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| honors = Jagadguru | | honors = Jagadguru | ||
| honorific_suffix = | | honorific_suffix = | ||
| image = | | image = Nimbarkacharya's holy icon at Ukhra Mahanta Asthal(West Bengal).JPG | ||
| caption = An icon of Nimbarkacharya at Ukhra Mahanta Asthal, West Bengal. | | caption = An icon of Nimbarkacharya at [[Ukhra Mahanta Asthal]], West Bengal. | ||
| birth_date = | | birth_date = 607 CE (disputed) | ||
| birth_place = Nimbapura, [[Andhra Pradesh]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=312}} {{small|(Identified present-day as Naidupattana, [[Bellary district, Karnataka]])}} | | birth_place = Nimbapura, [[Andhra Pradesh]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=312}}<br />{{small|(Identified present-day as Naidupattana, [[Bellary district, Karnataka]])}} | ||
| death_date = | | death_date = 700 CE (disputed) | ||
| religion = [[Hinduism]] | | religion = [[Hinduism]] | ||
| order = [[Vedanta]] | | order = [[Vedanta]] | ||
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{{quote box|width=22em|title=Quotation|quote=''To the left hand side of Goloka Bihari is the daughter of King [[Vrishabhanu]], Sri Radha, who is as beautiful as the Lord and is worshipped by thousands of handmaidens. She fulfills the wishes of all. Sri Kishori is eternally remembered as Sri Ji.''}} | {{quote box|width=22em|title=Quotation|quote=''To the left hand side of Goloka Bihari is the daughter of King [[Vrishabhanu]], Sri Radha, who is as beautiful as the Lord and is worshipped by thousands of handmaidens. She fulfills the wishes of all. Sri Kishori is eternally remembered as Sri Ji.''}} | ||
{{Hindu philosophy}} | {{Hindu philosophy}} | ||
'''Nimbarkacharya''' ({{lang-sa|निम्बार्काचार्य|Nimbārkāchārya}}) ({{circa}}1130 | '''Nimbarkacharya''' ({{lang-sa|निम्बार्काचार्य|Nimbārkāchārya}}) ({{circa}} 1130 – {{circa}} 1200{{Sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=xxx}}), also known as '''Nimbarka''', '''Nimbaditya''' or '''Niyamananda''', was a Hindu philosopher, theologian and the chief proponent of the theology of [[Dvaitadvaita]] (dvaita–advaita) or dualistic–non-dualistic. He played a major role in spreading the worship of the divine couple [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]], and founded [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]], one of four main [[Sampradaya|traditions]] of Hindu sect [[Vaishnavism]].{{sfn|Malkovsky|p=118}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nimbarka {{!}} Indian philosopher|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nimbarka-Indian-philosopher|access-date=16 January 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> | ||
Nimbarka is believed to have lived around the 11th and 12th centuries, but this dating has been questioned, suggesting that he lived somewhat earlier than [[Shankaracharya]], in the 6th or 7th century CE.{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014}} Born in Southern India, he spent most of his life in [[Mathura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is sometimes identified with another philosopher named [[Bhāskara (philosopher)|Bhaskara]],{{sfn|Hoiberg|2000}} but this is considered to be a misconception due to the differences between the spiritual views of the two saints.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=129}}{{sfn|Bose|1940}}{{sfn|Raju|2013|p=158}} | Nimbarka is believed to have lived around the 11th and 12th centuries, but this dating has been questioned, suggesting that he lived somewhat earlier than [[Adi Shankara|Shankaracharya]], in the 6th or 7th century CE.{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014}} Born in Southern India in a [[Telugu Brahmin]] family,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Nimbarka {{!}} Indian philosopher {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nimbarka-Indian-philosopher|access-date=2022-01-14|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> he spent most of his life in [[Mathura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is sometimes identified with another philosopher named [[Bhāskara (philosopher)|Bhaskara]],{{sfn|Hoiberg|2000}} but this is considered to be a misconception due to the differences between the spiritual views of the two saints.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=129}}{{sfn|Bose|1940}}{{sfn|Raju|2013|p=158}} | ||
==Etymology and epithets== | ==Etymology and epithets== | ||
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==Datings== | ==Datings== | ||
