1,326
edits
robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.
>Moneytrees (Remove content copied from https://web.archive.org/web/20210911164618/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/training-india-gets-two-al-55i-engines-for-combat-trainers.html) |
(robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
<!-- This article is a part of [[ | <!-- This article is a part of [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. --> | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=April | {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} | ||
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin | {|{{Infobox aircraft begin | ||
|name = HJT-36 ''Sitara'' | |name = HJT-36 ''Sitara'' | ||
| Line 12: | Line 12: | ||
|design group = Aircraft Research and Design Centre | |design group = Aircraft Research and Design Centre | ||
|first flight = 7 March 2003 | |first flight = 7 March 2003 | ||
|introduced = 2023 (Planned)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inceptivemind.com/hal-hjt-36-sitara-intermediate-jet-trainer-begins-spin-flight-testing/16333/|title = India's HJT-36 Sitara intermediate jet trainer begins spin flight testing|date = 24 November | |introduced = 2023 (Planned)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inceptivemind.com/hal-hjt-36-sitara-intermediate-jet-trainer-begins-spin-flight-testing/16333/|title = India's HJT-36 Sitara intermediate jet trainer begins spin flight testing|date = 24 November 2022}}</ref> | ||
|retired = | |retired = | ||
|primary user = [[Indian Air Force]] | |primary user = [[Indian Air Force]] | ||
| Line 25: | Line 25: | ||
The '''HAL HJT-36 ''Sitara''''' ([[ISO 15919|Sitārā]]: "''[[star]]''") is a subsonic intermediate jet [[trainer aircraft]] designed and developed by Aircraft Research and Design Centre (ARDC)<ref>{{Cite web|title=With expected 83 Tejas MK1A orders, ARDC shapes India's upgraded fighter|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/nation/2020/08/05/with-expected-83-tejas-mk1a-orders-ardc-shapes-india-upgraded-fi.html|access-date=2020-08-07|website=OnManorama|language=en}}</ref> and built by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) for the [[Indian Air Force]] and the [[Indian Navy]]. The HJT-36 will replace the HAL [[HJT-16 Kiran|HJT-16 ''Kiran'']] as the Stage-2 trainer for the two forces. | The '''HAL HJT-36 ''Sitara''''' ([[ISO 15919|Sitārā]]: "''[[star]]''") is a subsonic intermediate jet [[trainer aircraft]] designed and developed by Aircraft Research and Design Centre (ARDC)<ref>{{Cite web|title=With expected 83 Tejas MK1A orders, ARDC shapes India's upgraded fighter|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/nation/2020/08/05/with-expected-83-tejas-mk1a-orders-ardc-shapes-india-upgraded-fi.html|access-date=2020-08-07|website=OnManorama|language=en}}</ref> and built by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) for the [[Indian Air Force]] and the [[Indian Navy]]. The HJT-36 will replace the HAL [[HJT-16 Kiran|HJT-16 ''Kiran'']] as the Stage-2 trainer for the two forces. | ||
The ''Sitara'' is a conventional jet trainer with low swept wings, tandem cockpit and small air intakes for the engine on either side of its fuselage. It entered limited series production by 2010 but according to the Indian Air Force officials it remained "unfit" for service due to technological issues related to spin test (as of March 2017).<ref name="Bedi Jane's">{{cite web|last1=Bedi|first1=Rahul|title=India's HJT-36 Sitara remains 'unfit' for use as intermediate jet trainer|url=http://www.janes.com/article/68386/india-s-hjt-36-sitara-remains-unfit-for-use-as-intermediate-jet-trainer|website=Jane's 360|publisher=IHS|access-date=27 July | The ''Sitara'' is a conventional jet trainer with low swept wings, tandem cockpit and small air intakes for the engine on either side of its fuselage. It entered limited series production by 2010 but according to the Indian Air Force officials it remained "unfit" for service due to technological issues related to spin test (as of March 2017).<ref name="Bedi Jane's">{{cite web|last1=Bedi|first1=Rahul|title=India's HJT-36 Sitara remains 'unfit' for use as intermediate jet trainer|url=http://www.janes.com/article/68386/india-s-hjt-36-sitara-remains-unfit-for-use-as-intermediate-jet-trainer|website=Jane's 360|publisher=IHS|access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref>, an issue which was only solved in tests in January 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peri |first1=Dinakar |title=Intermediate Jet Trainer has cleared a major milestone, says HAL chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hals-intermediate-jet-trainer-has-cleared-a-major-milestone/article38161914.ece |access-date=20 October 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=7 January 2022}}</ref> In April 2019, ''Sitara'' flew for the first time in three years with a modified air frame to correct its spin characteristics.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Waldron |first1=Greg |title=PICTURES: HAL HJT-36 IJT flies after three year hiatus |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-hal-hjt-36-ijt-flies-after-three-year-hia-457570/ |work=Flightglobal.com |date=18 April 2022}}</ref> | ||
