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| designation1_free1name = Region | | designation1_free1name = Region | ||
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia|Indo-Pacific]] | | designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia|Indo-Pacific]] | ||
| location = [[Old Delhi]], Delhi, [[India]] | | location = [[Old Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]] | ||
| built = 12 May | | built = 12 May | ||
1639 – {{start date and age|6 April 1648}} | 1639 – {{start date and age|6 April 1648}} | ||
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| height = {{cvt|18|-|33|m}} | | height = {{cvt|18|-|33|m}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Red Fort''' or '''Lal Qila''' ({{IPA-hns|laːlqiːlaː|lang}}) is a historic [[fort]] in [[Old Delhi]] | The '''Red Fort''' or '''Lal Qila''' ({{IPA-hns|laːlqiːlaː|lang}}) is a historic [[fort]] in the [[Old Delhi]] neighbourhood of [[Delhi]], India, that historically served as the main residence of the [[Mughal emperors]]. Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] commissioned construction of the Red Fort on 12 May 1638, when he decided to shift his capital from [[Agra]] to [[Delhi]]. Originally red and white, its design is credited to architect [[Ustad Ahmad Lahori]], who also constructed the [[Taj Mahal]]. The fort represents the peak in [[Mughal architecture]] under Shah Jahan and combines [[Persianate society|Persianate]] palace architecture with Indian traditions. | ||
The fort was plundered of its artwork and jewels during [[Nadir Shah]]'s invasion of the Mughal Empire in 1739. Most of the fort's marble structures were subsequently demolished by the British following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. The fort's defensive walls were largely undamaged, and the fortress was subsequently used as a [[garrison]]. | The fort was plundered of its artwork and jewels during [[Nadir Shah|Nader Shah]]'s invasion of the Mughal Empire in 1739. Most of the fort's marble structures were subsequently demolished by the British following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. The fort's defensive walls were largely undamaged, and the fortress was subsequently used as a [[garrison]]. | ||
On 15 August 1947, the first [[ | On 15 August 1947, the first [[prime minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], raised the [[Flag of India|Indian flag]] above the [[Lahori Gate, Delhi|Lahori Gate]]. Every year on [[Independence Day (India)|India's Independence Day]] (15 August), the prime minister hoists the Indian [[Flag of India|tricolour flag]] at the fort's main gate and delivers a nationally broadcast speech from its [[defensive wall|ramparts]]. | ||
The Red Fort was designated a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 2007 as part of the Red Fort Complex.<ref name="unesco_whl_entry">{{cite web|title=Red Fort Complex|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/231|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803141206/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/231|archive-date=3 August 2009|access-date=15 November 2009|work=World Heritage List|publisher=[[UNESCO]] World Heritage Centre}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Red Fort was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/delhi/greater-delhi/activities/historical-heritage-tours/small-group-tour|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429191400/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/delhi/greater-delhi/activities/historical-heritage-tours/small-group-tour|archive-date=29 April 2012|access-date=4 August 2012|work=[[Lonely Planet]]}}</ref> | The Red Fort was designated a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 2007 as part of the Red Fort Complex.<ref name="unesco_whl_entry">{{cite web|title=Red Fort Complex|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/231|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803141206/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/231|archive-date=3 August 2009|access-date=15 November 2009|work=World Heritage List|publisher=[[UNESCO]] World Heritage Centre}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Red Fort was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/delhi/greater-delhi/activities/historical-heritage-tours/small-group-tour|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429191400/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/delhi/greater-delhi/activities/historical-heritage-tours/small-group-tour|archive-date=29 April 2012|access-date=4 August 2012|work=[[Lonely Planet]]}}</ref> | ||
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[[File:Red Fort as seen from Jama Masjid's tower.jpg|alt=Image shows Red Fort's long walls including the gates as seen from Jama Masjid's tower. The walls can be seen in the background extending a couple of thousand meters.|thumb|The walls of Red Fort (in the background) as seen from the top of [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid's]] tower]] | [[File:Red Fort as seen from Jama Masjid's tower.jpg|alt=Image shows Red Fort's long walls including the gates as seen from Jama Masjid's tower. The walls can be seen in the background extending a couple of thousand meters.|thumb|The walls of Red Fort (in the background) as seen from the top of [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid's]] tower]] | ||
