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| religion = [[Hinduism]] | | religion = [[Hinduism]] | ||
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'''Shahaji Bhonsale''' (Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[ʃəɦad͡ʒiː]]]; c. 1594 – 1664) was a military leader of India in the 17th century, who served the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]], the [[Bijapur Sultanate]], and the [[Mughal Empire]] at various points in his career. As a member of the [[Bhonsle]] clan, Shahaji inherited the [[Pune]] and [[Supa, Parner|Supe]] [[jagir]]s (fiefs) from his father [[Maloji Bhosale|Maloji]], who served Ahmadnagar. During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] invasion of [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], he joined the Mughal forces and served Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] for a | '''Shahaji Bhonsale''' (Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[ʃəɦad͡ʒiː]]]; c. 1594 – 1664) was a military leader of India in the 17th century, who served the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]], the [[Bijapur Sultanate]], and the [[Mughal Empire]] at various points in his career. As a member of the [[Bhonsle]] clan, Shahaji inherited the [[Pune]] and [[Supa, Parner|Supe]] [[jagir]]s (fiefs) from his father [[Maloji Bhosale|Maloji]], who served Ahmadnagar. During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] invasion of [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], he joined the Mughal forces and served under Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] for a short period. After being deprived of his [[Jagir|jagirs]], he defected to the [[Bijapur Sultanate]] in 1632 and regained control over Pune and Supe. In 1638, he received the jagir of [[Bangalore]] after Bijapur's invasion of Kempe Gowda III's territories. He became the chief general of Bijapur and oversaw its expansion.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA315 |author=Farooqui Salma Ahmed |publisher=Pearson |year=2011 |isbn=9788131732021 |page=315 }}</ref> | ||
He brought the house of Bhosale into prominence. He was the father of [[Shivaji]], the founder of the [[Maratha Empire]]. The [[princely state]]s of [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Tanjore]], [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]], and [[Satara district|Satara]] were ruled by Shahaji's descendants. | |||
== Early life == | |||
[[File:Hazrat Shah Sharif Dargah हजरत शाह शरीफ दर्गा अहमदनगर.jpg|thumb|Hazrat Shah Sharif Dargah where maloji asked for his two sons to the Muslim saint]] | [[File:Hazrat Shah Sharif Dargah हजरत शाह शरीफ दर्गा अहमदनगर.jpg|thumb|Hazrat Shah Sharif Dargah where maloji asked for his two sons to the Muslim saint]] | ||
Maloji was | Shahaji was the son of [[Maloji Bhosale]], a soldier who was eventually awarded the [[jagir|jagirs]] of [[Pune]] and [[Supa, Parner|Supe]] districts in the court of [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Nizam Shah of Ahmednagar]]. According to ''Shivabharata'', composed by Shivaji's court poet Paramananda, Maloji's wife Umabai prayed to the [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Pir (Sufism)|Pir]] Shah Sharif of Ahmadnagar to bless her with a son. She gave birth to two sons, who were named Shahaji and Sharifji after the Pir.<ref>{{cite book |author=G. H. Khare |title=Studies in Indology and Medieval History |year=1974 |publisher=Joshi & Lokhande |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Studies_in_Indology_and_Medieval_History/T8EtAQAAIAAJ |page=176 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=James W. Laine |chapter=A Question of Maharashtrian Identity: Hindu Self-definition in the Tales of Shivaji |editor=Meera Kosambi |title=Intersections: Socio-cultural Trends in Maharashtra |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2000 |isbn=9788125018780 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XU8dmAiaZSgC&q=maloji&pg=PA59 |access-date=2022-11-15 |page=62 }}</ref> | ||
Shahaji married [[Jijabai]], the daughter of [[Lakhuji Jadhav]], another Maratha general in the service of Nizam Shah of Ahmednagar when both of them were children.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhave|first1=Y.G.|title=From the death of Shivaji to the death of Aurangzeb : the critical years|date=2000|publisher=Northern Book Centre|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788172111007|page=19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kVk6msxUcC&q=shahaji+maloji+&pg=PR7}}</ref> | |||
== Early career == | == Early career == | ||