== Design & development == | == Design & development == | ||
| Line 45: | Line 45: | ||
===2000s=== | ===2000s=== | ||
*The first and second prototypes of the HJT-36, labeled PT-1 and PT-2, flew on 7 March 2003 and in March 2004, respectively. The program was then delayed with the Air Force assessing the [[SNECMA Turbomeca Larzac]] engine, with 14.1 kN of thrust, as under-powered. In response, in August 2005, HAL reached a deal to replace the SNECMA engine with the [[NPO Saturn]] AL-55I with 16.9 kN of thrust. The deal also provided for license-production of the engine in India by HAL.<ref name="at-hjt">{{Cite web|title=HJT-36 Sitara Intermediate Jet Trainer|url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/hjttrainer/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Airforce Technology|language=en-US}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=June | *The first and second prototypes of the HJT-36, labeled PT-1 and PT-2, flew on 7 March 2003 and in March 2004, respectively. The program was then delayed with the Air Force assessing the [[SNECMA Turbomeca Larzac]] engine, with 14.1 kN of thrust, as under-powered. In response, in August 2005, HAL reached a deal to replace the SNECMA engine with the [[NPO Saturn]] AL-55I with 16.9 kN of thrust. The deal also provided for license-production of the engine in India by HAL.<ref name="at-hjt">{{Cite web|title=HJT-36 Sitara Intermediate Jet Trainer|url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/hjttrainer/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Airforce Technology|language=en-US}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=June 2022}} | ||
*Further delays were caused by delays in delivery of the NPO Saturn engine by 2 years, as well as due to two accidents in February 2007 and in February 2009 involving each of the prototypes, which grounded the aircraft for repairs and investigations.<ref name=hindu-aero2007>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Jet-trainer-overshoots-runway-at-aero-show/article14717982.ece|title=Jet trainer overshoots runway at aero show|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 February 2007|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name=ad-hjt>{{cite web|url=https://www.blogger.com/blogin.g?blogspotURL=http%3A%2F%2Ftheasiandefence.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F02%2Fintermediate-jet-trainer-lands-on-belly.html&bpli=1|title=Login to read|website=www.blogger.com}}</ref> | *Further delays were caused by delays in delivery of the NPO Saturn engine by 2 years, as well as due to two accidents in February 2007 and in February 2009 involving each of the prototypes, which grounded the aircraft for repairs and investigations.<ref name=hindu-aero2007>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Jet-trainer-overshoots-runway-at-aero-show/article14717982.ece|title=Jet trainer overshoots runway at aero show|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 February 2007|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name=ad-hjt>{{cite web|url=https://www.blogger.com/blogin.g?blogspotURL=http%3A%2F%2Ftheasiandefence.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F02%2Fintermediate-jet-trainer-lands-on-belly.html&bpli=1|title=Login to read|website=www.blogger.com}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | ||
*The first AL-55I engine was received from [[Russia]] on 28 December 2008, 2 years later than committed, and was installed on PT-1.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2008-12-28|title=Russian engines coming today for intermediate jet trainer|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Russian-engines-coming-today-for-intermediate-jet-trainer/article15369375.ece|access-date=2022-01-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Following ground taxiing trials, flight tests with the new engine started on 9 May 2009.<ref name="deagel">{{cite web|title=IJT|url=http://www.deagel.com/Combat-Aircraft/IJT_a000076001.aspx|url-status=live|access-date=7 January 2022|website=Deagel}}</ref><ref name="hindu.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/14/stories/2009051454651800.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516185954/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/14/stories/2009051454651800.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 May 2009 |title=HAL's intermediate jet trainer HJT-36 makes maiden flight with Russian engine |date=14 May 2009 |access-date=12 July 2010 | work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India }}</ref> | *The first AL-55I engine was received from [[Russia]] on 28 December 2008, 2 years later than committed, and was installed on PT-1.