The administrative and fiscal structure of the Mughal dynasty declined after Aurangzeb, and the 18th century saw a degeneration of the palace. In 1712 [[Jahandar Shah]] became the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]]. Within a year of beginning his rule, Shah was murdered and replaced by [[Farrukhsiyar]]. In 1739, Persian emperor [[Nadir Shah]] easily defeated the strong Mughal army of around 200,000 soldiers,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Battle of Karnal {{!}} Summary|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Karnal|access-date=24 May 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> plundering the Red Fort, including the [[Peacock Throne]]. Nadir Shah returned to Persia after three months, leaving a destroyed city and a weakened Mughal empire to Muhammad Shah.<ref name="ASI3" />{{rp|09}} The internal weakness of the Mughal Empire made the Mughals only titular rulers of Delhi, and a 1752 treaty made the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] protectors of the throne at Delhi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mehta|first=J. L.|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707–1813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA134|year=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6|page=134|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112041547/http://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA134|archive-date=12 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jayapalan|first=N.|title=History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&pg=PA249|year=2001|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|isbn=978-81-7156-928-1|page=249|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112023157/http://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&pg=PA249|archive-date=12 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The 1758 Maratha victory at [[Sirhind]] aided by the Sikhs and successive defeat at [[Panipat]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC | The administrative and fiscal structure of the Mughal dynasty declined after Aurangzeb, and the 18th century saw a degeneration of the palace. In 1712 [[Jahandar Shah]] became the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]]. Within a year of beginning his rule, Shah was murdered and replaced by [[Farrukhsiyar]]. In 1739, Persian emperor [[Nadir Shah]] easily defeated the strong Mughal army of around 200,000 soldiers,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Battle of Karnal {{!}} Summary|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Karnal|access-date=24 May 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> plundering the Red Fort, including the [[Peacock Throne]]. Nadir Shah returned to Persia after three months, leaving a destroyed city and a weakened Mughal empire to Muhammad Shah.<ref name="ASI3" />{{rp|09}} The internal weakness of the Mughal Empire made the Mughals only titular rulers of Delhi, and a 1752 treaty made the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] protectors of the throne at Delhi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mehta|first=J. L.|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707–1813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA134|year=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6|page=134|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112041547/http://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA134|archive-date=12 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jayapalan|first=N.|title=History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&pg=PA249|year=2001|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|isbn=978-81-7156-928-1|page=249|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112023157/http://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&pg=PA249|archive-date=12 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The 1758 Maratha victory at [[Sirhind]] aided by the [[Sikhs]] and successive defeat at [[Panipat]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&dq=raghunathrao+attock&pg=PA237 Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707–1813 – Jaswant Lal Mehta – Google Books]. Google Books. Retrieved 29 July 2013.</ref> placed them in further conflict with [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Roy |first=Kaushik |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |publisher=Permanent Black, India |pages=80–81 |isbn=978-81-78241-09-8|year=2004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first=Mountstuart |last=Elphinstone |title=History of India | url=https://archive.org/details/historyindia02elphgoog |publisher=John Murray, London|year=1841 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyindia02elphgoog/page/n318 276]}}</ref> | ||
In 1760, the [[Maratha]] | In 1760, the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] removed and melted the silver ceiling of the [[Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort)|Diwan-i-Khas]] to raise funds for the defence of Delhi from the armies of [[Ahmed Shah Durrani]].<ref name="kulkarni345">{{cite book|last=Kulkarni|first=Uday S.|title=Solstice at Panipat, 14 January 1761|year=2012|publisher=Mula Mutha Publishers|location=Pune|isbn=978-81-921080-0-1|page=345}}</ref><ref name="google140">{{cite book|last1=Kumar Maheshwari|first1=Kamalesh|last2=Wiggins|first2=Kenneth W.|title=Maratha Mints and Coinage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zVdmAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies|page=140|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112045304/http://books.google.com/books?id=zVdmAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=12 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1761, after the Marathas lost the [[Battle of Panipat (1761)|third battle of Panipat]], Delhi was raided by Ahmed Shah Durrani. Ten years later, the Marathas, acting on the behest and as mercenary of the exiled Emperor Shah Alam, recaptured Delhi from the Rohilla Afghans. Mahadji Scindia, the commander of Maratha army bowed to Mughal Emperor Shah Alam to demonstrate his submission to him.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dalrymple|first=William|title=The Anarchy}}</ref> Thus, [[Shah Alam II|Shah Alam]] was restored to the throne. | ||