Like his father Maloji, Shahaji served in the army of [[Malik Ambar]] of [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]. At the time of Maloji's death in 1622, 26-year old Shahaji was a minor commander in Malik Ambar's army.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=44}} By 1625, he held the high military position of ''Sar Lashkar'', as suggested by a letter sent from Pune on 28 July.{{sfn|R. V. Oturkar|1956|p=272}} | Like his father Maloji, Shahaji served in the army of [[Malik Ambar]], the prime minister of [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]. At the time of Maloji's death in 1622, 26-year old Shahaji was a minor commander in Malik Ambar's army.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=44}} By 1625, he held the high military position of ''Sar Lashkar'', as suggested by a letter sent from Pune on 28 July.{{sfn|R. V. Oturkar|1956|p=272}} | ||
Ahmadnagar was involved in conflicts against the northern [[Mughal Empire]] and other [[Deccan Sultanates]], and Shahaji kept shifting his loyalty between these states. For example, sometime before the [[Battle of Bhatvadi]] (1624), Shahaji and some other Maratha leaders defected to the Mughals, but shortly before the battle they returned to Ahmadnagar. Malik Ambar's army defeated a combined Mughal-[[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] army in the battle.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=44}} Subsequently, a quarrel arose between Shahaji and his cousin Kheloji Bhonsle, and in 1625 Shahaji shifted his allegiance to Bijapur,{{sfn|R. V. Oturkar|1956|p=273}} probably because he was dissatisfied with Ahmadnagar rewarding his relatives more than him. He retained his [[jagir]] in the [[Pune district|Pune]] region, which was disputed between Ahmadnagar and Bijapur.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=45}} A letter dated 10 January 1626 indicates that he still held the position of ''Sar Lashkar''.{{sfn|R. V. Oturkar|1956|p=273}} | Ahmadnagar was involved in conflicts against the northern [[Mughal Empire]] and other [[Deccan Sultanates]], and Shahaji kept shifting his loyalty between these states. For example, sometime before the [[Battle of Bhatvadi]] (1624), Shahaji and some other Maratha leaders defected to the Mughals, but shortly before the battle they returned to Ahmadnagar. Malik Ambar's army defeated a combined Mughal-[[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] army in the battle.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=44}} Subsequently, a quarrel arose between Shahaji and his cousin Kheloji Bhonsle, and in 1625 Shahaji shifted his allegiance to Bijapur,{{sfn|R. V. Oturkar|1956|p=273}} probably because he was dissatisfied with Ahmadnagar rewarding his relatives more than him. He retained his [[jagir]] in the [[Pune district|Pune]] region, which was disputed between Ahmadnagar and Bijapur.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=45}} A letter dated 10 January 1626 indicates that he still held the position of ''Sar Lashkar''.{{sfn|R. V. Oturkar|1956|p=273}} | ||
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== War against the Mughals == | == War against the Mughals == | ||
In 1632, Malik Ambar's son Fatah Khan placed a puppet ruler on the Ahmadnagar throne and allied with the Mughals. As a reward, the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan granted him the ''jagir'' that had been earlier allotted to Shahaji.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2005|p=204}} | In 1632, Malik Ambar's son Fatah Khan placed a puppet ruler on the Ahmadnagar throne and allied with the Mughals. As a reward, the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan granted him the ''jagir'' that had been earlier allotted to Shahaji.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2005|p=204}} Shahaji then left the Mughal service and started plundering the region around [[Pune district|Pune]]. When the Mughals sent an army against him, he took shelter with the governor of [[Junnar]], and subsequently returned to Bijapur service.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=46}} | ||
From 1630 to 1632, northern Maharashtra suffered from a severe famine, called the Mahadurga famine. Bijapur sent an army to assist Ahmadnagar against the Mughals, who had besieged the [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad fort]]. The Mughals emerged victorious and captured [[Daulatabad Fort|Daultabad]], the capital of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate. Shahaji retreated and took control of an area in the southern part of the Ahmadngar Sultanate. This area included lands in the triangle formed by the [[Nashik]], [[Pune]], and [[Ahmadnagar]] cities.