Nimbarka's traditional followers believe that he appeared in 3096 BCE, but this dating is controversial as historians believe that he lived between 7th and 11th century CE.{{sfn|Mukundananda|2014}} According to Roma Bose, Nimbarka lived in the 13th century, on the presupposition that Śrī Nimbārkāchārya was the author of the work ''Madhvamukhamardana''.{{sfn|Bose|1940}} Bhandarkar has placed him after Ramanuja, suggesting 1162 CE as the date of his demise.{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1987}} S.N.Dasgupta dated Nimbarka to around middle of 14th century,<ref>A History of Indian Philosophy (Vol. 3) by Surendranath Dasgupta, (Cambridge: 1921) page 420</ref> while S. A. A. Rizvi assigns a date of c.1130–1200 CE.<ref>Saiyed A A Rizvi- A history of Sufism in India, Vol.1 (Munshi Ram Manoharlal Publishing Private Limited: 1978), page 355</ref> | Nimbarka's traditional followers believe that he appeared in 3096 BCE, but this dating is controversial as historians believe that he lived between 7th and 11th century CE.{{sfn|Mukundananda|2014}} According to Roma Bose, Nimbarka lived in the 13th century, on the presupposition that Śrī Nimbārkāchārya was the author of the work ''Madhvamukhamardana''.{{sfn|Bose|1940}} Bhandarkar has placed him after Ramanuja, suggesting 1162 CE as the date of his demise.{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1987}} S. N. Dasgupta dated Nimbarka to around middle of 14th century,<ref>A History of Indian Philosophy (Vol. 3) by Surendranath Dasgupta, (Cambridge: 1921) page 420</ref> while S. A. A. Rizvi assigns a date of c.1130–1200 CE.<ref>Saiyed A A Rizvi- A history of Sufism in India, Vol.1 (Munshi Ram Manoharlal Publishing Private Limited: 1978), page 355</ref> | ||
According to Satyanand, Bose's dating of the 13th century is an erroneous attribution.<ref>Satyanand, J. ''Nimbārka: A Pre-Śaṅkara Vedāntin and his philosophy'', Varanasi, 1997</ref> Malkovsky, following Satyanand, notes that in Bhandarkar's own work it is clearly stated that his dating of Nimbarka was an approximation based on an extremely flimsy calculation; yet most scholars chose to honour his suggested date, even until modern times.{{sfn|Malkovsky|2001|p=118}} According to Malkovsky, Satyanand has convincingly demonstrated that Nimbarka and his immediate disciple Shrinivasa flourished well before [[Ramanuja]] (1017–1137 CE), arguing that Shrinivasa was a contemporary, or just after [[Sankaracarya]] (early 8th century).{{sfn|Malkovsky|2001|p=118}} According to Ramnarace, summarising the available research, Nimbarka must be dated in the 7th century CE.{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=180}} | According to Satyanand, Bose's dating of the 13th century is an erroneous attribution.<ref>Satyanand, J. ''Nimbārka: A Pre-Śaṅkara Vedāntin and his philosophy'', Varanasi, 1997</ref> Malkovsky, following Satyanand, notes that in Bhandarkar's own work it is clearly stated that his dating of Nimbarka was an approximation based on an extremely flimsy calculation; yet most scholars chose to honour his suggested date, even until modern times.{{sfn|Malkovsky|2001|p=118}} According to Malkovsky, Satyanand has convincingly demonstrated that Nimbarka and his immediate disciple Shrinivasa flourished well before [[Ramanuja]] (1017–1137 CE), arguing that Shrinivasa was a contemporary, or just after [[Sankaracarya]] (early 8th century).{{sfn|Malkovsky|2001|p=118}} According to Ramnarace, summarising the available research, Nimbarka must be dated in the 7th century CE.{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=180}} | ||
==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
Little is known about Nimbarka's life. He is said to have been born on the 3rd bright half of the month ''[[Vaisakha]]'' and his parents were Jagannath, a ''[[Bhagavata]]'' saint, and his wife Sarasvati, who lived in Nimbapuri, which is in present-day [[Bellary district]], [[Karnataka]].{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1987}}{{sfn|Dalal|2010}} However, some other versions suggest that the name of his parents were Aruna Muni and Jayanti Devi, who lived in a place near the river [[Godavari]], which may be in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Nimbarka's followers believe him as the incarnation of Vishnu's weapon, [[Sudarshana Chakra]].{{sfn|Mukundananda|2014}}{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1987}} | Little is known about Nimbarka's life. He is said to have been born into a [[Telugu Brahmin]] family<ref name=":0" /> on the 3rd bright half of the month ''[[Vaisakha]]'' and his parents were Jagannath, a ''[[Bhagavata]]'' saint, and his wife Sarasvati, who lived in Nimbapuri, which is in present-day [[Bellary district]], [[Karnataka]].{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1987}}{{sfn|Dalal|2010}} However, some other versions suggest that the name of his parents were Aruna Muni and Jayanti Devi, who lived in a place near the river [[Godavari]], which may be in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Nimbarka's followers believe him as the incarnation of Vishnu's weapon, [[Sudarshana Chakra]].{{sfn|Mukundananda|2014}}{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1987}} | ||