In 1764, the [[Jat people|Jat]] ruler of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]], Maharaja [[Jawahar Singh]] (the son of Maharaja [[Suraj Mal]]) attacked [[Delhi]] and captured the Red Fort of Delhi on 5 February 1765.<ref>{{Cite book|title=RPSC RAS Prelims: History of Rajasthan Complete Study Notes With MCQ|last=Meena|first=P R|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH--DwAAQBAJ&q=Jawahar+Singh%E2%80%99s+march+against+Delhi&pg=PT70|publisher=New Era Publication}}</ref> Two days later, after taking tribute from the [[Mughals]], removed their armies from the fort and the [[Jat people|Jat]]s took away the throne of the [[Mughals]], called the pride of the [[Mughals]], and the doors of the Red Fort as a memorial, and this throne is today enhancing the beauty of the palaces of [[Deeg]]. The doors are located in the [[Lohagarh Fort]] of [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pfpDwAAQBAJ&q=Jawahar+Singh+red+fort&pg=PA17|title=Rajasthan District G.K.: English Medium|last=Gupta|first=Devesh|publisher=Atharv Publication|pages=134}}</ref> | In 1764, the [[Jat people|Jat]] ruler of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]], Maharaja [[Jawahar Singh]] (the son of Maharaja [[Suraj Mal]]) attacked [[Delhi]] and captured the Red Fort of Delhi on 5 February 1765.<ref>{{Cite book|title=RPSC RAS Prelims: History of Rajasthan Complete Study Notes With MCQ|last=Meena|first=P R|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH--DwAAQBAJ&q=Jawahar+Singh%E2%80%99s+march+against+Delhi&pg=PT70|publisher=New Era Publication}}</ref> Two days later, after taking tribute from the [[Mughals]], removed their armies from the fort and the [[Jat people|Jat]]s took away the throne of the [[Mughals]], called the pride of the [[Mughals]], and the doors of the Red Fort as a memorial, and this throne is today enhancing the beauty of the palaces of [[Deeg]]. The doors are located in the [[Lohagarh Fort]] of [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pfpDwAAQBAJ&q=Jawahar+Singh+red+fort&pg=PA17|title=Rajasthan District G.K.: English Medium|last=Gupta|first=Devesh|publisher=Atharv Publication|pages=134}}</ref> | ||
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In 1783 the Sikh [[Misl]] Karor Singhia, led by [[Baghel Singh]], conquered Delhi and the Red Fort.<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{cite book|last=Murphy|first=Anne|title=The Materiality of the Past: History and Representation in Sikh Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r13hjYfoI6MC&pg=PA151|year=2012|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-991629-0|page=151|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927100932/http://books.google.com/books?id=r13hjYfoI6MC&pg=PA151|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Baghel Singh, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Jassa Singh Ramgarhia all allied with a 40,000 force and looted the area from Awadh to Jodhpur. After negotiations, Baghel Singh and his forces agreed to leave [[Delhi]] and reinstate the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Shah Alam II]]. The condition of their retreat included the construction of seven [[Sikhs|Sikh]] [[Gurdwara]]s in [[Delhi]], including the [[Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib|Gurudwara Sis Ganj]] in [[Chandni Chowk]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Murphy|first=Anne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r13hjYfoI6MC&pg=PA151|title=The Materiality of the Past: History and Representation in Sikh Tradition|date=29 November 2012|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-991629-0|language=en}}</ref> | In 1783 the Sikh [[Misl]] Karor Singhia, led by [[Baghel Singh]], conquered Delhi and the Red Fort.<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{cite book|last=Murphy|first=Anne|title=The Materiality of the Past: History and Representation in Sikh Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r13hjYfoI6MC&pg=PA151|year=2012|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-991629-0|page=151|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927100932/http://books.google.com/books?id=r13hjYfoI6MC&pg=PA151|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Baghel Singh, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Jassa Singh Ramgarhia all allied with a 40,000 force and looted the area from Awadh to Jodhpur. After negotiations, Baghel Singh and his forces agreed to leave [[Delhi]] and reinstate the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Shah Alam II]]. The condition of their retreat included the construction of seven [[Sikhs|Sikh]] [[Gurdwara]]s in [[Delhi]], including the [[Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib|Gurudwara Sis Ganj]] in [[Chandni Chowk]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Murphy|first=Anne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r13hjYfoI6MC&pg=PA151|title=The Materiality of the Past: History and Representation in Sikh Tradition|date=29 November 2012|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-991629-0|language=en}}</ref> | ||
In 1788, a [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] garrison occupied the Red | In 1788, a [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] garrison occupied the Red Fort and Delhi alongside providing protection to the Mughal Emperor. Mahadji Scindia signed a treaty with the Sikhs where they were warned not to enter Delhi or ask for the Rakhi tribute. The fort came under the control of the [[East India Company]] following the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] in 1803.<ref name="books.google.co.in" /> | ||
