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As a strategic management function, public relations strength rests on the body of communication theories and knowledge, specialised skill sets, supported and reviewed by peer groups organised under various professional bodies, and with its own set of ethics and high level of professional integrity.
As a strategic management function, public relations strength rests on the body of communication theories and knowledge, specialised skill sets, supported and reviewed by peer groups organised under various professional bodies, and with its own set of ethics and high level of professional integrity.


Though PR as a profession is believed to have evolved in the 1920s in US, India has a rich tradition of its practice from the hoary past.  The first manual of public relations practice for a king delineating strategies for governance of state by a king, was written by '''[[Chanakya]]''' in 375BC in the form of '''[[Arthashastra|<nowiki/>'Arthshastra'<nowiki/>]]''', There are numerous other historical examples and records of effective communication strategies that various people used over the centuries in one form or the other.
Though PR as a profession is believed to have evolved in the 1920s in US, India has a rich tradition of its practice from the hoary past.  The first manual of public relations practice for a king delineating strategies for governance of state by a king, was written by [[Chanakya]] in 375BC in the form of ''[[Arthashastra|Arthshastra]]'', There are numerous other historical examples and records of effective communication strategies that various people used over the centuries in one form or the other.


= History of Public Relations in India =
== History of Public Relations in India ==
'''[[Public relations|Public Relations]]''', despite being over a century old across the world, began in [[India]] in the '''1950s''', when a group of public relations practitioners formed the PR Society of India in 1956 in Bombay under the leadership of '''Kali H. Mody'''.  He led the body till 1960,'''[[Arthashastra|<nowiki/>]]''' followed by '''[[Arthashastra|<nowiki/>]]'''S. Mandietta who was President in 1961 till 1965, with F.S. Mulla who became the President from 1966-69.  It was under Mr Farruk S. Mulla, this informal body was registered under the Indian Societies Act XXVI of 1961, in 1966, and he became the founder President of Public Relations Society of India.
[[Public relations|Public Relations]], despite being over a century old across the world, began in [[India]] in the 1950s, when a group of public relations practitioners formed the PR Society of India in 1956 in Bombay under the leadership of Kali H. Mody.  He led the body till 1960,[[Arthashastra]] followed by [[Arthashastra]] S. Mandietta who was president in 1961 till 1965, with F.S. Mulla who became the President from 1966 to 1969.  It was under Mr Farruk S. Mulla, this informal body was registered under the Indian Societies Act XXVI of 1961, in 1966, and he became the founder President of Public Relations Society of India.


At the same time, around 1965, another body, the Public Relations Circle had been founded and registered in Calcutta.  It was the first-ever association of professional PR practitioners in Eastern India.
At the same time, around 1965, another body, the Public Relations Circle had been founded and registered in Calcutta.  It was the first-ever association of professional PR practitioners in Eastern India.


In 1968, the first '''All India Public Relations Conference''' was held in Mumbai in 1968, where the members of the Calcutta Public Relations Council decided to disband the regional body, and merged with the Public Relations Society of India to strengthen the national body. Another significant contribution of this conference was adoption of the '''International Code of Ethics''' (also called Code of Athens) on 21 April 1968.
In 1968, the first All India Public Relations Conference was held in Mumbai in 1968, where the members of the Calcutta Public Relations Council decided to disband the regional body, and merged with the Public Relations Society of India to strengthen the national body. Another significant contribution of this conference was adoption of the International Code of Ethics (also called Code of Athens) on 21 April 1968.


The founder '''President Farrok S. Mulla''' was able to extend the reach of the PR body by establishing Regional Chapters at Delhi, Madras, and Calcutta.
The founder President Farrok S. Mulla was able to extend the reach of the PR body by establishing Regional Chapters at Delhi, Madras, and Calcutta.


One of the landmark achievement of this professional body of PR practitioners was to bring together leading international PR experts to India when Bombay hosted the 9th '''Public Relations World Congress''' from 19–23 January 1982 with active participation of International Public Relations Association (IPRA).  At that time, the PRSI was headed by Mr K.S. Neelakandan, Director Public Relations with Pfizer Limited, who was also the Executive Chairman of the World Congress.
One of the landmark achievement of this professional body of PR practitioners was to bring together leading international PR experts to India when Bombay hosted the 9th Public Relations World Congress from 19 to 23 January 1982 with active participation of International Public Relations Association (IPRA).  At that time, the PRSI was headed by Mr K.S. Neelakandan, Director Public Relations with Pfizer Limited, who was also the Executive Chairman of the World Congress.