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2008-12-28|title=Russian engines coming today for intermediate jet trainer|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Russian-engines-coming-today-for-intermediate-jet-trainer/article15369375.ece|access-date=2022-01-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Following ground taxiing trials, flight tests with the new engine started on 9 May 2009.<ref name="deagel">{{cite web|title=IJT|url=http://www.deagel.com/Combat-Aircraft/IJT_a000076001.aspx|url-status=live|access-date=7 January 2022|website=Deagel}}</ref><ref name="hindu.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/14/stories/2009051454651800.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516185954/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/14/stories/2009051454651800.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 May 2009 |title=HAL's intermediate jet trainer HJT-36 makes maiden flight with Russian engine |date=14 May 2009 |access-date=12 July 2010 | work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India }}</ref> | ||
===2010=== | ===2010=== | ||
*After further development and extensive testing, the [[Indian Air Force]] placed an order for 73 aircraft. After over 280 test flights, the aircraft entered limited series production in 2009 for the first 12 aircraft to be delivered to the Air Force. | *After further development and extensive testing, the [[Indian Air Force]] placed an order for 73 aircraft. After over 280 test flights, the aircraft entered limited series production in 2009 for the first 12 aircraft to be delivered to the Air Force. | ||
*The first flight test for the limited series aircraft occurred in January 2010,<ref name=aw-20100528>{{cite web|last1=Krishnan|first1=Anantha|title=India Thought Leaders: HAL Chairman Sets Firm Agenda For Aggressive Export Sales|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/india-thought-leaders-hal-chairman-sets-firm-agenda-aggressive-export-sales|website=aviationweek.com|language=en|date=28 May | *The first flight test for the limited series aircraft occurred in January 2010,<ref name=aw-20100528>{{cite web|last1=Krishnan|first1=Anantha|title=India Thought Leaders: HAL Chairman Sets Firm Agenda For Aggressive Export Sales|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/india-thought-leaders-hal-chairman-sets-firm-agenda-aggressive-export-sales|website=aviationweek.com|language=en|date=28 May 2022}}</ref> and [[initial operational capability]] was expected by July 2011.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indigenous-jet-trainer-to-get-initial-clearance-by-july/articleshow/7468968.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Indigenous jet trainer to get initial clearance by July | date=10 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://img196.imageshack.us/img196/1378/hal3.jpg|title=Vayu aerospace article}}</ref> The Air Force order was expected to grow to over 200 aircraft. | ||
===2012=== | ===2012=== | ||
| Line 60: | Line 60: | ||
===2014=== | ===2014=== | ||
*On 19 February 2014, the Indian MOD submitted a statement that the development of IJT was in the advanced stages of certification, with more than 800 test flights completed so far. The activities were progressing well with completion of sea level trials, night flying trials, high altitude trials as well as weapon and drop tank trials. The activities left for obtaining Final Operational Clearance (FOC) are the refinement of stall characteristics, and spin testing which will be commenced as soon as stall characteristics were refined. All efforts were being made to achieve FOC by December 2014. Production of aircraft was to commence immediately thereafter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/2014/02/hjt-36-target-foc-by-dec-2014-says-mod.html|title=HJT-36 Target FOC By Dec 2014, Says MoD|first=Shiv|last=Aroor|date=19 February | *On 19 February 2014, the Indian MOD submitted a statement that the development of IJT was in the advanced stages of certification, with more than 800 test flights completed so far. The activities were progressing well with completion of sea level trials, night flying trials, high altitude trials as well as weapon and drop tank trials. The activities left for obtaining Final Operational Clearance (FOC) are the refinement of stall characteristics, and spin testing which will be commenced as soon as stall characteristics were refined. All efforts were being made to achieve FOC by December 2014. Production of aircraft was to commence immediately thereafter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/2014/02/hjt-36-target-foc-by-dec-2014-says-mod.html|title=HJT-36 Target FOC By Dec 2014, Says MoD|first=Shiv|last=Aroor|date=19 February 2022}}</ref> However the stall cannot be tested until HAL redesigns the entire aircraft to correct its "inherent asymmetry".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indrus.in/blogs/2014/02/24/flameout_why_the_iaf_wont_accept_hals_jet_trainer_33117.html |title=Flameout: Why the IAF won't accept HAL's jet trainer |last1=Simha |first1=Rakesh Krishnan |date=24 February 2014 |website=indrus.in |publisher=Российская газета |access-date=23 February 2022}}</ref> | ||