During the Second Anglo-Maratha War, forces of the East India Company defeated Maratha forces of Daulat Rao Scindia in the [[Battle of Delhi, 1803|Battle of Delhi]]; this ended Maratha control over the city and their control of the Red Fort.<ref name="Mayaram2003">{{cite book|last=Mayaram|first=Shail|title=Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TyUtKfcjzG4C|access-date=25 August 2012|year=2003|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-12731-8|page=202|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930000945/http://books.google.com/books?id=TyUtKfcjzG4C|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> After the battle, the British East India Company took over the administration of Mughal territories and installed a [[Resident (title)#Residents in Asia|Resident]] at the Red Fort.<ref name="ASI3" />{{rp|11}} The last Mughal emperor to occupy the fort, Bahadur Shah II, became a symbol of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]] against the British East India Company in which the residents of Shahjahanabad participated.<ref name="ASI3" />{{rp|15}} | During the Second Anglo-Maratha War, forces of the East India Company defeated Maratha forces of Daulat Rao Scindia in the [[Battle of Delhi, 1803|Battle of Delhi]]; this ended Maratha control over the city and their control of the Red Fort.<ref name="Mayaram2003">{{cite book|last=Mayaram|first=Shail|title=Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TyUtKfcjzG4C|access-date=25 August 2012|year=2003|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-12731-8|page=202|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930000945/http://books.google.com/books?id=TyUtKfcjzG4C|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> After the battle, the British East India Company took over the administration of Mughal territories and installed a [[Resident (title)#Residents in Asia|Resident]] at the Red Fort.<ref name="ASI3" />{{rp|11}} The last Mughal emperor to occupy the fort, Bahadur Shah II, became a symbol of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]] against the British East India Company in which the residents of Shahjahanabad participated.<ref name="ASI3" />{{rp|15}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
Despite its position as the seat of Mughal power and its defensive capabilities, the Red Fort was not a site of an engagement during the 1857 uprising against the British. After the rebellion was defeated, Bahadur Shah II left the fort on 17 September and was apprehended by British forces. Bahadur Shah Zafar II returned to Red Fort as a British prisoner, was tried in 1858 and exiled to [[Rangoon]] on 7 October of that year.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mody |first=Krutika |title=Bahadur Shah II "Zafar"'s significance with Red Fort |url=http://know.burrp.com/my-city/about-red-fort-delhi/11267 |access-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902215305/http://know.burrp.com/my-city/about-red-fort-delhi/11267 |archive-date=2 September 2012 }}</ref> After the end of the rebellion, the British sacked the Red Fort before ordering its systemic demolition. 80% of the fort’s buildings were demolished as a result of this effort, including the stone screen that connected the pavilions along the fort’s river-facing façade, which was demolished.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Soofi|first=Delhi's Belly{{!}} Mayank Austen|date=19 August 2011|title=The other red corridor|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/LQ6ebeBiHz5QhEkdLAsa3K/The-other-red-corridor.html|access-date=23 May 2021|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> | Despite its position as the seat of Mughal power and its defensive capabilities, the Red Fort was not a site of an engagement during the 1857 uprising against the British. After the rebellion was defeated, Bahadur Shah II left the fort on 17 September and was apprehended by British forces. Bahadur Shah Zafar II returned to Red Fort as a British prisoner, was tried in 1858 and exiled to [[Rangoon]] on 7 October of that year.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mody |first=Krutika |title=Bahadur Shah II "Zafar"'s significance with Red Fort |url=http://know.burrp.com/my-city/about-red-fort-delhi/11267 |access-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902215305/http://know.burrp.com/my-city/about-red-fort-delhi/11267 |archive-date=2 September 2012 }}</ref> After the end of the rebellion, the British sacked the Red Fort before ordering its systemic demolition. 80% of the fort’s buildings were demolished as a result of this effort, including the stone screen that connected the pavilions along the fort’s river-facing façade, which was demolished.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Soofi|first=Delhi's Belly{{!}} Mayank Austen|date=19 August 2011|title=The other red corridor|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/LQ6ebeBiHz5QhEkdLAsa3K/The-other-red-corridor.html|access-date=23 May 2021|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> All furniture was removed or destroyed; the [[harem]] apartments, servants' quarters and gardens were demolished, and a line of stone barracks built in their place.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|author=William Dalrymple|title=The Last Mughal|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-14-310243-4|page=7|chapter=Introduction|author-link=William Dalrymple (historian)}}</ref> Only the marble buildings on the east side at the imperial enclosure escaped complete destruction, although they were damaged by the demolition efforts. While the defensive walls and towers were relatively unharmed, more than two-thirds of the inner structures were demolished.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} | ||
[[Lord Curzon]], Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905, ordered repairs to the fort including reconstruction of the walls and the restoration of the gardens complete with a watering system.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eugenia W Herbert|title=Flora's Empire: British Gardens in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Evt1Zg9-nrMC&pg=PT333|year=2013|publisher=[[Penguin Books]] Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-871-9|page=333}}</ref> | [[Lord Curzon]], Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905, ordered repairs to the fort including reconstruction of the walls and the restoration of the gardens complete with a watering system.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eugenia W Herbert|title=Flora's Empire: British Gardens in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Evt1Zg9-nrMC&pg=PT333|year=2013|publisher=[[Penguin Books]] Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-871-9|page=333}}</ref> | ||