Though there were several individuals and small companies which started even before that, they offered PR with the limited scope of media relations only. It was only natural that the entrepreneurs who began these services came from a background of journalism, seen as a natural hunting ground for the nascent PR industry.
Though there were several individuals and small companies which started even before that, they offered PR with the limited scope of media relations only. It was only natural that the entrepreneurs who began these services came from a background of journalism, seen as a natural hunting ground for the nascent PR industry .


=Growth of Public Relations in India=
=== Growth of Public Relations in India ===


According to the report by [[Public Relations Consultants Association of India|PRCAI]] titled '''‘''State of the Industry Survey 2019’''''' , PR industry in India grew 12% to reach Rs 1,600 cr in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=STATE OF THE INDUSTRY (SOI) 2019-20|url=https://prcai.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PRCAI-SOI-2019_20.pdf|website=PRCAI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=Adgully|title=PR industry in India grew 12% to reach Rs 1,600 cr in 2019: PRCAI report|url=https://www.adgully.com/pr-industry-in-india-grew-12-to-reach-rs-1-600-cr-in-2019-prcai-report-90373.html|access-date=2020-07-27|website=www.adgully.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Though conventional [[Media relations|Media Relations]] continues to be the key revenue source for agencies, the revenue share of digital and social media services increased from 12 per cent in FY18 to 16 per cent in FY19. According to the report, among sectors, Fast-Moving Consumer Goods ([[Fast-moving consumer goods|FMCG]]), Information Technology ([[Information technology|IT]]), Travel and Government (both central and state) have driven the industry’s growth, with a 44% contribution to the revenue.
According to the report by [[Public Relations Consultants Association of India|PRCAI]] titled ‘''State of the Industry Survey 2019’'' , PR industry in India grew 12% to reach Rs 1,600 cr in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=STATE OF THE INDUSTRY (SOI) 2019-20|url=https://prcai.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PRCAI-SOI-2019_20.pdf|website=PRCAI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=Adgully|title=PR industry in India grew 12% to reach Rs 1,600 cr in 2019: PRCAI report|url=https://www.adgully.com/pr-industry-in-india-grew-12-to-reach-rs-1-600-cr-in-2019-prcai-report-90373.html|access-date=2020-07-27|website=www.adgully.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Though conventional [[Media relations|Media Relations]] continues to be the key revenue source for agencies, the revenue share of digital and social media services increased from 12 per cent in FY18 to 16 per cent in FY19. According to the report, among sectors, Fast-Moving Consumer Goods ([[Fast-moving consumer goods|FMCG]]), Information Technology ([[Information technology|IT]]), Travel and Government (both central and state) have driven the industry's growth, with a 44% contribution to the revenue.


Public Relations as a practice has grown over the years with many advertising agencies including PR services in their portfolio besides mushrooming of independent PR consultants to full-fledged PR agencies.
Public Relations as a practice has grown over the years with many advertising agencies including PR services in their portfolio besides mushrooming of independent PR consultants to full-fledged PR agencies.
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However, the growth can be attributed to several professional bodies who in their own right had been engaging communicators by conducting conferences, seminars, workshops and upgrading their skills.
However, the growth can be attributed to several professional bodies who in their own right had been engaging communicators by conducting conferences, seminars, workshops and upgrading their skills.


Some of these professional bodies include '''[[Public Relations Society of India]], [[Public Relations Council of India]], [[Association of Business Communicators of India]], [[Public Relations Consultants Association of India]],''' [[Global Forum for Public Relations]], etc.
Some of these professional bodies include [[Public Relations Society of India]], [[Public Relations Council of India]], [[Association of Business Communicators of India]], [[Public Relations Consultants Association of India]], [[Global Forum for Public Relations]], etc.


Professionals like D'''r CV Narasimha Reddy''' had been instrumental in starting a magazine, '''<nowiki/>'Public Relations Voice'''' which he continued to publish and edit single handedly till his demise in March 2020.
Professionals like Dr CV Narasimha Reddy had been instrumental in starting a magazine, ''Public Relations Voice'', which he continued to publish and edit single-handedly till his demise in March 2020.


