Bharatpedia

Culture of Kerala: Difference between revisions

Article Talk

Culture of Kerala (edit)

Revision as of 22:04, 23 March 2022

628 bytes added ,  23 March 2022
m
robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)
>Neils51
m (spelling: critisism → criticism, expansion)
 
m (robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit))
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Culture and traditions of Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
Line 13: Line 14:
Native traditions of classical [[performing arts]] include ''[[koodiyattom]]'', a form of [[Sanskrit]] [[drama]] or [[theatre]] and a [[UNESCO]]-designated Human Heritage Art. Kathakali (from ''katerumbu'' ("story") and ''kali'' ("performance")) is a 500-year-old form of [[dance]]-[[drama]] that interprets ancient epics; a popularized offshoot of ''kathakali'' is ''[[Kerala Natanam|Kerala natanam]]'' (developed in the 20th century by [[dancer]] [[Guru Gopinath]]). Meanwhile, ''[[koothu]]'' is a more light-hearted performance mode, akin to modern [[stand-up comedy]]; an ancient art originally confined to temple sanctuaries, it was later popularized by [[Mani Madhava Chakyar]]. Other Keralite performing arts include ''[[mohiniyaattam]]'' ("dance of the enchantress"), which is a type of graceful [[choreography|choreographed]] dance performed by women and accompanied by musical vocalizations. ''[[Ottamthullal|Thullal]]'', ''[[Thirayattam]]'', ''[[padayani]]'', and ''[[theyyam]]'' are other important Keralite performing arts. [[Thirayattam]] is one of the most outstanding Ethnic art of [[Kerala]]. This vibrant ritualistic annual performing art form enacted in courtyards of "Kaavukal"(sacred groves) and village shrine.<ref>"Thirayattam",(Folklore Text -malayalam, Moorkkanad Peethambaran) State Institute of language, Kerala {{ISBN|978-81-200-4294-0}}</ref>
Native traditions of classical [[performing arts]] include ''[[koodiyattom]]'', a form of [[Sanskrit]] [[drama]] or [[theatre]] and a [[UNESCO]]-designated Human Heritage Art. Kathakali (from ''katerumbu'' ("story") and ''kali'' ("performance")) is a 500-year-old form of [[dance]]-[[drama]] that interprets ancient epics; a popularized offshoot of ''kathakali'' is ''[[Kerala Natanam|Kerala natanam]]'' (developed in the 20th century by [[dancer]] [[Guru Gopinath]]). Meanwhile, ''[[koothu]]'' is a more light-hearted performance mode, akin to modern [[stand-up comedy]]; an ancient art originally confined to temple sanctuaries, it was later popularized by [[Mani Madhava Chakyar]]. Other Keralite performing arts include ''[[mohiniyaattam]]'' ("dance of the enchantress"), which is a type of graceful [[choreography|choreographed]] dance performed by women and accompanied by musical vocalizations. ''[[Ottamthullal|Thullal]]'', ''[[Thirayattam]]'', ''[[padayani]]'', and ''[[theyyam]]'' are other important Keralite performing arts. [[Thirayattam]] is one of the most outstanding Ethnic art of [[Kerala]]. This vibrant ritualistic annual performing art form enacted in courtyards of "Kaavukal"(sacred groves) and village shrine.<ref>"Thirayattam",(Folklore Text -malayalam, Moorkkanad Peethambaran) State Institute of language, Kerala {{ISBN|978-81-200-4294-0}}</ref>


Kerala also has several tribal and folk art forms. For example, [[Kummattikali]] is the famous colorful mask-dance of South Malabar, performed during the festival of Onam. The [[Kannyar Kali]] dances (also known as Desathukali) are fast moving, militant dances attuned to rhythmic devotional folk songs and asuravadyas.  Also important are various performance genres that are [[Islam]]- or Christianity-themed. These include ''[[oppana]]'', which is widely popular among Keralite Muslims and is native to Malabar. ''[[Oppana]]'' incorporates group dance accompanied by the beat of rhythmic hand clapping and ''ishal'' vocalizations.
Kerala also has several tribal and folk art forms. For example, [[Kummattikali]] is the famous colorful mask-dance of South Malabar, performed during the festival of Onam. The [[Kannyar Kali]] dances (also known as Desathukali) are fast-moving, militant dances attuned to rhythmic devotional folk songs and asuravadyas.  Also important are various performance genres that are [[Islam]]- or Christianity-themed. These include ''[[oppana]]'', which is widely popular among Keralite Muslims and is native to Malabar. ''[[Oppana]]'' incorporates group dance accompanied by the beat of rhythmic hand-clapping and ''Vishal'' vocalizations.


[[Margam Kali]] is one of the ancient round group dance of Kerala practiced by [[Saint Thomas Christians]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasrani.net/2009/05/04/margam-kali-history-theme-early-reference-and-modern-developments/ |title=Margam Kali – History, Text, Lyrics, Theme, Early Reference and Modern Developments &#124; Nasranis |website=Nasrani.net |date=2009-06-08 |access-date=2017-02-22}}</ref>
[[Margam Kali]] is one of the ancient round group dance of Kerala practiced by [[Saint Thomas Christians]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasrani.net/2009/05/04/margam-kali-history-theme-early-reference-and-modern-developments/ |title=Margam Kali – History, Text, Lyrics, Theme, Early Reference and Modern Developments &#124; Nasranis |website=Nasrani.net |date=2009-06-08 |access-date=2017-02-22}}</ref>