[[File:PM Nehru addresses the nation from the Red Fort on 15 August 1947.jpg|thumb|285x285px|Every year on [[India's Independence Day]], the | [[File:PM Nehru addresses the nation from the Red Fort on 15 August 1947.jpg|thumb|285x285px|Every year on [[India's Independence Day]], the prime minister hoists the Indian "[[Flag of India|tricolour flag]]" at the fort's [[Lahori Gate, Delhi|main gate]] and delivers a nationally broadcast speech from its ramparts. Pictured is [[Nehru]] on 15 August 1947.]] | ||
Most of the jewels and artwork located in the Red Fort were looted during Nadir Shah's invasion of 1747 and again after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British. They were eventually sold to private collectors or the [[British Museum]], the [[British Library]] and the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. For example, the jade [[wine cup of Shah Jahan]] and the [[crown of Bahadur Shah II]] are all currently located in London. Various requests for [[restitution]] have so far been rejected by the British government.<ref>{{cite news| title=Koh-i-Noor Diamond Will Not Be Returned To India, David Cameron Insists| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/02/21/koh-i-noor-diamond-not-returned-india-david-cameron-insists-pictures_n_2732342.html| last=Nelson| first=Sara C.| work=[[The Huffington Post]]| date=21 February 2013| access-date=27 July 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819011613/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/02/21/koh-i-noor-diamond-not-returned-india-david-cameron-insists-pictures_n_2732342.html| archive-date=19 August 2013| url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Ghulam Ali Khan 003b.jpg|thumb|View of the Red Fort from the river (by [[Ghulam Ali Khan]], between c. 1852–1854]]1911 saw the visit of King [[George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] for the [[Delhi Durbar]]. In preparation for their visit, some buildings were restored. The [[Red Fort Archaeological Museum]] was moved from the drum house to the ''[[Mumtaz Mahal (Red Fort)|Mumtaz Mahal]]''. | Most of the jewels and artwork located in the Red Fort were looted during Nadir Shah's invasion of 1747 and again after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British. They were eventually sold to private collectors or the [[British Museum]], the [[British Library]] and the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. For example, the jade [[wine cup of Shah Jahan]] and the [[crown of Bahadur Shah II]] are all currently located in London. Various requests for [[restitution]] have so far been rejected by the British government.<ref>{{cite news| title=Koh-i-Noor Diamond Will Not Be Returned To India, David Cameron Insists| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/02/21/koh-i-noor-diamond-not-returned-india-david-cameron-insists-pictures_n_2732342.html| last=Nelson| first=Sara C.| work=[[The Huffington Post]]| date=21 February 2013| access-date=27 July 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819011613/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/02/21/koh-i-noor-diamond-not-returned-india-david-cameron-insists-pictures_n_2732342.html| archive-date=19 August 2013| url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Ghulam Ali Khan 003b.jpg|thumb|View of the Red Fort from the river (by [[Ghulam Ali Khan]], between c. 1852–1854]]1911 saw the visit of King [[George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] for the [[Delhi Durbar]]. In preparation for their visit, some buildings were restored. The [[Red Fort Archaeological Museum]] was moved from the drum house to the ''[[Mumtaz Mahal (Red Fort)|Mumtaz Mahal]]''. | ||
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The [[INA trials]], also known as the Red Fort Trials, refer to the courts-martial of a number of officers of the [[Indian National Army]]. The first was held between November and December 1945 at the Red Fort. | The [[INA trials]], also known as the Red Fort Trials, refer to the courts-martial of a number of officers of the [[Indian National Army]]. The first was held between November and December 1945 at the Red Fort. | ||
On 15 August 1947, the first [[ | On 15 August 1947, the first [[prime minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] raised the [[Flag of India|Indian national flag]] above the [[Lahori Gate, Delhi|Lahore Gate]].<ref name="auto12">{{cite news|author=PTI|date=15 August 2013|title=Manmohan first PM outside Nehru-Gandhi clan to hoist flag for 10th time|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manmohan-first-pm-outside-nehrugandhi-clan-to-hoist-flag-for-10th-time/article5025367.ece|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221090006/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manmohan-first-pm-outside-nehrugandhi-clan-to-hoist-flag-for-10th-time/article5025367.ece|archive-date=21 December 2013}}</ref> | ||
