no edit summary
imported>Ira Leviton m (Fixed a typo found with Wikipedia:Typo_Team/moss.) |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 11: | Line 11: | ||
| coronation = 1339 | | coronation = 1339 | ||
| predecessor = [[Rinchan|Rinchan Shah]] | | predecessor = [[Rinchan|Rinchan Shah]] | ||
| successor = [[Sultan Jamshed]] | | successor = [[Shah Mir dynasty#Jamshid|Sultan Jamshed]] | ||
| spouse = | | spouse = | ||
| issue = | | issue = | ||
| full name = Shams-ud-Din Shah Mir | | full name = Shams-ud-Din Shah Mir | ||
| house = [[Shah Miri dynasty]] | | house = [[Shah Miri dynasty|Shah Miri]] | ||
| royal anthem = | | royal anthem = | ||
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] | | religion = [[Sunni Islam]] | ||
| Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
| mother = | | mother = | ||
| birth_date = 1300 | | birth_date = 1300 | ||
| birth_place = | | birth_place = Birthplace: <br>[[#Origin|see below]] | ||
| death_date = 1342 | | death_date = 1342 | ||
| death_place = Kashmir | | death_place = [[Kashmir]] | ||
| buried = | | buried = | ||
| signature = | | signature = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Shams-ud-Din Shah Mir''' ({{reign|1339|1342}}) was a ruler of | '''Shams-ud-Din Shah Mir''' ({{reign|1339|1342}}) was a ruler of [[Kashmir]] and founder of the [[Shah Mir dynasty]]. Shah Mir is believed to have come to [[Kashmir]] during the rule of [[Suhadeva]] ({{reign|1301|1320}}), where he rose to prominence. After the death of Suhadeva and his brother Udayanadeva, Shah Mir proposed for marriage to [[Kota Rani]], she refused and continued her rule for five months till 1339 and appointed Bhutta Bhikshana as prime minister. After the death of [[Kota Rani]], Shah Mir established his own kingship, founding the Shah Mir dynasty in 1339, which lasted till 1561. | ||
== | ==Origin== | ||
{{Location map+ | {{Location map+ | ||
|Kashmir | |Kashmir | ||
| Line 45: | Line 45: | ||
{{location map~ |Kashmir |lat_deg=34 |lat_min=08 |lat_sec=43 |lat_dirN |lon_deg=77 |lon_min=34 |lon_sec=03 |lon_E |label=Leh |position=right |link=Leh |marksize=3}} | {{location map~ |Kashmir |lat_deg=34 |lat_min=08 |lat_sec=43 |lat_dirN |lon_deg=77 |lon_min=34 |lon_sec=03 |lon_E |label=Leh |position=right |link=Leh |marksize=3}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
There are two theories regarding Shah Mir's origin. Some Persian chronicles of Kashmir describe Shah Mir as a descendant of the rulers of [[Swat, Pakistan|Swat]].{{efn|The chronicles include those of Tahir, Haidar Malik, Rafiu'd Din Ahmad and Muhammad A'azam.<ref>{{citation |last=Gull |first=Surayia |title=Mir Saiyid Ali Hamadani And Kubraviya Sufi Order In Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldvXAAAAMAAJ |date=2003 |publisher=Kanikshka Publishers, Distributors |isbn=978-81-7391-581-9 | | There are two theories regarding Shah Mir's origin. Some Persian chronicles of Kashmir describe Shah Mir as a descendant of the rulers of [[Swat, Pakistan|Swat]].{{efn|The chronicles include those of Tahir, Haidar Malik, Rafiu'd Din Ahmad and Muhammad A'azam.<ref>{{citation |last=Gull |first=Surayia |title=Mir Saiyid Ali Hamadani And Kubraviya Sufi Order In Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldvXAAAAMAAJ |date=2003 |publisher=Kanikshka Publishers, Distributors |isbn=978-81-7391-581-9 |page=3}}</ref>}} Historian A. Q. Rafiqi thinks it more likely that he was a descendant of Persian or Turkic immigrants to Swat.{{sfn|Baloch|Rafiq|1998|pp=311-312}} It has also been suggested that he belonged to a Sufi or Qadiri family.{{sfn|Schimmel|1980|p=44}} Some scholars state that the Panjgabbar valley, the location described by Jonaraja, was actually peopled by [[Khasas]] and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir.<ref> | ||
{{citation |last=Wani |first=Nizam-ud-Din |title=Muslim rule in Kashmir, 1554 A.D. to 1586 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikpuAAAAMAAJ |year=1987 |publisher=Jay Kay Book House |page=29 |quote="Shamir was a Khasa by birth and descended from the chiefs of Panchagahvara."}} | |||
Some scholars state that the Panjgabbar valley, the location described by Jonaraja, was actually peopled by [[Khasas]] and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir.<ref> | |||
{{citation |last=Wani |first=Nizam-ud-Din |title=Muslim rule in Kashmir, 1554 A.D. to 1586 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikpuAAAAMAAJ |year=1987 |publisher=Jay Kay Book House | | |||
</ref><ref> | </ref><ref> | ||