Today, there are a number of public relations periodicals, journals, blogs, and online magazines catering to the PR practice.
Today, there are a number of public relations periodicals, journals, blogs, and online magazines catering to the PR practice.
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Notable Milestones
Notable Milestones


'''Since 2006,''' Public Relations Council of India had been organising Global PR Conclave where veteran PR practitioners are inducted into the Hall of Fame and Chanakya Awards are also conferred to various individuals and organisations for their PR campaigns under diverse categories. '''In 2010''', The Holmes Report,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=PRovoke &#124; PR News, Insights & Intelligence|url=https://www.provokemedia.com/|website=www.provokemedia.com}}</ref> an international report that rates PR agencies across the globe awarded Blue Lotus Communications the Indian Consultancy of the year for 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TheHolmesReport|url=http://www.holmesreport.com/story.cfm?edit_id=11895&typeid=1&goto=story}}</ref>
In 2001, the Public Relations Consultants Association of India was set up further the cause of the industry in India and support budding communications professionals across the country.<ref>{{Cite news|title=PRCAI in knowledge sharing alliance with EPACA|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/prcai-in-knowledge-sharing-alliance-with-epaca-111051600116_1.html|access-date=2021-11-07|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=16 May 2011|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PRCAI Elects a New Executive Committee|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/prcai-elects-a-new-executive-committee/1301788|access-date=2021-11-07|website=www.outlookindia.com/|language=en}}</ref>


'''ABCI''' at its annual convention also recognises the contribution of business communicators in India.
Since 2006, Public Relations Council of India had been organising Global PR Conclave where veteran PR practitioners are inducted into the Hall of Fame and Chanakya Awards are also conferred to various individuals and organisations for their PR campaigns under diverse categories. In 2010, The Holmes Report,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=PRovoke &#124; PR News, Insights & Intelligence|url=https://www.provokemedia.com/|website=www.provokemedia.com}}</ref> an international report that rates PR agencies across the globe awarded Blue Lotus Communications the Indian Consultancy of the year for 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TheHolmesReport|url=http://www.holmesreport.com/story.cfm?edit_id=11895&typeid=1&goto=story}}</ref>
 
ABCI at its annual convention also recognises the contribution of business communicators in India.


The Holmes Report also awarded the consultancy of the year award for 2011 to Corporate Voice | Weber Shandwick.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.provokemedia.com/latest/article/holmes-report-names-asia-pacific-agencies-of-the-year|title=2011 Asia-Pacific Agencies Of The Year|website=www.provokemedia.com}}</ref> Corporate Voice Weber Shandwick's campaign for Gillette India won India's first PR Lion at Cannes in 2010.
The Holmes Report also awarded the consultancy of the year award for 2011 to Corporate Voice | Weber Shandwick.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.provokemedia.com/latest/article/holmes-report-names-asia-pacific-agencies-of-the-year|title=2011 Asia-Pacific Agencies Of The Year|website=www.provokemedia.com}}</ref> Corporate Voice Weber Shandwick's campaign for Gillette India won India's first PR Lion at Cannes in 2010.


'''In 2011''', IPRCCA, India Public Relations and Corporate Communications Awards (IPRCCA), instituted an award for PR agencies.
In 2011, IPRCCA, India Public Relations and Corporate Communications Awards (IPRCCA), instituted an award for PR agencies.
 
In 2015, Indian PR Industry professionals came together to create School of Communications & Reputation (SCoRe) - India's first post-graduate institute in public relations and corporate communications.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leading PR professionals join hands to launch SCoRe|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2015/02/leading-pr-professionals-join-hands-to-launch-score/|access-date=2021-11-07|website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}</ref> In 2015, the [[Public Relations Consultants Association of India]] (PRCAI) endorsed the PG Diploma at the School of Communications & Reputation making it the only Public relations programme in the country endorsed by the association.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PRCAI endorses SCoRe|url=https://www.prmoment.in/pr-news/prcai-endorse-score-come|access-date=2021-11-07|website=PRmoment.in|language=en}}</ref>
 
In 2016, IPRCA<ref>{{Cite news|last=www.exchange4media.com|title=Adfactors PR, Value360 Communications, Godrej big winners at IPRCCA 2016|language=en|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/marketing/adfactors-pr-value360-communications-godrej-big-winners-at-iprcca-2016_67026.html|access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref> awarded S.P.A.G for ‘Time to Un'burden' - Commitment to reduce the NCD burden in India through a multi-sectoral approach’ for Partnership to Fight Chronic Diseases, ARM Digital Media Pvt. Ltd. for “A hilarious attempt by TE-A-ME to "Purify" Donald Trump" for TE-A-ME, 20:20 MSL for Saffolalife's “Saffolalife Walk together to #protectherheart”, Value360 Communications for Paytm's “Building a National Leader - Vijay Shekhar Sharma”, Golinopinion for Lifebuoy's "Help a Child Reach 5" and Text 100 for Telenor's Webwise Programme.


