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{{Short description|Overview of the wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan}}
{{Short description|Overview of the wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan}}
 
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| date              = 22 October 1947 – present<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=10|day1=22|year1=1947}})
| date              = 22 October 1947 – present<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=10|day1=22|year1=1947}})
| place            = [[Line of Control]], [[India–Pakistan border]]
| place            = [[Line of Control]], [[India–Pakistan border]]
| status            = Ongoing
| status            = {{color|#cc3300|'''Ongoing'''}}
{{collapsible list
{{collapsible list
  | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
  | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
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* [[2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]
* [[2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]
* [[2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]
* [[2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]
* [[2020–21 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]
* [[2020–2021 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]
}}
}}
| combatant1        = {{flag|India}}
| combatant1        = {{flag|India}}
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The [[Partition of India]] came about in the [[aftermath of World War II]], when both Great Britain and [[British India]] were dealing with the economic stresses caused by the war and its [[demobilisation]].<ref name="Khan, 2007">{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Yasmin|title=The great Partition: the making of India and Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9WdQp2pwOYC|access-date=30 October 2011|year=2007|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-12078-3|page=13}}</ref> It was the intention of those who wished for a Muslim state to come from British India to have a clean partition between independent and equal "Pakistan" and "Hindustan" once independence came.<ref name="Ambedkar, 1946">* {{citation |last=Ambedkar |first=Bhimrao Ramji |title=Pakistan or Partition of India |year=1945 |publisher=Thacker and company |location=Bombay |orig-year=first published as ''Thoughts on Pakistan'', 1940 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.50130 |page=5}}</ref>
The [[Partition of India]] came about in the [[aftermath of World War II]], when both Great Britain and [[British India]] were dealing with the economic stresses caused by the war and its [[demobilisation]].<ref name="Khan, 2007">{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Yasmin|title=The great Partition: the making of India and Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9WdQp2pwOYC|access-date=30 October 2011|year=2007|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-12078-3|page=13}}</ref> It was the intention of those who wished for a Muslim state to come from British India to have a clean partition between independent and equal "Pakistan" and "Hindustan" once independence came.<ref name="Ambedkar, 1946">* {{citation |last=Ambedkar |first=Bhimrao Ramji |title=Pakistan or Partition of India |year=1945 |publisher=Thacker and company |location=Bombay |orig-year=first published as ''Thoughts on Pakistan'', 1940 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.50130 |page=5}}</ref>


Nearly one third of the Muslim population of British India remained in India.<ref name="Dixit, 2002">{{cite book |title=India-Pakistan in War & Peace |last=Dixit |first=Jyotindra Nath |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-30472-6 |page=13 }}</ref><ref>P. 4{{Cite web|title = Cause for acceptance of refugees into European Nations|url = http://kharabanda.in/3.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170418162131/http://kharabanda.in/3.pdf|url-status = dead|archive-date = 18 April 2017|work = Dhruv Kharabanda|access-date = 9 October 2019}}</ref><ref>Population of independent Pakistan (East + West) was 60 million. Population of Muslims in Indian dominion was 30 million or 9% of total population.</ref>
Nearly one third of the Muslim population of British India remained in India.<ref name="Dixit, 2002">{{cite book |title=India-Pakistan in War & Peace |last=Dixit |first=Jyotindra Nath |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-30472-6 |page=13 }}</ref><ref>P. 4{{cite web|title = Cause for acceptance of refugees into European Nations|url = http://kharabanda.in/3.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170418162131/http://kharabanda.in/3.pdf|url-status = dead|archive-date = 18 April 2017|work = Dhruv Kharabanda|access-date = 9 October 2019}}</ref><ref>Population of independent Pakistan (East + West) was 60 million. Population of Muslims in Indian dominion was 30 million or 9% of total population.</ref>


