being a reminder of Islam's presence in the area.<ref name=":42" /> The architecture of the minaret varies greatly from that of the typical style and design of the mosques constructed in the [[Middle East]]. The style of these structures is heavily influenced by the local architecture such as the Indic temples. This affected the different materials, techniques, and decoration that were used in the construction of the Qutb Minar.<ref name=":42" /> | ||
The [[minaret]] is unique in that historically, these tower minarets were uncommon in South Asian-Islamic design until the 17th century. This lag is due to the slow adoption of the typical Middle Eastern style in India.<ref name=":42" /> It is also detached from the main mosque, showcasing how the native culture affected the design of a Middle Eastern structure.{{sfn|Harle|1994|p=429}} The Qutb Minar is seen as the "earliest and best example of a fusion or synthesis of Hindu-Muslim traditions" according to Ved Parkash in his essay ''The Qutb Minar from Contemporary and Near Contemporary Sources''.<ref name=":42" /> Like many mosques built in South Asia during this time period, the minaret was constructed by Hindu laborers and craftsmen but overseen by Muslim architects.<ref name=":42" /> This led to a construction that synthesized both [[Hindus|Hindu]] and [[Islam]]ic religious architecture. Since the craftsmen were Hindu and unfamiliar with the [[Quran]], the inscriptions are a compilation of disarranged Quranic texts and other Arabic expressions.<ref name=":42" /> | The [[minaret]] is unique in that historically, these tower minarets were uncommon in South Asian-Islamic design until the 17th century. This lag is due to the slow adoption of the typical Middle Eastern style in India.<ref name=":42" /> It is also detached from the main mosque, showcasing how the native culture affected the design of a Middle Eastern structure.{{sfn|Harle|1994|p=429}} The Qutb Minar is seen as the "earliest and best example of a fusion or synthesis of Hindu-Muslim traditions" according to Ved Parkash in his essay ''The Qutb Minar from Contemporary and Near Contemporary Sources''.<ref name=":42" /> Like many mosques built in South Asia during this time period, the minaret was constructed by Hindu laborers and craftsmen but overseen by Muslim architects.<ref name=":42" /> This led to a construction that synthesized both [[Hindus|Hindu]] and [[Islam]]ic religious architecture. Since some of the craftsmen were Hindu and unfamiliar with the [[Quran]], the inscriptions are a compilation of disarranged Quranic texts and other Arabic expressions.<ref name=":42" /> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
The Qutb Minar was built over the ruins of the [[Lal Kot]], the citadel of [[Dhillika]].<ref name="World Heritage Monuments" /> Qutub Minar was begun after the [[Qutb complex#Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque|Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque]]. Drawing references from their Ghurid homeland, [[Qutub-ud-Din Aibak]] and Shamsu’d-Din Iltutmish constructed a minar (minaret) at the south-eastern corner of the Quwwatu’l-Islam between 1199 and 1503.<ref>https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/233</ref> [[File:Kuttull Minor, Delhi. The Qutb Minar, an aquatint by Thomas Daniell, 1805.jpg|thumb|Kuttull Minor, Delhi. The Qutb Minar, 1805.|left]]It is usually thought that the tower is named for [[Qutb al-Din Aibak|Qutb-ud-din Aibak]], who began it. It is also possible that it is named after Khwaja [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]] a 13th-century [[sufi]] saint, because Shamsuddin Iltutmish was a devotee of his.<ref name="Qutub Minar Height">{{cite web|title=Qutub Minar Height |url=http://www.qutubminardelhi.com/qutub-minar-height |publisher=qutubminardelhi.com |access-date=15 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629080441/http://qutubminardelhi.com/qutub-minar-height/ |archive-date=29 June 2015 }}</ref> | The Qutb Minar was built over the ruins of the [[Lal Kot]], the citadel of [[Dhillika]].<ref name="World Heritage Monuments" /> Qutub Minar was begun after the [[Qutb complex#Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque|Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque]]. Drawing references from their Ghurid homeland, [[Qutub-ud-Din Aibak]] and Shamsu’d-Din Iltutmish constructed a minar (minaret) at the south-eastern corner of the Quwwatu’l-Islam between 1199 and 1503.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/233 | title=Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi }}</ref> [[File:Kuttull Minor, Delhi. The Qutb Minar, an aquatint by Thomas Daniell, 1805.jpg|thumb|Kuttull Minor, Delhi. The Qutb Minar, 1805.|left]]It is usually thought that the tower is named for [[Qutb al-Din Aibak|Qutb-ud-din Aibak]], who began it. It is also possible that it is named after Khwaja [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]] a 13th-century [[sufi]] saint, because Shamsuddin Iltutmish was a devotee of his.<ref name="Qutub Minar Height">{{cite web|title=Qutub Minar Height |url=http://www.qutubminardelhi.com/qutub-minar-height |publisher=qutubminardelhi.com |access-date=15 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629080441/http://qutubminardelhi.com/qutub-minar-height/ |archive-date=29 June 2015 }}</ref> | ||