After [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]], the site experienced few changes, and the Red Fort continued to be used as a military [[cantonment]]. A significant part of the fort remained under Indian Army control until 22 December 2003, when it was given to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] for restoration.<ref name="Defence2005">{{cite book|author=India. Ministry of Defence|title=Sainik samachar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzvfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=5 August 2012|year=2005|publisher=Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930001452/http://books.google.com/books?id=CzvfAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Muslim India">{{cite book|title=Muslim India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kcYAQAAMAAJ|access-date=5 August 2012|year=2004|publisher=Muslim India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930000947/http://books.google.com/books?id=1kcYAQAAMAAJ|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009 the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP), prepared by the Archaeological Survey of India under [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] directions to revitalise the fort, was announced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Red+Fort+facelift+to+revive+Mughal+glory+in+10+years/1/44647.html |title=Red Fort facelift to revive Mughal glory in 10 years : Mail Today Stories, News – India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=1 June 2009 |access-date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213113749/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Red+Fort+facelift+to+revive+Mughal+glory+in+10+years/1/44647.html |archive-date=13 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-%2010-management%20plan.pdf |title=CHAPTER-10_revised_jan09.pmd |access-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508111536/http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-%2010-management%20plan.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-0-exe%20summary.pdf |title=CHAPTER-00_revisedfeb09.pmd |access-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508112528/http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-0-exe%20summary.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | After [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]], the site experienced few changes, and the Red Fort continued to be used as a military [[cantonment]]. A significant part of the fort remained under Indian Army control until 22 December 2003, when it was given to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] for restoration.<ref name="Defence2005">{{cite book|author=India. Ministry of Defence|title=Sainik samachar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzvfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=5 August 2012|year=2005|publisher=Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930001452/http://books.google.com/books?id=CzvfAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Muslim India">{{cite book|title=Muslim India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kcYAQAAMAAJ|access-date=5 August 2012|year=2004|publisher=Muslim India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930000947/http://books.google.com/books?id=1kcYAQAAMAAJ|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009 the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP), prepared by the Archaeological Survey of India under [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] directions to revitalise the fort, was announced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Red+Fort+facelift+to+revive+Mughal+glory+in+10+years/1/44647.html |title=Red Fort facelift to revive Mughal glory in 10 years : Mail Today Stories, News – India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=1 June 2009 |access-date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213113749/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Red+Fort+facelift+to+revive+Mughal+glory+in+10+years/1/44647.html |archive-date=13 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-%2010-management%20plan.pdf |title=CHAPTER-10_revised_jan09.pmd |access-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508111536/http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-%2010-management%20plan.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-0-exe%20summary.pdf |title=CHAPTER-00_revisedfeb09.pmd |access-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508112528/http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-0-exe%20summary.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
==Archaeological finds== | ==Archaeological finds== | ||
Archaeological excavations at Red | Archaeological excavations at the Red Fort have unearthed several [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]] artifacts dating from 2600 BCE to 1200 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book | last =Singh | first =Upinder | year =2008 | title =A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA216|page=218| isbn =9788131711200 }}</ref> | ||
== {{anchor|Red Fort today}} Modern era == | == {{anchor|Red Fort today}} Modern era == | ||
[[File:Diwan-e-Khas-2022.jpg|alt=Image shows the inner walls and celling of the Diwan-e-Khas|thumb|Inner walls and ceiling of the [[Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort)|Diwan-e-Khas]]]] | [[File:Diwan-e-Khas-2022.jpg|alt=Image shows the inner walls and celling of the Diwan-e-Khas|thumb|Inner walls and ceiling of the [[Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort)|Diwan-e-Khas]]]] | ||
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi addressing the Nation on the occasion of 76th Independence Day from the ramparts of Red Fort, in Delhi on August 15, 2022 (6).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] addressing the Nation on the occasion of 76th Independence Day from the Red Fort on 15 August 2022.]] | [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi addressing the Nation on the occasion of 76th Independence Day from the ramparts of Red Fort, in Delhi on August 15, 2022 (6).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] addressing the Nation on the occasion of 76th Independence Day from the Red Fort on 15 August 2022.]] | ||