Inter-communal violence between Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims resulted in between 200,000 and 2 million casualties leaving 14 million people displaced.<ref name="Khan, 2007" />{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|p=2}}{{efn|"The death toll remains disputed with figures ranging from 200,000 to 2 million."{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|p=2}}}}<ref name="Springer Science & Business Media">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGiSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|title=Population Redistribution and Development in South Asia|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2012|isbn=978-9400953093|page=6}}</ref>
Inter-communal violence between Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims resulted in between 200,000 and 2 million casualties leaving 14 million people displaced.<ref name="Khan, 2007" />{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|p=2}}{{efn|"The death toll remains disputed with figures ranging from 200,000 to 2 million."{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|p=2}}}}<ref name="Springer Science & Business Media">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGiSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|title=Population Redistribution and Development in South Asia|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2012|isbn=978-9400953093|page=6}}</ref>
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[[File:Indian soldiers fighting in 1947 war.jpg|thumb|right|Indian soldiers during the 1947–1948 war.]]
[[File:Indian soldiers fighting in 1947 war.jpg|thumb|right|Indian soldiers during the 1947–1948 war.]]


The war, also called the '''First Kashmir War''', started in October 1947 when Pakistan feared that the [[Maharaja]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir and Jammu]] would accede to India. Following partition, [[princely states]] were left to choose whether to join India or Pakistan or to remain independent. Jammu and Kashmir, the largest of the princely states, had a majority Muslim population and significant fraction of Hindu population, all ruled by the Hindu [[Maharaja]] [[Hari Singh]]. Tribal Islamic forces with support from the army of Pakistan attacked and occupied parts of the princely state forcing the Maharaja to sign the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] of the princely state to the [[Dominion of India]] to receive Indian military aid. The UN Security Council passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 47|Resolution 47]] on 22 April 1948. The fronts solidified gradually along what came to be known as the [[Line of Control]]. A formal cease-fire was declared at 23:59 on the night of 1 January 1949.<ref name="Offl_Hist_1947">{{cite book |title=History of Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947–1948 |last1=Prasad|first1=S.N.|last2=Dharm Pal |year=1987 |publisher=History Department, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. (printed at Thomson Press (India) Limited) |location=New Delhi |page=418 }}</ref>{{rp|379}} India gained control of about two-thirds of the state ([[Kashmir valley]], [[Jammu]] and [[Ladakh]]) whereas Pakistan gained roughly a third of {{nowrap|Kashmir ([[Azad Kashmir]], and [[Gilgit–Baltistan]]).}} The Pakistan controlled areas are collectively referred to as Pakistan administered Kashmir.<ref name="South Asia in World Politics">
The war, also called the '''First Kashmir War''', started in October 1947 when Pakistan feared that the [[Maharaja]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir and Jammu]] would accede to India. Following partition, [[princely states]] were left to choose whether to join India or Pakistan or to remain independent. Jammu and Kashmir, the largest of the princely states, had a majority Muslim population and significant fraction of Hindu population, all ruled by the Hindu [[Maharaja]] [[Hari Singh]]. Tribal Islamic forces with support from the army of Pakistan attacked and occupied parts of the princely state forcing the Maharaja to sign the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] of the princely state to the [[Dominion of India]] to receive Indian military aid. The UN Security Council passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 47|Resolution 47]] on 22 April 1948. The fronts solidified gradually along what came to be known as the [[Line of Control]]. A formal cease-fire was declared at 23:59 on the night of 1 January 1949.<ref name="Offl_Hist_1947">{{cite book |title=History of Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947–1948 |last1=Prasad|first1=S.N.|last2=Dharm Pal |year=1987 |publisher=History Department, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. (printed at Thomson Press (India) Limited) |location=New Delhi |page=418 }}</ref>{{rp|379}} India gained control of about two-thirds of the state ([[Kashmir valley]], [[Jammu]] and [[Ladakh]]) whereas Pakistan gained roughly a third of {{nowrap|Kashmir ([[Azad Kashmir]], and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]).}} The Pakistan controlled areas are collectively referred to as Pakistan administered Kashmir.<ref name="South Asia in World Politics">
{{cite book
{{cite book
|last1=Hagerty  
|last1=Hagerty  
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India intervened in the ongoing [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh liberation movement]].<ref name="LATimes, 2002">{{cite news |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2002/mar/30/local/me-passings30.1 |title=Gen. Tikka Khan, 87; 'Butcher of Bengal' Led Pakistani Army |author=Times Staff and Wire Reports |date=30 March 2002 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="The Daily Star, 2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2011/07/03/musing.htm|title=A Lamp Glows for Indira Gandhi |author=Syed Badrul Ahsan|date=15 July 2011 |volume=10|issue=27 |work=The Daily Star|access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref> After a large scale [[Operation Chengiz Khan|pre-emptive strike]] by Pakistan, full-scale hostilities between the two countries commenced.
India intervened in the ongoing [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh liberation movement]].<ref name="LATimes, 2002">{{cite news |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2002/mar/30/local/me-passings30.1 |title=Gen. Tikka Khan, 87; 'Butcher of Bengal' Led Pakistani Army |author=Times Staff and Wire Reports |date=30 March 2002 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="The Daily Star, 2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2011/07/03/musing.htm|title=A Lamp Glows for Indira Gandhi |author=Syed Badrul Ahsan|date=15 July 2011 |volume=10|issue=27 |work=The Daily Star|access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref> After a large scale [[Operation Chengiz Khan|pre-emptive strike]] by Pakistan, full-scale hostilities between the two countries commenced.