However, many of these native art forms largely play to tourists or at youth festivals, and are not as popular among ordinary Keralites. Thus, more contemporary forms &mdash; including those heavily based on the use of often risqué and [[political correctness|politically incorrect]] [[mimicry]] and [[parody]] &mdash; have gained considerable mass appeal in recent years.{{citation needed|date=March 2011}} Indeed, contemporary artists often use such modes to mock socioeconomic elites. In recent decades, [[Malayalam Cinema|Malayalam cinema]], yet another mode of widely popular artistic expression, have provided a distinct and indigenous Keralite alternative to both [[Bollywood]] and [[Hollywood]].
However, many of these native art forms largely play to tourists or at youth festivals and are not as popular among ordinary Keralites. Thus, more contemporary forms &mdash; including those heavily based on the use of often risqué and [[political correctness|politically incorrect]] [[mimicry]] and [[parody]] &mdash; have gained considerable mass appeal in recent years.{{citation needed|date=March 2011}} Indeed, contemporary artists often use such modes to mock socioeconomic elites. In recent decades, [[Malayalam Cinema|Malayalam cinema]], yet another mode of widely popular artistic expression, have provided a distinct and indigenous Keralite alternative to both [[Bollywood]] and [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]].


=== Music ===
=== Music ===
{{main|Music of Kerala}}
{{main|Music of Kerala}}
The ''[[raga]]s'' and ''[[Tala (music)|tala]]s'' of lyrical and devotional [[Carnatic music]] &mdash; another native product of South India &mdash; dominates Keralite classical musical genres. [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]], a 19th-century king of Travancore and patron and composer of music, was instrumental in popularising carnatic music in early Kerala.<ref name="Bhagyalekshmy_2004d_29">{{Harv|Bhagyalekshmy|2004d|p=29}}.</ref><ref name="Bhagyalekshmy_2004d_32">{{Harv|Bhagyalekshmy|2004d|p=32}}.</ref> Additionally, Kerala has its own native music system, ''sopanam'', which is a lugubrious and step-by-step rendition of raga-based songs. It is ''[[Sopanam]]'', for example, that provides the background music used in ''[[Kathakali]]''. The wider [[Music of Kerala|traditional music of Kerala]] also includes ''[[melam]]'' (including the ''paandi'' and ''panchari'' variants), as style of [[Percussion instrument|percussive]] music performed at [[mandir|temple]]-centered festivals using an instrument known as the ''[[chenda]]''. Up to 150 musicians may comprise the ensembles staging a given performance; each performance, in turn, may last up to four hours. ''[[Panchavadyam]]'' is a differing type of percussion ensemble consisting of five types of percussion instruments; these can be utilised by up to one hundred artists in certain major festivals. In addition to these, percussive music is also associated with various uniquely Keralite folk arts forms. Lastly, the [[popular music]] of Kerala &mdash; as in the rest of India &mdash; is dominated by the ''[[filmi]]'' music of [[Indian cinema]].
The ''[[raga]]s'' and ''[[Tala (music)|tala]]s'' of lyrical and devotional [[Carnatic music]] &mdash; another native product of South India &mdash; dominates Keralite classical musical genres. [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]], a 19th-century king of Travancore and patron and composer of music, was instrumental in popularising carnatic music in early Kerala.<ref name="Bhagyalekshmy_2004d_29">{{Harv|Bhagyalekshmy|2004d|p=29}}.</ref><ref name="Bhagyalekshmy_2004d_32">{{Harv|Bhagyalekshmy|2004d|p=32}}.</ref> Additionally, Kerala has its own native music system, ''sopanam'', which is a lugubrious and step-by-step rendition of raga-based songs. It is ''[[Sopanam]]'', for example, that provides the background music used in ''[[Kathakali]]''. The wider [[Music of Kerala|traditional music of Kerala]] also includes ''[[melam]]'' (including the ''paandi'' and ''panchari'' variants), as style of [[Percussion instrument|percussive]] music performed at [[mandir|temple]]-centered festivals using an instrument known as the ''[[chenda]]''. Up to 150 musicians may comprise the ensembles staging a given performance; each performance, in turn, may last up to four hours. ''[[Panchavadyam]]'' is a differing type of percussion ensemble consisting of five types of percussion instruments; these can be utilised by up to one hundred artists in certain major festivals. In addition to these, percussive music is also associated with various uniquely Keralite folk arts forms. Lastly, the [[popular music]] of Kerala &mdash; as in the rest of India &mdash; is dominated by the ''[[filmi]]'' music of [[Indian cinema]].
The most remembered name in kerala music culture is of Great Indian musician Sri [[K. J. Yesudas]].
The most remembered name in Kerala music culture is of Great Indian musician Sri [[K. J. Yesudas]].