The Red Fort, the largest monument in Delhi,<ref name="SchreitmüllerDhamotharan2012">{{cite book|last1=Schreitmüller|first1=Karen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGgf_LkeG2kC&pg=PA253|title=Baedeker India|last2=Dhamotharan|first2=Mohan (CON)|last3=Szerelmy|first3=Beate (CON)|date=14 February 2012|publisher=[[Baedeker]]|isbn=978-3-8297-6622-7|page=253|access-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927180628/http://books.google.com/books?id=bGgf_LkeG2kC&pg=PA253|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> is one of its most popular tourist destinations<ref name="Devashish2011">{{cite book|last=Devashish|first=Dasgupta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXWAEjcG-FsC&pg=PA79|title=Tourism Marketing|publisher=[[Pearson Education India]]|year=2011|isbn=978-81-317-3182-6|page=79|access-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929010047/http://books.google.com/books?id=oXWAEjcG-FsC&pg=PA79|archive-date=29 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and attracts thousands of visitors every year.<ref name="Murthy">{{cite news|last=Murthy|first=Raja|date=23 February 2012|title=Mughal 'paradise' gets tortuous makeover|newspaper=[[Asia Times Online]]|location=South Asia|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/NB23Df01.html|url-status=unfit|access-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120145541/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/NB23Df01.html|archive-date=20 November 2012}}</ref> It is a monument of national significance; every year on [[Independence Day (India)|India's Independence Day]] (15 August), the | The Red Fort, the largest monument in Delhi,<ref name="SchreitmüllerDhamotharan2012">{{cite book|last1=Schreitmüller|first1=Karen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGgf_LkeG2kC&pg=PA253|title=Baedeker India|last2=Dhamotharan|first2=Mohan (CON)|last3=Szerelmy|first3=Beate (CON)|date=14 February 2012|publisher=[[Baedeker]]|isbn=978-3-8297-6622-7|page=253|access-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927180628/http://books.google.com/books?id=bGgf_LkeG2kC&pg=PA253|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> is one of its most popular tourist destinations<ref name="Devashish2011">{{cite book|last=Devashish|first=Dasgupta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXWAEjcG-FsC&pg=PA79|title=Tourism Marketing|publisher=[[Pearson Education India]]|year=2011|isbn=978-81-317-3182-6|page=79|access-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929010047/http://books.google.com/books?id=oXWAEjcG-FsC&pg=PA79|archive-date=29 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and attracts thousands of visitors every year.<ref name="Murthy">{{cite news|last=Murthy|first=Raja|date=23 February 2012|title=Mughal 'paradise' gets tortuous makeover|newspaper=[[Asia Times Online]]|location=South Asia|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/NB23Df01.html|url-status=unfit|access-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120145541/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/NB23Df01.html|archive-date=20 November 2012}}</ref> It is a monument of national significance; every year on [[Independence Day (India)|India's Independence Day]] (15 August), the prime minister of India hoists the country's flag at the Red Fort and delivers a nationally broadcast speech from its [[defensive wall|ramparts]].<ref name="business-standard.com">{{cite news|date=15 August 2012|title=Singh becomes third PM to hoist flag at Red Fort for 9th time|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|url=http://www.business-standard.com/generalnews/news/singh-becomes-third-pm-to-hoist-flag-at-red-fort-for-9th-time/44355/|access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref> The fort also appears on the back of the [[Indian 500-rupee note|{{INR}}500 note]] of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] of the [[Indian rupee]].<ref name="500RBI">{{cite web|date=8 November 2016|title=Issue of ₹ 500 banknotes inset letter 'E' in Mahatma Gandhi (New) series after demonitization|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38524|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109222836/https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38524|archive-date=9 November 2016|access-date=9 November 2016|website=Reserve Bank of India}}</ref> | ||
The major architectural features are in mixed condition; the extensive water features are dry. Some buildings are in fairly good condition, with their decorative elements undisturbed; in others, the marble inlaid flowers have been removed by looters. The tea house, although not in its historical state, is a working restaurant. The mosque and ''[[hammam]]'' or public baths are closed to the public, although visitors can peer through their glass windows or marble latticework. Walkways are crumbling, and public toilets are available at the entrance and inside the park. The Lahori Gate entrance leads to a mall with jewellery and craft stores. There is also a museum of "blood paintings", depicting young 20th-century Indian martyrs and their stories, an archaeological museum and an Indian war-memorial museum.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} | The major architectural features are in mixed condition; the extensive water features are dry. Some buildings are in fairly good condition, with their decorative elements undisturbed; in others, the marble inlaid flowers have been removed by looters. The tea house, although not in its historical state, is a working restaurant. The mosque and ''[[hammam]]'' or public baths are closed to the public, although visitors can peer through their glass windows or marble latticework. Walkways are crumbling, and public toilets are available at the entrance and inside the park. The Lahori Gate entrance leads to a mall with jewellery and craft stores. There is also a museum of "blood paintings", depicting young 20th-century Indian martyrs and their stories, an archaeological museum and an Indian war-memorial museum.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} | ||