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=46}} Unlike southern Maharashtra, which was directly administered by the Bijapur government, this region was politically unstable because of constant warfare between Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, and the Mughals. The political control of this region had changed at least ten times from 1600 to 1635 with the government infrastructure in the area largely destroyed.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|pp=51-52}} Shahaji's control over this area was very weak, but he maintained an army of 2,000-10,000 men and provided service to the Ahmadnagar troops fleeing their state after the Mughal conquest.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=46}} | From 1630 to 1632, northern Maharashtra suffered from a severe famine, called the [[Deccan famine of 1630–1632|Mahadurga famine]]. Bijapur sent an army to assist Ahmadnagar against the Mughals, who had besieged the [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad fort]]. The Mughals emerged victorious and captured [[Daulatabad Fort|Daultabad]], the capital of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate. Shahaji retreated and took control of an area in the southern part of the Ahmadngar Sultanate. This area included lands in the triangle formed by the [[Nashik]], [[Pune]], and [[Ahmadnagar]] cities.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=46}} Unlike southern Maharashtra, which was directly administered by the Bijapur government, this region was politically unstable because of constant warfare between Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, and the Mughals. The political control of this region had changed at least ten times from 1600 to 1635 with the government infrastructure in the area largely destroyed.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|pp=51-52}} Shahaji's control over this area was very weak, but he maintained an army of 2,000-10,000 men and provided service to the Ahmadnagar troops fleeing their state after the Mughal conquest.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=46}} | ||
Meanwhile, in Daulatabad, the Mughals imprisoned the nominal king of Ahamadnagar.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=46}} Shahaji installed 10-year old Murtaza of the Ahamadnagar royal family as the titular puppet ruler{{sfn|Abraham Eraly|2000|p=437}} and appointed himself chief minister.{{sfn|Sumit Guha|2011|p=56}} Within a year, Shahaji's army captured Junnar and a large part of the northern [[Konkan]] region. Shahaji resided in Junnar and raised an army, which at its height included 12,000 soldiers. The strength of his army kept changing because of the changing loyalty of the various subordinate chiefs, including Ghatge, Kate, Gaikwad, Kank, Chavan, Mohite, Mahadik, Pandhre, Wagh, and Ghorpade.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=46}} He set up his capital at Shahabad and gained control of several large forts. A contemporary [[Brahmin]] newsletter of Bijapur states that the area controlled by him, not including his jagir of Pune and [[Indapur]], yielded 7.5 million rupees in revenue. This estimate was based on the ''potential'' rather than the ''actual'' revenue: the area had been devastated by war and famine, and the actual revenue collected was probably far smaller.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=47}} The warring armies had destroyed several villages in the area to deny their enemies revenue, and most of the remaining villages yielded revenue only when forced to do so.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=52}} According to the newsletter, his forces included a 3,000-man cavalry, plus an additional 2,000-man contingent from Bijapur.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=47}} | Meanwhile, in Daulatabad, the Mughals imprisoned the nominal king of Ahamadnagar.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=46}} Shahaji installed 10-year old Murtaza of the Ahamadnagar royal family as the titular puppet ruler{{sfn|Abraham Eraly|2000|p=437}} and appointed himself chief minister.{{sfn|Sumit Guha|2011|p=56}} Within a year, Shahaji's army captured Junnar and a large part of the northern [[Konkan]] region. Shahaji resided in Junnar and raised an army, which at its height included 12,000 soldiers. The strength of his army kept changing because of the changing loyalty of the various subordinate chiefs, including Ghatge, Kate, Gaikwad, Kank, Chavan, Mohite, Mahadik, Pandhre, Wagh, and Ghorpade.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=46}} He set up his capital at Shahabad and gained control of several large forts. A contemporary [[Brahmin]] newsletter of Bijapur states that the area controlled by him, not including his jagir of Pune and [[Indapur]], yielded 7.5 million rupees in revenue. This estimate was based on the ''potential'' rather than the ''actual'' revenue: the area had been devastated by war and famine, and the actual revenue collected was probably far smaller.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=47}} The warring armies had destroyed several villages in the area to deny their enemies revenue, and most of the remaining villages yielded revenue only when forced to do so.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=52}} According to the newsletter, his forces included a 3,000-man cavalry, plus an additional 2,000-man contingent from Bijapur.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=47}} | ||