*[[BAE Systems]] was consulted on certain design changes, specifically the tail.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/spin-trials-to-revive-intermediate-jet-trainer-programme-soon/articleshow/56209445.cms|title=Spin trials to revive intermediate jet trainer programme soon|first=Manu|last=Pubby|date=14 July 2018|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> Afterwards the design was put to mathematical and wind tunnel tests. The modified aircraft was expected to complete the spin tests by September 2015, and the production of 85 aircraft for the Indian Air Force to begin.<ref>{{Cite news|last=D.S|first=Madhumathi|date=2015-09-09|title=IAF's IJT set for spin test|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/iafs-ijt-set-for-spin-test/article7631349.ece|access-date=2022-01-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> | *[[BAE Systems]] was consulted on certain design changes, specifically the tail.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/spin-trials-to-revive-intermediate-jet-trainer-programme-soon/articleshow/56209445.cms|title=Spin trials to revive intermediate jet trainer programme soon|first=Manu|last=Pubby|date=14 July 2018|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> Afterwards the design was put to mathematical and wind tunnel tests. The modified aircraft was expected to complete the spin tests by September 2015, and the production of 85 aircraft for the Indian Air Force to begin.<ref>{{Cite news|last=D.S|first=Madhumathi|date=2015-09-09|title=IAF's IJT set for spin test|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/iafs-ijt-set-for-spin-test/article7631349.ece|access-date=2022-01-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> | ||
| Line 67: | Line 67: | ||
===2019=== | ===2019=== | ||
*With Birhle as a consultant, the air frame was modified to move the [[Vertical stabilizer|tailfin]] and [[tailplane]] further down which is expected to make spin recovery easier. The modified aircraft flew for the first time in April 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Ajai |title=HAL's Intermediate Jet Trainer flies again after extensive re-design |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/hal-s-intermediate-jet-trainer-flies-again-after-extensive-re-design-119041900219_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=19 April | *With Birhle as a consultant, the air frame was modified to move the [[Vertical stabilizer|tailfin]] and [[tailplane]] further down which is expected to make spin recovery easier. The modified aircraft flew for the first time in April 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Ajai |title=HAL's Intermediate Jet Trainer flies again after extensive re-design |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/hal-s-intermediate-jet-trainer-flies-again-after-extensive-re-design-119041900219_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=19 April 2022}}</ref> | ||
===2022=== | ===2022=== | ||
| Line 75: | Line 75: | ||
[[File:Profil HAL HJT-36.png|right|400px]] | [[File:Profil HAL HJT-36.png|right|400px]] | ||
{{Aircraft specs | {{Aircraft specs | ||
|ref=Jane's All the World's Aircraft<ref name="jawa-1617">{{cite book|editor1-last=Jackson|editor1-first=Paul|editor2-last=Peacock|editor2-first=Lindsay|editor3-last=Bushell|editor3-first=Susan|editor4-last=Willis|editor4-first=David|editor5-last=Winchester|editor5-first=Jim|title=IHS Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production|date=2016–2017|location=Couldson|isbn=978-0710631770|page=304|chapter=India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hal-india.co.in/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=22|title=HAL IJT|publisher=HAL|access-date=2 May | |ref=Jane's All the World's Aircraft<ref name="jawa-1617">{{cite book|editor1-last=Jackson|editor1-first=Paul|editor2-last=Peacock|editor2-first=Lindsay|editor3-last=Bushell|editor3-first=Susan|editor4-last=Willis|editor4-first=David|editor5-last=Winchester|editor5-first=Jim|title=IHS Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production|date=2016–2017|location=Couldson|isbn=978-0710631770|page=304|chapter=India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hal-india.co.in/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=22|title=HAL IJT|publisher=HAL|access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref> | ||
|prime units?=met<!-- imp or kts first for US aircraft, and UK aircraft pre-metrification, | |prime units?=met<!-- imp or kts first for US aircraft, and UK aircraft pre-metrification, | ||
met(ric) first for all others. You MUST choose a format, or no specifications will show --> | met(ric) first for all others. You MUST choose a format, or no specifications will show --> | ||