== Literature ==
== Literature ==
Line 29: Line 30:
[[File:THUNCHAN MEMORIAL.jpg|thumbnail|left|300px|The [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University]] is situated at [[Thunchan Parambu]], [[Tirur]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]]]
[[File:THUNCHAN MEMORIAL.jpg|thumbnail|left|300px|The [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University]] is situated at [[Thunchan Parambu]], [[Tirur]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]]]
[[File:Malayalam Wikipedia Mobile.png|thumb|[[Malayalam]] in mobile phone]]
[[File:Malayalam Wikipedia Mobile.png|thumb|[[Malayalam]] in mobile phone]]
The [[Sangam literature]] can be considered as the ancient predecessor of [[Malayalam]].<ref name="clt.1"/> [[Malayalam literature]] is ancient in origin, and includes such figures as the 14th century [[Niranam poets]] (Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar), whose works mark the dawn of both modern Malayalam language and indigenous Keralite poetry. Some linguists claim that an inscription found from [[Edakkal Caves]], [[Wayanad]], which belongs to 3rd century CE (approximately 1,800 years old), is the oldest available inscription in Malayalam, as they contain two modern Malayalam words, ''Ee'' (This) and ''Pazhama'' (Old), those are not found even in the [[Old Tamil|Oldest form of Tamil]].<ref name="anitquity">{{Cite news|title=Historians contest antiquity of Edakkal inscriptions|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/spotlight/combining-world-class-education-with-social-responsibility-how-amrita-university-is-leading-the-way/articleshow/83300597.cms|last=Sasibhoosan|first=Gayathri|date=10 July 2012|access-date=9 June 2021|work=Times of India}}</ref> [[Sangam literature|Sangam works]] can be considered as the ancient predecessor of Malayalam.<ref name="clt.1"/> The origin of [[Malayalam calendar]] dates back to year 825 CE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf |title=Kollam Era |publisher=Indian Journal History of Science |access-date=30 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527163650/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Time measurement and calendar construction|author=Broughton Richmond|year=1956|pages=218|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUlmAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Kerala|author=R. Leela Devi|publisher=Vidyarthi Mithram Press & Book Depot|year=1986|pages=408|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXpuAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> It is generally agreed that the [[Quilon Syrian copper plates]] of 849/850 CE is the available oldest inscription written in [[Old Malayalam]]. For the first 600 years of [[Kollam Era|Malayalam calendar]], the literature mainly consisted of the oral [[Ballad]]s such as ''[[Vadakkan Pattukal]]'' (Northern Songs) in [[North Malabar]] and ''Thekkan Pattukal'' (Southern songs) in [[Southern Division (Travancore)|Southern Travancore]].<ref name="clt.1">{{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam Edition)|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|page=453|url=https://www.amazon.in/MATHRUBHUMI-YEARBOOK-2019-Malayalam-VARIOUS/dp/8182676444}}</ref> The earliest known literary works in Malayalam are ''[[Malayalam|Ramacharitam]]'' and ''[[Thirunizhalmala]]'', two [[epic poem]]s written in [[Old Malayalam]]. [[Malayalam literature]] has been presented with 6 [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanapith awards]], the second-most for any Dravidian language and the third-highest for any Indian language.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jnanpith given to Akkitham|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/jnanpith-given-to-akkitham/article32685581.ece|last=Naha|first=Abdul Latheef|date=24 September 2020|access-date=12 June 2021|publisher=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Celebrated Malayalam poet Akkitham wins 2019 Jnanpith Award|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/celebrated-malayalam-poet-akkitham-wins-2019-jnanpith-award-119112900926_1.html|last=ANI|date=29 November 2019|access-date=12 June 2021|publisher=Business Standard}}</ref>
The [[Sangam literature]] can be considered as the ancient predecessor of [[Malayalam]].<ref name="clt.1"/> [[Malayalam literature]] is ancient in origin, and includes such figures as the 14th century [[Niranam poets]] (Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar), whose works mark the dawn of both modern Malayalam language and indigenous Keralite poetry. Some linguists claim that an inscription found from [[Edakkal Caves]], [[Wayanad]], which belongs to 3rd century CE (approximately 1,800 years old), is the oldest available inscription in Malayalam, as they contain two modern Malayalam words, ''Ee'' (This) and ''Pazhama'' (Old), those are not found even in the [[Old Tamil|Oldest form of Tamil]].<ref name="anitquity">{{Cite news|title=Historians contest antiquity of Edakkal inscriptions|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/spotlight/combining-world-class-education-with-social-responsibility-how-amrita-university-is-leading-the-way/articleshow/83300597.cms|last=Sasibhoosan|first=Gayathri|date=10 July 2012|access-date=9 June 2021|work=Times of India}}</ref> [[Sangam literature|Sangam works]] can be considered as the ancient predecessor of Malayalam.<ref name="clt.1"/> The origin of [[Malayalam calendar]] dates back to year 825 CE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf |title=Kollam Era |publisher=Indian Journal History of Science |access-date=30 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527163650/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Time measurement and calendar construction|author=Broughton Richmond|year=1956|pages=218|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUlmAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Kerala|author=R. Leela Devi|publisher=Vidyarthi Mithram Press & Book Depot|year=1986|pages=408|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXpuAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> It is generally agreed that the [[Quilon Syrian copper plates]] of 849/850 CE is the available oldest inscription written in [[Old Malayalam]]. For the first 600 years of [[Kollam Era|Malayalam calendar]], the literature mainly consisted of the oral [[Ballad]]s such as ''[[Vadakkan Pattukal]]'' (Northern Songs) in [[North Malabar]] and ''Thekkan Pattukal'' (Southern songs) in [[Southern Division (Travancore)|Southern Travancore]].<ref name="clt.1">{{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|page=453|id={{ASIN|8182676444|country=in}}|edition=Malayalam}}</ref> The earliest known literary works in Malayalam are ''[[Malayalam|Ramacharitam]]'' and ''[[Thirunizhalmala]]'', two [[epic poem]]s written in [[Old Malayalam]]. [[Malayalam literature]] has been presented with 6 [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanapith awards]], the second-most for any Dravidian language and the third-highest for any Indian language.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jnanpith given to Akkitham|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/jnanpith-given-to-akkitham/article32685581.ece|last=Naha|first=Abdul Latheef|date=24 September 2020|access-date=12 June 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Celebrated Malayalam poet Akkitham wins 2019 Jnanpith Award|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/celebrated-malayalam-poet-akkitham-wins-2019-jnanpith-award-119112900926_1.html|last=ANI|date=29 November 2019|access-date=12 June 2021|publisher=Business Standard}}</ref>