{{citation |last=Saxena |first=Savitri |title=Geographical Survey of the Purāṇas: The Purāṇas, a Geographical Survey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sw4qAAAAYAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Nag Publishers |isbn=978-81-7081-333-0 | | {{citation |last=Saxena |first=Savitri |title=Geographical Survey of the Purāṇas: The Purāṇas, a Geographical Survey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sw4qAAAAYAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Nag Publishers |isbn=978-81-7081-333-0 |pages=360–361 |quote="In the Rajatarangini, the rulers of Rajapuri (modern Rajauri) are called the lord of Khasas and their troops as Khasas. They occupied the valleys of Ans river, now called Panjagabhar (''Pancagahvara'' of Srivara IV 213)."}} | ||
</ref><ref> | </ref><ref> | ||
{{citation |last=Zutshi |first=N. K. |title=Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir: an age of enlightenment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzluAAAAMAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Nupur Prakashan | | {{citation |last=Zutshi |first=N. K. |title=Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir: an age of enlightenment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzluAAAAMAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Nupur Prakashan |page=7 |quote="This area in which Panchagahvara was situated is mentioned as having been the place of habitation of the Khasa tribe. Shah Mir was, therefore, a ''Khasa'' by birth. This conclusion is further strengthened by references to the part of the Khasas increasingly played in the politics of Kashmir with which their connections became intimate after the occupation of Kashmir.}} | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
Most modern historians accept the Swati origins of Shah Mir.{{sfn|Schimmel|1980|p=44}}{{sfn|Wink|2004|p=140|ps= "The first Muslim dynasty of Kashmir was founded in 1324 by Shah Mìrzà, who was probably an Afghan warrior from Swat or a Qarauna Turk, possibly even a Tibetan..."}}<ref name="Gupta2012"> | Most modern historians accept the Swati origins of Shah Mir.{{sfn|Schimmel|1980|p=44}}{{sfn|Wink|2004|p=140|ps="The first Muslim dynasty of Kashmir was founded in 1324 by Shah Mìrzà, who was probably an Afghan warrior from Swat or a Qarauna Turk, possibly even a Tibetan..."}}<ref name="Gupta2012"> | ||
{{citation|last=Gupta|first=Jyoti Bhusan Das|title=Jammu and Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-011-9231-6|pages=19–}} | {{citation|last=Gupta|first=Jyoti Bhusan Das|title=Jammu and Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-011-9231-6|pages=19–}} | ||
</ref><ref name="Snedden2015"> | </ref><ref name="Snedden2015"> | ||
{{citation|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-342-7|pages=28–}} | {{citation|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-342-7|pages=28–}} | ||
</ref> Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions ''Swadgir'' rather than Swat, which he interprets as ''Swadgabar'', meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of ''Panchagahvara-Simani'' (on the borders of Panchagagvara).<ref name="Zutshi p.7">{{citation |last=Zutshi |first=N. K. |title=Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir: an age of enlightenment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzluAAAAMAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Nupur Prakashan | | </ref> Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions ''Swadgir'' rather than Swat, which he interprets as ''Swadgabar'', meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of ''Panchagahvara-Simani'' (on the borders of Panchagagvara).<ref name="Zutshi p.7">{{citation |last=Zutshi |first=N. K. |title=Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir: an age of enlightenment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzluAAAAMAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Nupur Prakashan |page=7}}</ref> | ||
A. Q. Rafiqi states: | A. Q. Rafiqi states: | ||
| Line 72: | Line 70: | ||
=== During and After the Later Turco-Mongol Invasion === | === During and After the Later Turco-Mongol Invasion === | ||
During the reign of [[Udayanadeva]], the Kashmir Valley was again invaded by [[Mongol]]-[[ | During the reign of [[Udayanadeva]], the Kashmir Valley was again invaded by [[Mongol]]-[[Turkic peoples|Turk]] forces, and Udayanadeva fled to Ladakh. Kota Rani, along with Shah Mir, called upon the many disorganized Damara (warlords of Kashmir), rallying them together. This now unified resistance defeated the invading armies, prompting their retreat from the valley.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
==== Revolt Against Kota Rani ==== | ==== Revolt Against Kota Rani ==== | ||