The Minar is surrounded by several historically significant monuments of the [[Qutb complex]]. Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, to the north-east of the Minar was built by Qutub-ud-Din Aibak in A.D. 1199. It is the earliest extant - mosque built by the Delhi Sultans. It consists of a rectangular courtyard enclosed by cloisters, erected with the carved columns and architectural members of 27 [[Jain]] and [[Hindu]] temples, which were demolished by Qutub-ud-Din Aibak as recorded in his inscription on the main eastern entrance.<ref name="Rajagopalan2012">{{cite book|last1=Rajagopalan|first1=Mrinalini|title=Reuse Value: Spolia and Appropriation in Art and Architecture from Constantine to Sherrie Levine|date=2012|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=978-1-4094-8684-8|editor1-last=Kinney|editor1-first=Dale|pages=199–221|chapter=A Medieval Monument and Its Modern Myths of Iconoclasm: The Enduring Contestations over the Qutb Complex in Delhi, India|doi=10.4324/9781315606187|editor2-last=Brilliant|editor2-first=Richard|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZflTOVe0wuoC&pg=PA199}}</ref> Later, a lofty arched screen was erected, and the mosque was enlarged, by Shams-ud- Din Itutmish (A.D. 1210-35) and Ala-ud-Din Khalji. The Iron Pillar in the courtyard bears an inscription in Sanskrit in Brahmi script of fourth century A.D., according to which the pillar was set up as a Vishnudhvaja (standard of god Vishnu) on the hill known as Vishnupada in memory of a mighty king named Chandra.<ref name=Rajagopalan2012/> | The Minar is surrounded by several historically significant monuments of the [[Qutb complex]]. Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, to the north-east of the Minar was built by Qutub-ud-Din Aibak in A.D. 1199. It is the earliest extant - mosque built by the Delhi Sultans. It consists of a rectangular courtyard enclosed by cloisters, erected with the carved columns and architectural members of 27 [[Jain]] and [[Hindu]] temples, which were demolished by Qutub-ud-Din Aibak as recorded in his inscription on the main eastern entrance.<ref name="Rajagopalan2012">{{cite book|last1=Rajagopalan|first1=Mrinalini|title=Reuse Value: Spolia and Appropriation in Art and Architecture from Constantine to Sherrie Levine|date=2012|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=978-1-4094-8684-8|editor1-last=Kinney|editor1-first=Dale|pages=199–221|chapter=A Medieval Monument and Its Modern Myths of Iconoclasm: The Enduring Contestations over the Qutb Complex in Delhi, India|doi=10.4324/9781315606187|editor2-last=Brilliant|editor2-first=Richard|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZflTOVe0wuoC&pg=PA199}}</ref> Later, a lofty arched screen was erected, and the mosque was enlarged, by Shams-ud- Din Itutmish (A.D. 1210-35) and Ala-ud-Din Khalji. The Iron Pillar in the courtyard bears an inscription in Sanskrit in Brahmi script of fourth century A.D., according to which the pillar was set up as a Vishnudhvaja (standard of god Vishnu) on the hill known as Vishnupada in memory of a mighty king named Chandra.<ref name=Rajagopalan2012/> | ||
The mosque complex is one of the earliest that survives in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque">{{cite web|title=Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque |url=http://qutubminardelhi.com/quwwat-ul-islam-mosque |publisher=qutubminardelhi.com |access-date=15 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725164517/http://qutubminardelhi.com/quwwat-ul-islam-mosque/ |archive-date=25 July 2015 }}</ref><ref name="World Heritage Monuments">{{cite book |author1=Ali Javid |author2=ʻAlī Jāvīd |author3=Tabassum Javeed |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India |pages=14, 105, 107, 130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54XBlIF9LFgC&q=minar |date=1 July 2008 | The mosque complex is one of the earliest that survives in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque">{{cite web|title=Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque |url=http://qutubminardelhi.com/quwwat-ul-islam-mosque |publisher=qutubminardelhi.com |access-date=15 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725164517/http://qutubminardelhi.com/quwwat-ul-islam-mosque/ |archive-date=25 July 2015 }}</ref><ref name="World Heritage Monuments">{{cite book |author1=Ali Javid |author2=ʻAlī Jāvīd |author3=Tabassum Javeed |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India |pages=14, 105, 107, 130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54XBlIF9LFgC&q=minar |date=1 July 2008 |isbn=9780875864846 }}</ref> | ||
The nearby pillared [[cupola]] known as "Smith's Folly" is a remnant of the tower's 19th century restoration, which included an ill-advised attempt to add some more stories.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/r/019pho0000096s1u00006000.html|title=Ruin of Hindu pillars, Kootub temples, Delhi.|last=Wright|first=Colin|website=www.bl.uk|access-date=2019-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630081446/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/r/019pho0000096s1u00006000.html|archive-date=30 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/r/019pho000000052u00015000.html|title=Rao Petarah's Temple, Delhi.|last=Wright|first=Colin|website=www.bl.uk|access-date=2019-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708214913/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/r/019pho000000052u00015000.html|archive-date=8 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | The nearby pillared [[cupola]] known as "Smith's Folly" is a remnant of the tower's 19th century restoration, which included an ill-advised attempt to add some more stories.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/r/019pho0000096s1u00006000.html|title=Ruin of Hindu pillars, Kootub temples, Delhi.|last=Wright|first=Colin|website=www.bl.uk|access-date=2019-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630081446/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/r/019pho0000096s1u00006000.html|archive-date=30 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/r/019pho000000052u00015000.html|title=Rao Petarah's Temple, Delhi.|last=Wright|first=Colin|website=www.bl.uk|access-date=2019-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708214913/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/r/019pho000000052u00015000.html|archive-date=8 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
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== External links == | == External links == | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150723044609/http://qutubminardelhi.com/ Qutub Minar] | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150723044609/http://qutubminardelhi.com/ Qutub Minar] | ||
* [https://asi.nic.in/qutb-minar/ Archaeological Survey of India | Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi] | * [https://asi.nic.in/qutb-minar/ Archaeological Survey of India | Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi] | ||