Designated a "[[Classical Language in India]]" in 2013,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/classical-status-for-malayalam/article4744630.ece |title='Classical' status for Malayalam |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2013 |access-date=25 May 2013 |location=Thiruvananthapuram, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927134256/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/classical-status-for-malayalam/article4744630.ece |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> it developed into the current form mainly by the influence of the poets [[Cherusseri Namboothiri]] (Born near [[Kannur]]),<ref name="Cherussery (Krishnagadha) malayalam author books">{{Cite web |url=http://keralaliterature.com/old/author.php?authid=1473 |title=Cherussery (Krishnagadha) malayalam author books |website=keralaliterature.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407052549/http://keralaliterature.com/old/author.php%3Fauthid%3D1473 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="mlm"/> [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]] (Born near [[Tirur]]),<ref name="mlm"/> and [[Poonthanam Nambudiri]] (Born near [[Perinthalmanna]]),<ref name="mlm"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-charms-of-poonthanam-illam/article25308319.ece/amp/ |title=The Charms of Poonthanam Illam |last=Arun Narayanan |date=25 October 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> in the 15th and the 16th centuries of Common Era.<ref name="mlm">{{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker |url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE |year=2006 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}</ref><ref>Freeman, Rich (2003). "Genre and Society: The Literary Culture of Premodern Kerala". In Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia</ref> [[Kunchan Nambiar]], a [[Palakkad]]-based poet also influnced a lot in the growth of modern Malayalam literature in its pre-mature form, through a new literary branch called ''Thullal''.<ref name="mlm"/> The prose literature, criticism, and [[Malayalam journalism]], began following the latter half of 18th century CE. The first travelogue in any Indian language is the Malayalam ''[[Varthamanappusthakam]]'', written by [[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar]] in 1785.<ref>{{cite book |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |title=The legacy of Kerala |year=2008 |publisher=D C Books |location=Kottayam, Kerala |isbn=978-81-264-2157-2 |edition=1st DCB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nasrani.net/2010/08/23/the-varthamanappusthakam-cathanar-paremmakkal/ |title=August 23, 2010 Archives |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427073541/http://nasrani.net/2010/08/23/the-varthamanappusthakam-cathanar-paremmakkal/ |archive-date=27 April 2013}}</ref>
Designated a "[[Classical Language in India]]" in 2013,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/classical-status-for-malayalam/article4744630.ece |title='Classical' status for Malayalam |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2013 |access-date=25 May 2013 |location=Thiruvananthapuram, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927134256/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/classical-status-for-malayalam/article4744630.ece |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> it developed into the current form mainly by the influence of the poets [[Cherusseri Namboothiri]] (Born near [[Kannur]]),<ref name="Cherussery (Krishnagadha) malayalam author books">{{Cite web |url=http://keralaliterature.com/old/author.php?authid=1473 |title=Cherussery (Krishnagadha) malayalam author books |website=keralaliterature.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407052549/http://keralaliterature.com/old/author.php%3Fauthid%3D1473 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="mlm"/> [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]] (Born near [[Tirur]]),<ref name="mlm"/> and [[Poonthanam Nambudiri]] (Born near [[Perinthalmanna]]),<ref name="mlm"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-charms-of-poonthanam-illam/article25308319.ece/amp/ |title=The Charms of Poonthanam Illam |last=Arun Narayanan |date=25 October 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> in the 15th and the 16th centuries of Common Era.<ref name="mlm">{{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker |url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE |year=2006 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}</ref><ref>Freeman, Rich (2003). "Genre and Society: The Literary Culture of Premodern Kerala". In Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia</ref> [[Kunchan Nambiar]], a [[Palakkad]]-based poet also influnced a lot in the growth of modern Malayalam literature in its pre-mature form, through a new literary branch called ''Thullal''.<ref name="mlm"/> The prose literature, criticism, and [[Malayalam journalism]], began following the latter half of 18th century CE. The first travelogue in any Indian language is the Malayalam ''[[Varthamanappusthakam]]'', written by [[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar]] in 1785.<ref>{{cite book |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |title=The legacy of Kerala |year=2008 |publisher=D C Books |location=Kottayam, Kerala |isbn=978-81-264-2157-2 |edition=1st DCB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nasrani.net/2010/08/23/the-varthamanappusthakam-cathanar-paremmakkal/ |title=August 23, 2010 Archives |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427073541/http://nasrani.net/2010/08/23/the-varthamanappusthakam-cathanar-paremmakkal/ |archive-date=27 April 2013}}</ref>


The [[Bharathappuzha]] river, also known as [[Ponnani|River Ponnani]], and its tributaries, have played a major role in the development of modern Malayalam Literature.<ref name="mlm"/> The words used in many of the [[Arabi Malayalam]] works those date back to 16th-17th centuries of [[Common Era]] are also very closer to the modern Malayalam language.<ref name="mlm" /><ref name="deccanchronicle.com">{{Cite web|date=15 October 2017|title=New university centre for Arabi Malayalam|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/151017/new-university-centre-for-arabi-malayalam.html|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> [[Unnayi Variyar]] of 17th-18th centuries, based at [[Thrissur]], played a major role in the development of ''Attakkatha'' Literature.<ref name="mlm" /> The words used in many of the [[Arabi Malayalam]] works those date back to 16th-17th centuries of [[Common Era]] are also very closer to the modern Malayalam language.<ref name="mlm" /><ref name="deccanchronicle.com"/> The [[Triumvirate poets of modern malayalam|Triumvirate of poets]] (''Kavithrayam'': [[Kumaran Asan]], [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]] and [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]]) are recognized for moving keralian poetry away from archaic [[sophistry]] and [[metaphysics]] and towards a more [[lyrics|lyrical]] mode.  The modern Malayalam grammar is based on the book ''[[Kerala Panineeyam]]'' written by [[A. R. Raja Raja Varma]] in late 19th century CE.<ref name="clt">{{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam Edition)|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|pages=454|url=https://www.amazon.in/MATHRUBHUMI-YEARBOOK-2019-Malayalam-VARIOUS/dp/8182676444}}</ref>
The [[Bharathappuzha]] river, also known as [[Ponnani|River Ponnani]], and its tributaries, have played a major role in the development of modern Malayalam Literature.<ref name="mlm"/> The words used in many of the [[Arabi Malayalam]] works those date back to 16th-17th centuries of [[Common Era]] are also very closer to the modern Malayalam language.<ref name="mlm" /><ref name="deccanchronicle.com">{{Cite web|date=15 October 2017|title=New university centre for Arabi Malayalam|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/151017/new-university-centre-for-arabi-malayalam.html|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> [[Unnayi Variyar]] of 17th-18th centuries, based at [[Thrissur]], played a major role in the development of ''Attakkatha'' Literature.<ref name="mlm" /> The words used in many of the [[Arabi Malayalam]] works those date back to 16th-17th centuries of [[Common Era]] are also very closer to the modern Malayalam language.<ref name="mlm" /><ref name="deccanchronicle.com"/> The [[Triumvirate poets of modern malayalam|Triumvirate of poets]] (''Kavithrayam'': [[Kumaran Asan]], [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]] and [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]]) are recognized for moving keralian poetry away from archaic [[sophistry]] and [[metaphysics]] and towards a more [[lyrics|lyrical]] mode.  The modern Malayalam grammar is based on the book ''[[Kerala Panineeyam]]'' written by [[A. R. Raja Raja Varma]] in late 19th century CE.<ref name="clt">{{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|pages=454|id={{ASIN|8182676444|country=in}}|edition=Malayalam}}</ref>