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Poets cited in the ''Radha-Madhava-Vilasa Champu'' include Sbuddhi-Rav, a native of [[Ghatampur]], who compares Shahaji to [[Krishna]] holding up the [[Govardhan Puja|Govardhan Hill]] to protect the people.{{sfn|Sumit Guha|2011|p=57}} Other prominent personalities in Shahaji's court included Prabhakarabhatta (the ''[[purohit]]''); Naropant Hanumanthe; and his sons Janardana-pant and Raghunath-pant.{{sfn|B. Muddachari|1966|p=178}} | Poets cited in the ''Radha-Madhava-Vilasa Champu'' include Sbuddhi-Rav, a native of [[Ghatampur]], who compares Shahaji to [[Krishna]] holding up the [[Govardhan Puja|Govardhan Hill]] to protect the people.{{sfn|Sumit Guha|2011|p=57}} Other prominent personalities in Shahaji's court included Prabhakarabhatta (the ''[[purohit]]''); Naropant Hanumanthe; and his sons Janardana-pant and Raghunath-pant.{{sfn|B. Muddachari|1966|p=178}} | ||
==Legacy== | == Legacy == | ||
Shahaji Samadhi is at Hodigere near [[Channagiri]] in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/101217/sunday-story-in-davangere-rests-a-great-maratha-warrior-the-pride-of-kannadigas.html|title=Sunday Story: In Davangere rests a great Maratha warrior, the pride of Kannadigas|date=10 December 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref>{{Further explanation needed|reason=More info about Shahaji samadhi.|date=February 2022}} | Shahaji Samadhi is at Hodigere near [[Channagiri]] in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/101217/sunday-story-in-davangere-rests-a-great-maratha-warrior-the-pride-of-kannadigas.html|title=Sunday Story: In Davangere rests a great Maratha warrior, the pride of Kannadigas|date=10 December 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref>{{Further explanation needed|reason=More info about Shahaji samadhi.|date=February 2022}} | ||
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* In [[Raja Shivchatrapati]] (2008), a Marathi historical TV serial of [[Star Pravah]] Avinash Narakar played the role of Shahaji Raje.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Popular historical show ‘Raja Shivchatrapati’ to return on the audience’s demand - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/popular-historical-show-raja-shivchatrapati-to-return-on-the-audiences-demand/articleshow/74935697.cms|access-date=2022-02-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> | * In [[Raja Shivchatrapati]] (2008), a Marathi historical TV serial of [[Star Pravah]] Avinash Narakar played the role of Shahaji Raje.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Popular historical show ‘Raja Shivchatrapati’ to return on the audience’s demand - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/popular-historical-show-raja-shivchatrapati-to-return-on-the-audiences-demand/articleshow/74935697.cms|access-date=2022-02-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> | ||
* In [[Bharat Ek Khoj]] he was portrayed by [[Achyut Potdar]] | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
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=== Bibliography === | === Bibliography === | ||
{{refbegin}} | {{refbegin}} | ||
* {{cite book |author=Abraham Eraly |title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA437 |year=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-100143-2 }} | * {{cite book |author=Abraham Eraly |title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA437 |year=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-100143-2 }} | ||
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== External links == | == External links == | ||
{{Portal bar|Biography|Military|History}}{{Shivaji}} | {{Portal bar|Biography|Military|History}} | ||
{{Shivaji}} | |||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahaji,}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Shahaji,}} | ||
[[Category:1594 births]] | [[Category:1594 births]] | ||
[[Category:1664 deaths]] | [[Category:1664 deaths]] | ||
[[Category:Indian Hindus]] | |||
[[Category:Indian military leaders]] | [[Category:Indian military leaders]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:People from Maharashtra]] | ||
[[Category:People of the Maratha Empire]] | |||
[[Category:Shivaji]] | [[Category:Shivaji]] | ||