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The [[World Heritage Convention]] characterises the Red Fort as representing "the zenith of Mughal creativity". The fort synthesises Islamic palace structure with local traditions, resulting in a confluence of "[[Iranian architecture|Persian]], [[Timurid architecture|Timurid]], and [[Hindu architecture]]". The fort served as an inspiration for later buildings and gardens across the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="unesco_whl_entry" /> | The [[World Heritage Convention]] characterises the Red Fort as representing "the zenith of Mughal creativity". The fort synthesises Islamic palace structure with local traditions, resulting in a confluence of "[[Iranian architecture|Persian]], [[Timurid architecture|Timurid]], and [[Hindu architecture]]". The fort served as an inspiration for later buildings and gardens across the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="unesco_whl_entry" /> | ||
The Red | The Red Fort has an area of {{convert|254.67|acre|ha}} enclosed by {{convert|2.41|km}} of defensive walls,<ref name="Batra2008">{{cite book|author=N. L. Batra|title=Delhi's Red Fort by the Yamuna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUMWAQAAMAAJ|access-date=5 August 2012|date=May 2008|publisher=Niyogi Books|isbn=9780856676543|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009062210/http://books.google.com/books?id=wUMWAQAAMAAJ|archive-date=9 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> punctuated by turrets and bastions that vary in height from {{convert|18|m}} on the river side to {{convert|33|m}} on the city side. The fort is octagonal, with the north–south axis longer than the east–west axis. The marble, floral decorations and the fort's double domes exemplify later Mughal architecture.<ref name="Langmead178">{{cite book|last1=Langmead|last2=Garnaut|first2=Christine|title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-57607-112-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/178 178]}}</ref> | ||
It showcases a high level of ornamentation, and the [[Kohinoor]] diamond was reportedly part of the furnishings. The fort's artwork synthesises Persian, European and Indian art, resulting in a unique Shahjahani style rich in form, expression and colour. Red Fort is one of the building complexes of India encapsulating a long period of history and its arts. Even before its 1913 commemoration as a monument of national importance, efforts were made to preserve it for posterity. | It showcases a high level of ornamentation, and the [[Kohinoor]] diamond was reportedly part of the furnishings. The fort's artwork synthesises Persian, European and Indian art, resulting in a unique Shahjahani style rich in form, expression and colour. Red Fort is one of the building complexes of India encapsulating a long period of history and its arts. Even before its 1913 commemoration as a monument of national importance, efforts were made to preserve it for posterity. | ||
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=== Chhatta Chowk === | === Chhatta Chowk === | ||
{{Main|Chhatta Chowk}} | {{Main|Chhatta Chowk}} | ||
Adjacent to the Lahori Gate is the ''Chhatta Chowk'' (or Meena Bazaar), where silk, jewellery and other items for the imperial household were sold during the Mughal period. | Adjacent to the Lahori Gate is the ''Chhatta Chowk'' (or Meena Bazaar), where silk, jewellery and other items for the imperial household were sold during the Mughal period. This market was earlier known as ''Bazaar-i-Musaqqaf'' or ''Chatta-bazaar'' (both meaning "roofed market"). Lahori Gate, the entrance portal of the Red Fort, leads into an open outer court, where it crosses the large north–south street which originally divided the fort's military functions (to the west) from the palaces (to the east). The southern end of the street is the Delhi Gate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/129444/chatta-chowk-market-all-reasons.html |title=Chatta Chowk: A market for all reasons |last=Kuriakose |first=Anthony |date=15 January 2011 |website=deccanherald.com |url-status=live |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122080824/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/129444/chatta-chowk-market-all-reasons.html |archive-date=22 January 2011 }}</ref> | ||
=== Naubat Khana === | === Naubat Khana === | ||
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The ''Diwan-i-Aam'' was also used for state functions.<ref name="Langmead178" /> The courtyard (''mardana'') behind it leads to the imperial apartments. | The ''Diwan-i-Aam'' was also used for state functions.<ref name="Langmead178" /> The courtyard (''mardana'') behind it leads to the imperial apartments. | ||
=== Mumtaz Mahal === | === Mumtaz Mahal === | ||
{{Main|Mumtaz Mahal (Red Fort)}} | {{Main|Mumtaz Mahal (Red Fort)}} | ||
[[File:Red Fort 8.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Simple white building, with persons on walkway|{{Centre|''[[Mumtaz Mahal (Red Fort)|Mumtaz Mahal]]''}}]] | [[File:Red Fort 8.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Simple white building, with persons on walkway|{{Centre|''[[Mumtaz Mahal (Red Fort)|Mumtaz Mahal]]''}}]] | ||
The two southernmost pavilions of the palace are [[Zenana|''zenana''s]] (women's quarters), consisting of the ''Mumtaz Mahal'' built for Arjumand Banu Begum ([[Mumtaz Mahal]]) wife of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lach|first1= | The two southernmost pavilions of the palace are [[Zenana|''zenana''s]] (women's quarters), consisting of the ''Mumtaz Mahal'' built for Arjumand Banu Begum ([[Mumtaz Mahal]]) wife of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lach|first1= F.|last2=Kley|first2=Edwin J. Van|title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 2, South Asia|date=1998|publisher=[[University of Chicago]] Press|isbn=9780226466972|page=689|language=en}}</ref> and the larger ''Rang Mahal'' a resort for royal women.<ref name=archnet>{{Cite web |url=https://archnet.org/sites/5270 |title= Rang Mahal Delhi, India |website=archnet.org |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> The ''Mumtaz Mahal'' houses the [[Red Fort Archaeological Museum]]. | ||
=== Rang Mahal === | === Rang Mahal === | ||