In the second half of the 20th century, [[Jnanpith]] winning poets and writers like [[G. Sankara Kurup]], [[S. K. Pottekkatt]], [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]], [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], [[O. N. V. Kurup]], and [[Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri]], had made valuable contributions to the modern Malayalam literature.<ref name="google25">{{cite book |author=Subodh Kapoor |title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Biographical, Historical, Religious, Administrative, Ethnological, Commercial and Scientific. Mahi-Mewat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mc6C5dVHbGAC&pg=PA4542 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=2002 |publisher=Cosmo |isbn=978-8177552720 |page=4542}}</ref><ref name="Accessions List, South Asia">{{cite book |title=Accessions List, South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPcoAQAAIAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year= 1994 |publisher=E.G. Smith for the U.S. Library of Congress Office, New Delhi |page=21}}</ref><ref name="Indian Writing Today">{{cite book |title=Indian Writing Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wUtAQAAIAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1967 |publisher=Nirmala Sadanand Publishers |page=21}}</ref><ref name="DattaAkademi1987">{{cite book |author1=Amaresh Datta |author2=Sahitya Akademi |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: K to Navalram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaIRAQAAMAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |page=2394|isbn=978-0836424232 }}</ref><ref name="Malayalam Literary Survey">{{cite book |title=Malayalam Literary Survey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5JkAAAAMAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1993 |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |page=19}}</ref> Later, writers like [[O. V. Vijayan]], [[Kamaladas]], [[M. Mukundan]], [[Arundhati Roy]], and [[Vaikom Muhammed Basheer]], have gained international recognition.<ref name="MukundanPillai2004">{{cite book |author1=Eṃ Mukundan |author2=C. Gopinathan Pillai |title=Eng Adityan Radha And Others |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1N5QcHakKdoC&pg=PP3 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year= 2004 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-8126018833 |page=3}}</ref><ref name="Maheshwari2002">{{cite book |author=Ed. Vinod Kumar Maheshwari |title=Perspectives On Indian English Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcY2-ldWIKsC&pg=PA126 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year= 2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-8126900930 |page=126}}</ref><ref name="Chaudhuri2008">{{cite book |author=Amit Chaudhuri |title=Clearing a Space: Reflections On India, Literature, and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQeN2PoAx2IC&pg=PA44 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=2008 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-1906165017 |pages=44–45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian's First Novel Wins Booker Prize in Britain |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 October 1997 |access-date=11 November 2007 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01E6DD173FF936A25753C1A961958260 |first=Sarah |last=Lyall}}</ref> Poets like [[Changampuzha]], [[Uroob]], [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]], [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], [[Kamala Surayya]], [[Pallathu Raman]], and [[Edappally Raghavan Pillai]] also contributed to bring [[Malayalam]] poetry to the common man. Later, such contemporary writers as [[Booker Prize]] winner [[Arundhati Roy]] (whose 1996 semi-[[autobiography|autobiographical]] bestseller ''[[The God of Small Things]]'' is set in the [[Kottayam]] town of Ayemenem) have garnered international recognition. From 1970 to early 1990s, a lot of Malayalam Novelists and story writers contributed to the Literature of Kerala. The contributions from [[Thakazhi Sivashankara Pillai]],
In the second half of the 20th century, [[Jnanpith]] winning poets and writers like [[G. Sankara Kurup]], [[S. K. Pottekkatt]], [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]], [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], [[O. N. V. Kurup]], and [[Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri]], had made valuable contributions to the modern Malayalam literature.<ref name="google25">{{cite book |author=Subodh Kapoor |title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Biographical, Historical, Religious, Administrative, Ethnological, Commercial and Scientific. Mahi-Mewat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mc6C5dVHbGAC&pg=PA4542 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=2002 |publisher=Cosmo |isbn=978-8177552720 |page=4542}}</ref><ref name="Accessions List, South Asia">{{cite book |title=Accessions List, South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPcoAQAAIAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year= 1994 |publisher=E.G. Smith for the U.S. Library of Congress Office, New Delhi |page=21}}</ref><ref name="Indian Writing Today">{{cite book |title=Indian Writing Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wUtAQAAIAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1967 |publisher=Nirmala Sadanand Publishers |page=21}}</ref><ref name="DattaAkademi1987">{{cite book |author1=Amaresh Datta |author2=Sahitya Akademi |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: K to Navalram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaIRAQAAMAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |page=2394|isbn=978-0836424232 }}</ref><ref name="Malayalam Literary Survey">{{cite book |title=Malayalam Literary Survey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5JkAAAAMAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1993 |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |page=19}}</ref> Later, writers like [[O. V. Vijayan]], [[Kamaladas]], [[M. Mukundan]], [[Arundhati Roy]], and [[Vaikom Muhammed Basheer]], have gained international recognition.<ref name="MukundanPillai2004">{{cite book |author1=Eṃ Mukundan |author2=C. Gopinathan Pillai |title=Eng Adityan Radha And Others |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1N5QcHakKdoC&pg=PP3 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year= 2004 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-8126018833 |page=3}}</ref><ref name="Maheshwari2002">{{cite book |author=Ed. Vinod Kumar Maheshwari |title=Perspectives On Indian English Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcY2-ldWIKsC&pg=PA126 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year= 2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-8126900930 |page=126}}</ref><ref name="Chaudhuri2008">{{cite book |author=Amit Chaudhuri |title=Clearing a Space: Reflections On India, Literature, and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQeN2PoAx2IC&pg=PA44 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=2008 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-1906165017 |pages=44–45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian's First Novel Wins Booker Prize in Britain |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 October 1997 |access-date=11 November 2007 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01E6DD173FF936A25753C1A961958260 |first=Sarah |last=Lyall}}</ref> Poets like [[Changampuzha]], [[Uroob]], [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]], [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], [[Kamala Surayya]], [[Pallathu Raman]], and [[Edappally Raghavan Pillai]] also contributed to bring [[Malayalam]] poetry to the common man. Later, such contemporary writers as [[Booker Prize]] winner [[Arundhati Roy]] (whose 1996 semi-[[autobiography|autobiographical]] bestseller ''[[The God of Small Things]]'' is set in the [[Kottayam]] town of Ayemenem) have garnered international recognition. From 1970 to early 1990s, a lot of Malayalam Novelists and story writers contributed to the Literature of Kerala. The contributions from [[Thakazhi Sivashankara Pillai]],
Vaikom Muhammed Basheer [[P. Kesavadev]], [[Uroob]], [[OV Vijayan]], [[Thinakkal Padmanabhan|T Padmanabhan]], [[Sethu (writer)|Sethu]], [[Perumbadavam Sreedharan]], [[Kovilan]], [[M. Mukundan]], [[Kakkanadan]], [[Anand (writer)|Anand]] and [[Paul Zacharia]],  <!-- update with more and the books --> have been remarkable. Significant contributions from poets and songwriters such as [[Vayalar Rama Varma]], [[P. Bhaskaran]] and [[ONV Kurup]] have influenced contemporary literature. Critics such as [[Kuttikrishna Marar]] and [[M.P. Paul]] till the sixties and later, [[Prof. M. Krishnan Nair|M Krishnan Nair]], [[S. Gupthan Nair]], [[M. K. Sanu]], [[Sukumar Azhikode]], [[K.P. Appan]], [[Narendra Prasad]] and [[M. Leelavathy]] <!-- need to update time period, add more people--> have added value by providing critical analysis of the books written during the recent past. The writers like [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]] have contributred much to Malayalam drama.<ref name="clt.1"/> Contemporary [[Malayalam literature]] deals with social, political, and economic life context. The tendency of the modern poetry is often towards [[political radicalism]].<ref name="cnt">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556016/South-Asian-arts/65212/Tamil#toc65213|title=South Asian arts|access-date=15 September 2017}}</ref>
Vaikom Muhammed Basheer [[P. Kesavadev]], [[Uroob]], [[OV Vijayan]], [[Thinakkal Padmanabhan|T Padmanabhan]], [[Sethu (writer)|Sethu]], [[Perumbadavam Sreedharan]], [[Kovilan]], [[M. Mukundan]], [[Kakkanadan]], [[Anand (writer)|Anand]] and [[Paul Zacharia]],  <!-- update with more and the books --> have been remarkable. Significant contributions from poets and songwriters such as [[Vayalar Rama Varma]], [[P. Bhaskaran]] and [[ONV Kurup]] have influenced contemporary literature. Critics such as [[Kuttikrishna Marar]] and [[M.P. Paul]] till the sixties and later, [[Prof. M. Krishnan Nair|M Krishnan Nair]], [[S. Gupthan Nair]], [[M. K. Sanu]], [[Sukumar Azhikode]], [[K.P. Appan]], [[Narendra Prasad]] and [[M. Leelavathy]] <!-- need to update time period, add more people--> have added value by providing critical analysis of the books written during the recent past. The writers like [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]] have contributred much to Malayalam drama.<ref name="clt.1"/> Contemporary [[Malayalam literature]] deals with social, political, and economic life context. The tendency of the modern poetry is often towards [[political radicalism]].<ref name="cnt">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556016/South-Asian-arts/65212/Tamil#toc65213|title=South Asian arts|access-date=15 September 2017}}</ref>