It is believed that Nimbarka was given the name Niyamananda at his birth, but sometimes Bhaskara is considered as his birth name.{{sfn|Ph.D|2016|p=194}}{{sfn|Pandey|2008}} During Nimbarka's early years, it is described that his family moved to [[Vrindavan]], but there is no historical recorded account.{{sfn|Dalal|2010}} | It is believed that Nimbarka was given the name Niyamananda at his birth, but sometimes Bhaskara is considered as his birth name.{{sfn|Ph.D|2016|p=194}}{{sfn|Pandey|2008}} During Nimbarka's early years, it is described that his family moved to [[Vrindavan]], but there is no historical recorded account.{{sfn|Dalal|2010}} | ||
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*{{Citation | last1 =Jones | first1 =Constance | last2 =Ryan | first2 =James D. | year =2006 | title =Encyclopedia of Hinduism | publisher =Infobase Publishing | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC| isbn =9780816075645 }} | *{{Citation | last1 =Jones | first1 =Constance | last2 =Ryan | first2 =James D. | year =2006 | title =Encyclopedia of Hinduism | publisher =Infobase Publishing | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC| isbn =9780816075645 }} | ||
* {{Citation | last =Beck | first =Guy L. | year = 2005 | title = Krishna as Loving Husband of God | journal = Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity | publisher = SUNY Press | isbn = 978-0-7914-6415-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C&q=Four+sampradayas+Vaisnava&pg=PA65 | access-date = 12 April 2008}} | * {{Citation | last =Beck | first =Guy L. | year = 2005 | title = Krishna as Loving Husband of God | journal = Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity | publisher = SUNY Press | isbn = 978-0-7914-6415-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C&q=Four+sampradayas+Vaisnava&pg=PA65 | access-date = 12 April 2008}} | ||
* {{Citation | last =Bose | first =Roma | year =1940 | title =Vedanta Parijata Saurabha of Nimbarka and Vedanta Kaustubha of Srinivasa (Commentaries on the Brahma-Sutras) – Doctrines of Nimbarka and his followers, vol.3 | publisher =Asiatic Society of Bengal | url=https:// | * {{Citation | last =Bose | first =Roma | year =1940 | title =Vedanta Parijata Saurabha of Nimbarka and Vedanta Kaustubha of Srinivasa (Commentaries on the Brahma-Sutras) – Doctrines of Nimbarka and his followers, vol.3 | publisher =Asiatic Society of Bengal | url=https://archive.org/details/Vedanta-parijata-saurabhaOfNimbarkaAndVedanta-kaustubhaOfSrinivasa}} | ||
* {{Citation | last =Malkovsky | first =B. | year =2001 | title =The Role of Divine Grace in the Soteriology of Śaṁkarācārya |publisher=BRILL}} | * {{Citation | last =Malkovsky | first =B. | year =2001 | title =The Role of Divine Grace in the Soteriology of Śaṁkarācārya |publisher=BRILL}} | ||
* {{cite thesis|surname=Ramnarace |given=Vijay |year=2014 |title=Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa's Vedāntic Debut: Chronology & Rationalisation in the Nimbārka Sampradāya |type=PhD thesis |place=University of Edinburgh |url=https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/26018/Ramnarace2015.pdf}} | * {{cite thesis|surname=Ramnarace |given=Vijay |year=2014 |title=Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa's Vedāntic Debut: Chronology & Rationalisation in the Nimbārka Sampradāya |type=PhD thesis |place=University of Edinburgh |url=https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/26018/Ramnarace2015.pdf}} | ||
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*{{Cite book|last=Raju|first=P. T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LY5TAQAAQBAJ&q=shrinivasa+Nimbarka&pg=PA158|title=Idealistic Thought of India|date=2013-10-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-54343-4|language=en}} | *{{Cite book|last=Raju|first=P. T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LY5TAQAAQBAJ&q=shrinivasa+Nimbarka&pg=PA158|title=Idealistic Thought of India|date=2013-10-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-54343-4|language=en}} | ||
* {{Cite book|last=Mukundananda|first=Swami|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoQaBgAAQBAJ&q=birth+place+of+Nimbarkacharya&pg=PT35|title=Saints of India|date=31 December 2014|publisher=Jagadguru Kripaluji Yog|language=en}} | * {{Cite book|last=Mukundananda|first=Swami|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoQaBgAAQBAJ&q=birth+place+of+Nimbarkacharya&pg=PT35|title=Saints of India|date=31 December 2014|publisher=Jagadguru Kripaluji Yog|language=en}} | ||
{{Indian Philosophy}} | |||
{{Philosophy of religion}} | |||
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]] | [[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]] | ||