'''In 2016''', IPRCA<ref>{{Cite news|last=www.exchange4media.com|title=Adfactors PR, Value360 Communications, Godrej big winners at IPRCCA 2016|language=en|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/marketing/adfactors-pr-value360-communications-godrej-big-winners-at-iprcca-2016_67026.html|access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref> awarded S.P.A.G for ‘Time to Un'burden' - Commitment to reduce the NCD burden in India through a multi-sectoral approach’ for Partnership to Fight Chronic Diseases, ARM Digital Media Pvt. Ltd. for “A hilarious attempt by TE-A-ME to "Purify" Donald Trump" for TE-A-ME, 20:20 MSL for Saffolalife's “Saffolalife Walk together to #protectherheart”, Value360 Communications for Paytm's “Building a National Leader - Vijay Shekhar Sharma”, Golinopinion for Lifebuoy's "Help a Child Reach 5" and Text 100 for Telenor's Webwise Programme.
In 2017, Marketing Interactive awarded "Most Creative PR Stunt - South East Asia" in PR Awards 2017<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners {{!}} PR Awards 2017 Southeast Asia|url=http://www.marketing-interactive.com/pr-awards/sea/winners/|access-date=2017-07-22|website=www.marketing-interactive.com}}</ref> to an emerging Indian origin digital and communication consulting firm, #ARM Worldwide<ref>{{Cite web|title=#ARM Worldwide|url=https://armworldwide.com/}}</ref> for executing "Tea for Trump"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Sonam|title=Company sends Trump 6,000 bags of green tea to make him 'smarter'|url=http://mashable.com/2016/07/14/donald-trump-india-tea-bags/|access-date=2017-07-22|website=Mashable|date=14 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-07-15|title=Donald Trump sent 6,000 green teas to 'cleanse' him|language=en-GB|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/indian-company-sends-donald-trump-green-tea-to-cleanse-him-a7138686.html|access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Balachandran|first=Manu|title=An Indian company sent 6,000 bags of green tea to Donald Trump to "cleanse" him|work=Quartz|url=https://qz.com/731968/an-indian-company-sent-6000-bags-of-green-tea-to-donald-trump-to-cleanse-him/|access-date=2017-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-07-14|title=Namaste from India: Assam tea company sends 6,000 tea bags to Donald Trump to 'purify mind'|work=The Indian Express|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-globally/namaste-from-india-assam-tea-company-sends-6000-tea-bags-to-donald-trump-to-purify-mind-2913208/|access-date=2017-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Two Women Hand-Delivered 6,000 Tea Bags To Trump Tower To Help Donald Trump "Purify" Himself|work=BuzzFeed|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/andreborges/two-women-hand-delivered-6000-teabags-to-the-trump-towers-to|access-date=2017-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AdAge|url=http://www.adageindia.in/marketing/cmo-strategy/indian-tea-company-urges-donald-trump-to-drink-green-tea-and-cleanse-himself/articleshow/53282842.cms|access-date=2017-07-22|website=www.adageindia.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Campaign|url=http://www.campaignindia.in/video/te-a-me-has-purification-plan-for-donald-trump-sends-green-tea-in-epic-missio/427861}}</ref> campaign.