[[Arabi Malayalam]] (also called Mappila Malayalam<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kottaparamban|first=Musadhique|date=1 October 2019|title=Sea, community and language: a study on the origin and development of Arabi- Malayalam language of mappila muslims of Malabar|url=https://mjsshonline.com/index.php/journal/article/view/97|journal=Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities|language=en|pages=406–416|doi=10.33306/mjssh/31|issn=2590-3691|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kuzhiyan|first=Muneer Aram|title=Poetics of Piety Devoting and Self Fashioning in the Mappila Literary Culture of South India|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/213506|publisher=The English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad|hdl=10603/213506}}</ref> and Moplah Malayalam) was the traditional [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kottaparamban|first=Musadhique|title=Sea, Community and Language: A Study on the Origin and Development of Arabi- Malayalam Language of Mappila Muslims of Malabar|date=2 October 2019|url=https://mjsshonline.com/index.php/journal/article/view/97|journal=Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities|language=en|pages=406–416|doi=10.33306/mjssh/31|issn=2590-3691|doi-access=free}}</ref> of the [[Mappila|Mappila Muslim community]] in [[Malabar Coast]]. The poets like [[Moyinkutty Vaidyar]] and [[Pulikkottil Hyder]] have made notable contributions to the [[Mappila songs]], which is a genre of the [[Arabi Malayalam]] literature.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/31/stories/2007033110250500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108104937/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/31/stories/2007033110250500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2012|title=Mappila songs cultural fountains of a bygone age, says MT|date=31 March 2007|access-date=15 August 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>Pg 167, Mappila Muslims: a study on society and anti colonial struggles By Husain Raṇdathaṇi, Other Books, Kozhikode 2007</ref> The [[Arabi Malayalam script]], otherwise known as the [[Ponnani]] script,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kunnath|first=Ammad|date=15 September 2015|title=The rise and growth of Ponnani from 1498 AD To 1792 AD|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/49524|publisher=Department of History|hdl=10603/49524}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Panakkal|first=Abbas|url=http://myto.upm.edu.my/find/Record/iium.u537621|title=Islam in Malabar (1460-1600) : a socio-cultural study /|date=2016|publisher=Kulliyyah Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kallen|first=hussain Randathani|title=TRADE AND CULTURE: INDIAN OCEAN INTERACTION ON THE COAST OF MALABAR IN MEDIEVAL PERIOD|url=https://www.academia.edu/22105661|language=en}}</ref> is a writing system - a variant form of the [[Arabic script]] with special [[orthography|orthographic]] features - which was developed during the early medival period and used to write [[Arabi Malayalam]] until the early 20th century CE.<ref name="Miller">Miller, Roland. E., "Mappila" in "The Encyclopedia of Islam". Volume VI. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 1987. pp. 458-56.</ref><ref>[https://archive.is/20120912185758/http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/literature/contribution.html Malayalam Resource Centre]</ref> Though the script originated and developed in [[Kerala]], today it is predominantly used in [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]] by the migrant [[Muslim]] community.<ref name=":0">Menon. T. Madhava. "A Handbook of Kerala, Volume 2", International School of Dravidian Linguistics, 2002. pp. 491-493.</ref><ref name="Arabic script for malayalam">[http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/april/Malayalam.html#writ National Virtual Translation Center - Arabic script for malayalam]</ref>
[[Arabi Malayalam]] (also called Mappila Malayalam<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kottaparamban|first=Musadhique|date=1 October 2019|title=Sea, community and language: a study on the origin and development of Arabi- Malayalam language of mappila muslims of Malabar|url=https://mjsshonline.com/index.php/journal/article/view/97|journal=Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities|language=en|pages=406–416|doi=10.33306/mjssh/31|issn=2590-3691|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kuzhiyan|first=Muneer Aram|title=Poetics of Piety Devoting and Self Fashioning in the Mappila Literary Culture of South India|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/213506|publisher=The English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad|hdl=10603/213506}}</ref> and Moplah Malayalam) was the traditional [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kottaparamban|first=Musadhique|title=Sea, Community and Language: A Study on the Origin and Development of Arabi- Malayalam Language of Mappila Muslims of Malabar|date=2 October 2019|url=https://mjsshonline.com/index.php/journal/article/view/97|journal=Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities|language=en|pages=406–416|doi=10.33306/mjssh/31|issn=2590-3691|doi-access=free}}</ref> of the [[Mappila|Mappila Muslim community]] in [[Malabar Coast]]. The poets like [[Moyinkutty Vaidyar]] and [[Pulikkottil Hyder]] have made notable contributions to the [[Mappila songs]], which is a genre of the [[Arabi Malayalam]] literature.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/31/stories/2007033110250500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108104937/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/31/stories/2007033110250500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2012|title=Mappila songs cultural fountains of a bygone age, says MT|date=31 March 2007|access-date=15 August 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>Pg 167, Mappila Muslims: a study on society and anti colonial struggles By Husain Raṇdathaṇi, Other Books, Kozhikode 2007</ref> The [[Arabi Malayalam script]], otherwise known as the [[Ponnani]] script,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kunnath|first=Ammad|date=15 September 2015|title=The rise and growth of Ponnani from 1498 AD To 1792 AD|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/49524|publisher=Department of History|hdl=10603/49524}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Panakkal|first=Abbas|url=http://myto.upm.edu.my/find/Record/iium.u537621|title=Islam in Malabar (1460-1600) : a socio-cultural study /|date=2016|publisher=Kulliyyah Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kallen|first=hussain Randathani|title=TRADE AND CULTURE: INDIAN OCEAN INTERACTION ON THE COAST OF MALABAR IN MEDIEVAL PERIOD|url=https://www.academia.edu/22105661|language=en}}</ref> is a writing system – a variant form of the [[Arabic script]] with special [[orthography|orthographic]] features – which was developed during the early medieval period and used to write [[Arabi Malayalam]] until the early 20th century CE.<ref name="Miller">Miller, Roland. E., "Mappila" in "The Encyclopedia of Islam". Volume VI. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 1987. pp. 458-56.</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120912185758/http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/literature/contribution.html Malayalam Resource Centre]</ref> Though the script originated and developed in [[Kerala]], today it is predominantly used in [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]] by the migrant [[Muslim]] community.<ref name=":0">Menon. T. Madhava. "A Handbook of Kerala, Volume 2", International School of Dravidian Linguistics, 2002. pp. 491-493.</ref><ref name="Arabic script for malayalam">[http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/april/Malayalam.html#writ National Virtual Translation Center - Arabic script for malayalam]</ref>