In the aftermath of the conflict, Shah Mir won prestige for his role in unifying the people. Kota Rani took notice of his increasing popularity, and in an effort to check him, appointed Bhatta Bhiksana, a powerful man within the kingdom, as her Prime Minister. She also decided to move her capital to Andarkot, away from Srinagar, where Shah Mir had a | In the aftermath of the conflict, Shah Mir won prestige for his role in unifying the people. Kota Rani took notice of his increasing popularity, and in an effort to check him, appointed Bhatta Bhiksana, a powerful man within the kingdom, as her Prime Minister. She also decided to move her capital to Andarkot, away from Srinagar, where Shah Mir had a great influence. This enraged Shah Mir, as he felt ignored in spite of his great labors for the kingdom. He had Bhiksana assassinated , and asked Kota Rani to marry him and share power, threatening to wage war on her if she was to refuse. She declined, and the two of them began organizing their armies.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Hasan|first=Mohibbul|title=Kashmir Under the Sultans|publisher=Aakar Books|year=2005|isbn=9788187879497|location=Calcutta|pages=44}}</ref> | ||
Shah Mir set out with his army from Srinagar towards Andarkot. Kota Rani sent out a force to check his advance, but it was promptly defeated. The fort at Andarkot was then laid siege to. While this was going on, many of Kota Rani's troops, seeing the futility of the situation, deserted and joined Shah Mir, to whom most important chiefs in the kingdom had already pledged allegiance.<ref name=":1" /> | Shah Mir set out with his army from Srinagar towards Andarkot. Kota Rani sent out a force to check his advance, but it was promptly defeated. The fort at Andarkot was then laid siege to. While this was going on, many of Kota Rani's troops, seeing the futility of the situation, deserted and joined Shah Mir, to whom most important chiefs in the kingdom had already pledged allegiance.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
| Line 86: | Line 84: | ||
Shams-ud-Din worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendants. In an effort to keep the local feudal chiefs in check, he raised to power two indigenous families, the Magres and the Chaks.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Hasan|first=Mohibbul|title=Kashmir Under the Sultans|publisher=Aakar Books|year=2005|isbn=9788187879497|location=Calcutta|pages=46}}</ref> He also introduced a new era to the people of Kashmir, called the Kashmiri Era. This replaced the Laukika Era that had existed prior to this. The Kashmiri Era began with Rinchan's accession and conversion to Islam in 720 [[Hijri year|A.H.]] (~1320 CE) This Era remained in use until the Mughal Conquest of Kashmir in 1586.<ref name=":2" /> Shams-ud-Din had two sons, Jamshed and Ali Sher. | Shams-ud-Din worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendants. In an effort to keep the local feudal chiefs in check, he raised to power two indigenous families, the Magres and the Chaks.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Hasan|first=Mohibbul|title=Kashmir Under the Sultans|publisher=Aakar Books|year=2005|isbn=9788187879497|location=Calcutta|pages=46}}</ref> He also introduced a new era to the people of Kashmir, called the Kashmiri Era. This replaced the Laukika Era that had existed prior to this. The Kashmiri Era began with Rinchan's accession and conversion to Islam in 720 [[Hijri year|A.H.]] (~1320 CE) This Era remained in use until the Mughal Conquest of Kashmir in 1586.<ref name=":2" /> Shams-ud-Din had two sons, Jamshed and Ali Sher. | ||
[[File:Shah Mir Tomb.png|thumb|The Tomb of Sultan Shams-ud-Din Shah Mir.]] | [[File:Shah Mir Tomb.png|thumb|The Tomb of Sultan Shams-ud-Din Shah Mir.]] | ||
He reigned for three years and five months from 1339–42. He is currently buried in Andarkot, near Sambal. | He reigned for three years and five months from 1339–42. He is currently buried in Andarkot, near Sambal. | ||
== | == Succession == | ||
He was succeeded by [[Sultan Jamshed]] | Sultan Shah Mir died in 1342. He was buried in Andarkot, near Sambal. He was succeeded by [[Sultan Jamshed]] as the second sultan of ShahMiri Sultanate. | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 111: | Line 109: | ||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah Mir}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Shah Mir}} | ||
[[Category:Sultans of Kashmir]] | [[Category:Sultans of Kashmir]] | ||
[[Category:14th-century people]] | [[Category:14th-century Indian people]] | ||
[[Category:14th-century Muslims]] | |||