'''In 2017''', Marketing Interactive awarded "Most Creative PR Stunt - South East Asia" in PR Awards 2017<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners {{!}} PR Awards 2017 Southeast Asia|url=http://www.marketing-interactive.com/pr-awards/sea/winners/|access-date=2017-07-22|website=www.marketing-interactive.com}}</ref> to an emerging Indian origin digital and communication consulting firm, #ARM Worldwide<ref>{{Cite web|title=#ARM Worldwide|url=https://armworldwide.com/}}</ref> for executing "Tea for Trump"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Sonam|title=Company sends Trump 6,000 bags of green tea to make him 'smarter'|url=http://mashable.com/2016/07/14/donald-trump-india-tea-bags/|access-date=2017-07-22|website=Mashable}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-07-15|title=Donald Trump sent 6,000 green teas to 'cleanse' him|language=en-GB|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/indian-company-sends-donald-trump-green-tea-to-cleanse-him-a7138686.html|access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Balachandran|first=Manu|title=An Indian company sent 6,000 bags of green tea to Donald Trump to "cleanse" him|work=Quartz|url=https://qz.com/731968/an-indian-company-sent-6000-bags-of-green-tea-to-donald-trump-to-cleanse-him/|access-date=2017-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-07-14|title=Namaste from India: Assam tea company sends 6,000 tea bags to Donald Trump to 'purify mind'|work=The Indian Express|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-globally/namaste-from-india-assam-tea-company-sends-6000-tea-bags-to-donald-trump-to-purify-mind-2913208/|access-date=2017-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Two Women Hand-Delivered 6,000 Tea Bags To Trump Tower To Help Donald Trump "Purify" Himself|work=BuzzFeed|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/andreborges/two-women-hand-delivered-6000-teabags-to-the-trump-towers-to|access-date=2017-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AdAge|url=http://www.adageindia.in/marketing/cmo-strategy/indian-tea-company-urges-donald-trump-to-drink-green-tea-and-cleanse-himself/articleshow/53282842.cms|access-date=2017-07-22|website=www.adageindia.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Campaign|url=http://www.campaignindia.in/video/te-a-me-has-purification-plan-for-donald-trump-sends-green-tea-in-epic-missio/427861}}</ref> campaign.
In 2018, Adfactors PR became the first Indian firm to have a revenue upwards of Rs 150 crore per annum and stood at 70th rank in The Holmes Report's Top 250 Global PR Agency Ranking<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 250|url=https://www.provokemedia.com/ranking-and-data/global-pr-agency-rankings/2018-pr-agency-rankings/top-250|access-date=2020-07-26|website=www.provokemedia.com|language=en}}</ref> The largest competitor to Adfactors PR is PRNews Journal, as of 2018.<ref name="201310k">{{cite web|url=http://www.ubm.com/~/media/Files/U/United-Business-Media-Plc/Annual%20Reports/ar-2013.pdf|title=UBM plc Annual Report and Accounts 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529053235/http://www.ubm.com/~/media/Files/U/United-Business-Media-Plc/Annual%20Reports/ar-2013.pdf|archive-date=29 May 2014|access-date=28 May 2014}}</ref>
In 2021 Public Media Solution is growing fast and holding no.1 position under Reputation Management Agencies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.designrush.com/agency/public-relations/reputation-management|title=Top 20 Reputation Management Agencies &#124; Feb 2022 &#124; DesignRush}}</ref>


'''In 2018''', Adfactors PR became the first Indian firm to have a revenue upwards of Rs 150 crore per annum and stood at 70th rank in The Holmes Report's Top 250 Global PR Agency Ranking<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 250|url=https://www.provokemedia.com/ranking-and-data/global-pr-agency-rankings/2018-pr-agency-rankings/top-250|access-date=2020-07-26|website=www.provokemedia.com|language=en}}</ref>The largest competitor to Adfactors PR is PRNews Journal, as of 2018.<ref name="201310k">{{cite web|url=http://www.ubm.com/~/media/Files/U/United-Business-Media-Plc/Annual%20Reports/ar-2013.pdf|title=UBM plc Annual Report and Accounts 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529053235/http://www.ubm.com/~/media/Files/U/United-Business-Media-Plc/Annual%20Reports/ar-2013.pdf|archive-date=29 May 2014|access-date=28 May 2014}}</ref>
In 2018, Avian WE, formerly known as Avian Media, founded by Nikhil Khanna in 2004, and headquartered in Delhi merged into the US-based PR agency WE Communications as a strategic investment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tewari |first=Saumya |date=2018-03-27 |title=WE Communications acquires majority stake in Avian Media, Chase |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/c68VfmlCjRaEVrTeKRK0DL/WE-Communications-acquires-majority-stake-in-Indian-PR-firm.html |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-31 |title=Best PR Agencies in India 2021 {{!}} List of 45 Top PR Agencies |url=https://startuptalky.com/best-pr-agencies-2020/ |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=StartupTalky |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=WE India to merge with Avian to form Avian WE |url=https://www.prmoment.in/pr-news/we-india-to-merge-with-avian-to-form-avian-we |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=PRmoment.in |language=en}}</ref>  Avian WE was awarded Giant PR Consultancy of the year 2021 by IPRCCA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPRCCA 2021: Top agencies & corp comm teams take home 180+ awards - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/pr-and-corporate-communication-news/iprcca-2021-top-agencies-corp-comm-teams-take-home-180-awards-119624.html |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref> Avian WE was also awarded Agency of the Year (Large) 2021 by Kaleido Awards. <ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETBrandEquity.com |title=KALEIDO AWARDS 2021 {{!}} ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/kaleido/winners-list |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}</ref>