==Folklore==
==Folklore==
Line 52: Line 53:
(Malayalam: ഓണം) Onam is a harvest festival celebrated extravagantly by the people of Kerala, India. It is also the state festival of Kerala with State holidays on 4 days starting from Onam Eve (Uthradom) to the 4th Onam Day. Onam Festival falls during the [[Malayalam]] month of Chingam (Aug - Sep) and marks the commemoration of [[Vamana]] avatara of Vishnu and the subsequent homecoming of King [[Mahabali]], who Malayalees consider to be just and fair King who was exiled to the underworld. Onam is reminiscent of Kerala's agrarian past, as it is considered to be a harvest festival. It is one of the festivals celebrated with the most number of cultural elements. Some of them are Vallam Kali, Pulikkali, Pookkalam, Onatthappan, Thumbi Thullal, [[Onavillu]], Kazhchakkula, Onapottan, Atthachamayame etc.
(Malayalam: ഓണം) Onam is a harvest festival celebrated extravagantly by the people of Kerala, India. It is also the state festival of Kerala with State holidays on 4 days starting from Onam Eve (Uthradom) to the 4th Onam Day. Onam Festival falls during the [[Malayalam]] month of Chingam (Aug - Sep) and marks the commemoration of [[Vamana]] avatara of Vishnu and the subsequent homecoming of King [[Mahabali]], who Malayalees consider to be just and fair King who was exiled to the underworld. Onam is reminiscent of Kerala's agrarian past, as it is considered to be a harvest festival. It is one of the festivals celebrated with the most number of cultural elements. Some of them are Vallam Kali, Pulikkali, Pookkalam, Onatthappan, Thumbi Thullal, [[Onavillu]], Kazhchakkula, Onapottan, Atthachamayame etc.