=PR Controversies in India=
== PR Controversies in India ==


== [[Satyam scandal|Satyam Scam]] ==
=== [[Satyam scandal|Satyam Scam]] ===


'''On January 7, 2009''', Ramalinga Raju, the erstwhile chairman of Satyam Ltd., India's leading IT firm, made an admission of conscious fraud & misreporting perpetrated by him over several years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/archive|title=Archives Top and Latest News|website=mint}}</ref> The media who had eulogized him till then, suddenly turned on him with a vengeance, conscious that they had also failed in their duty as watchdogs of businesses. This crisis, coincided with the peak of the global crisis and held the potential to snowball into a credibility & trust issue for brand India and its IT firms, where several billion dollars worth of services were being outsourced every year. The crisis also impacted several companies associated with Satyam including EMRI (Emergency Medical Response Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emri.in/|title=Emergency Management and Research Institute &#124; GVK EMRI}}</ref>), a not-for-profit endeavour (for running free ambulance services) in which Satyam had committed 5% of running costs with the balance 95% coming from various state governments.
On January 7, 2009, Ramalinga Raju, the erstwhile chairman of Satyam Ltd., India's leading IT firm, made an admission of conscious fraud & misreporting perpetrated by him over several years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/archive|title=Archives Top and Latest News|website=mint}}</ref> The media who had eulogized him till then, suddenly turned on him with a vengeance, conscious that they had also failed in their duty as watchdogs of businesses. This crisis, coincided with the peak of the global crisis and held the potential to snowball into a credibility & trust issue for brand India and its IT firms, where several billion dollars worth of services were being outsourced every year. The crisis also impacted several companies associated with Satyam including EMRI (Emergency Medical Response Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emri.in/|title=Emergency Management and Research Institute &#124; GVK EMRI}}</ref>), a not-for-profit endeavour (for running free ambulance services) in which Satyam had committed 5% of running costs with the balance 95% coming from various state governments.


However, the Indian government took quick action and set up an interim board consisting of industry stalwarts for the company to assess the true worth of Satyam and to seek a suitable investor & management. The swiftly conducted and fiercely contested bid was won by Mahindra & Mahindra and Satyam was merged with a group IT company.
However, the Indian government took quick action and set up an interim board consisting of industry stalwarts for the company to assess the true worth of Satyam and to seek a suitable investor & management. The swiftly conducted and fiercely contested bid was won by Mahindra & Mahindra and Satyam was merged with a group IT company.


== Radiagate Scam ==
=== Radiagate Scam ===
After the global slowdown that hit Indian Public relation agencies in 2008,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/laxman-felicitated-by-ksca-112090200253_1.html|title=Laxman felicitated by KSCA|newspaper=Business Standard India|agency=Press Trust of India|date=September 2, 2012|via=Business Standard|last1=India|first1=Press Trust of}}</ref> it took a further hit in November 2010 due to what has come to be known as the '[[Radia tapes controversy|Radiagate]]' scam. Open Magazine in an exposé, covered the story of Niira Radia's nefarious power-dealings. An Income Tax phone tap collected more than 5000 tapes and hundreds of these tapes were leaked and found their way into Outlook magazine's website. The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) interrogated Radia several times and as a fallout of the tapes, the Telecom minister, A. Raja, with whom Radia had close links was also forced to resign.  Several prominent journalists like Barkha Dutt and Vir Sanghvi were also in the middle of the quagmire, caught in power-lobbying conversations with Radia.
After the global slowdown that hit Indian Public relation agencies in 2008,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/laxman-felicitated-by-ksca-112090200253_1.html|title=Laxman felicitated by KSCA|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=September 2, 2012|via=Business Standard|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> it took a further hit in November 2010 due to what has come to be known as the '[[Radia tapes controversy|Radiagate]]' scam. Open Magazine in an exposé, covered the story of Niira Radia's nefarious power-dealings. An Income Tax phone tap collected more than 5000 tapes and hundreds of these tapes were leaked and found their way into Outlook magazine's website. The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) interrogated Radia several times and as a fallout of the tapes, the Telecom minister, A. Raja, with whom Radia had close links was also forced to resign.  Several prominent journalists like Barkha Dutt and Vir Sanghvi were also in the middle of the quagmire, caught in power-lobbying conversations with Radia.


==References==
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


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