Another distinct feature of the festival is 'Ona Sadhya' (Onam Feast) and consists of numerous dishes served on a banana leaf and 'Ona Kodi' (new dress for the special occasion). Usual the Ona Sadhya consist of numerous side dishes along with rice and Ona Kodi is traditional dress. Both are eagerly observed by the youth with excitement.
Another distinct feature of the festival is 'Onam Sadhya' (Onam Feast) and consists of numerous dishes served on a banana leaf and 'Onam Kodi' (new dress for the special occasion). Usual the Onam Sadhya consist of numerous side dishes along with rice and Onam Kodi is traditional dress. Both are eagerly observed by the youth with excitement.


==Politics==
==Politics==
Line 62: Line 63:
== Martial arts and sports ==
== Martial arts and sports ==
{{main|Kalaripayattu}}
{{main|Kalaripayattu}}
Kerala also has its own indigenous form of [[martial art]] - [[Kalaripayattu|Kalarippayattu]], derived from the words ''[[kalari]]'' ("place", "threshing floor", or "battlefield") and ''payattu'' ("exercise" or "practice"). Influenced by both Kerala's Brahminical past and Ayurvedic medicine, ''kalaripayattu'' is attributed by oral tradition to Parasurama. After some two centuries of suppression by British colonial authorities, it is now experiencing strong comeback among Keralites while also steadily gaining worldwide attention. Other popular ritual arts include ''[[theyyam]]'' and ''[[poorakkali]]'' &mdash; these originate from northern Malabar, which is the northernmost part of Kerala. Nevertheless, these have in modern times been largely supplanted by more popular sports such as [[cricket]], [[kabaddi]], [[soccer]], [[badminton]], and others. '[[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]]' playing in the Indian Premier League (IPL) is from Kerala.
Kerala also has its own indigenous form of [[martial art]] - [[Kalaripayattu|Kalarippayattu]], derived from the words ''[[kalari]]'' ("place", "threshing floor", or "battlefield") and ''payattu'' ("exercise" or "practice"). Influenced by both Kerala's Brahminical past and Ayurvedic medicine, ''kalaripayattu'' is attributed by oral tradition to Parasurama. After some two centuries of suppression by British colonial authorities, it is now experiencing strong comeback among Keralites while also steadily gaining worldwide attention. Other popular ritual arts include ''[[theyyam]]'' and ''[[poorakkali]]'' &mdash; these originate from northern Malabar, which is the northernmost part of Kerala. Nevertheless, these have in modern times been largely supplanted by more popular sports such as [[cricket]], [[kabaddi]], [[soccer]], [[badminton]], and others. '[[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]]' playing in the Indian Premier League (IPL) is from Kerala. Kolkkali is a folk art performed in [[Malabar District|Malabar]] region of [[Kerala]], India. The dance performers move in a circle, striking small sticks and keeping rhythm with special steps.<ref name="12nf">{{cite book |last1=Jha |first1=Makhan |title=The Muslim Tribes of Lakshadweep Islands: An Anthropological Appraisal of Island Ecology and Cultural Perceptions |year=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-032-0 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Muslim_Tribes_of_Lakshadweep_Islands/b_a4G_Tw2ycC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=kolkali&pg=PA58&printsec=frontcover |access-date=28 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Kerala is currently the home of the football clubs [[kerala blasters|Kerala Blasters]] and [[Gokulam Kerala FC]]. [[Viva Kerala]] and [[FC Kochin]] were the other two major football clubs from the state in the past.
Kerala is currently the home of the football clubs [[kerala blasters|Kerala Blasters]] and [[Gokulam Kerala FC]]. [[Viva Kerala]] and [[FC Kochin]] were the other two major football clubs from the state in the past.


== Calendar ==
== Calendar ==
Line 115: Line 115:
* {{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker |url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE |year=2006 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}
* {{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker |url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE |year=2006 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}
* {{cite book|author=Menon, A. Sreedhara |title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C|year=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415786}}
* {{cite book|author=Menon, A. Sreedhara |title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C|year=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415786}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam Edition)|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|edition=Malayalam}}


==External links==
==External links==
Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/327562"