Pakistan attacked at several places along India's western border with Pakistan, but the [[Indian Army]] successfully held their positions. The Indian Army quickly responded to the Pakistan Army's movements in the west and made some initial gains, including capturing around {{convert|5795|sqmi|km2|order=flip|abbr=off}}<ref name="Shuja Nawaz 2008">{{cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Shuja |title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547697-2 |page=329}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LCaAQCnO3QQC&pg=PA81|title=Benazir, a Profile&nbsp;– M. G. Chitkara|page=81|isbn=9788170247524|last1=Chitkara|first1=M. G|year=1996}}</ref><ref name="https">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek00fuXVz1wC&pg=PA117|title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War&nbsp;– Victoria Schofield|date=2003|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-86064-898-4|page=117|last1=Schofield|first1=Victoria}}</ref> of Pakistan territory (land gained by India in Pakistani Kashmir, [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]] and [[Sindh]] sectors but gifted it back to Pakistan in the [[Simla Agreement]] of 1972, as a gesture of goodwill). Within two weeks of intense fighting, Pakistani forces in [[East Pakistan]] [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|surrendered]] to the joint command of Indian and Bangladeshi forces following which the [[People's Republic of Bangladesh]] was created.<ref name="Leonard, 2006">{{cite book |last = Leonard |first = Thomas |title = Encyclopedia of the developing world |publisher = Taylor & Francis|year= 2006 |isbn = 978-0-415-97662-6}}</ref> This war saw the highest number of casualties in any of the India-Pakistan conflicts, as well as the largest number of [[prisoners of war]] since the Second World War after the surrender of more than 90,000 Pakistani Army troops.<ref name="BBC Troubled relations">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1971.stm |title=The 1971 war |author=Unspecified author |work=India – Pakistan:Troubled relations |publisher=BBC |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref> In the words of one Pakistani author, "Pakistan lost half its navy, a quarter of its air force and a third of its army".<ref>{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Tariq|title =Can Pakistan Survive? The Death of a State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=moJPPgAACAAJ&q=Can+Pakistan+Survive%3F|publisher =Verso Books|year=1997|isbn=0-86091-949-8 }}</ref>
Pakistan attacked at several places along India's western border with Pakistan, but the [[Indian Army]] successfully held their positions. The Indian Army quickly responded to the Pakistan Army's movements in the west and made some initial gains, including capturing around {{convert|5795|sqmi|km2|order=flip|abbr=off}}<ref name="Shuja Nawaz 2008">{{cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Shuja |title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547697-2 |page=329}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LCaAQCnO3QQC&pg=PA81|title=Benazir, a Profile&nbsp;– M. G. Chitkara|page=81|isbn=9788170247524|last1=Chitkara|first1=M. G|year=1996}}</ref><ref name="https">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek00fuXVz1wC&pg=PA117|title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War&nbsp;– Victoria Schofield|date=2003|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-86064-898-4|page=117|last1=Schofield|first1=Victoria}}</ref> of Pakistani territory (land gained by India in Pakistani Kashmir, [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]] and [[Sindh]] sectors but gifted it back to Pakistan in the [[Simla Agreement]] of 1972, as a gesture of goodwill). Within two weeks of intense fighting, Pakistani forces in [[East Pakistan]] [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|surrendered]] to the joint command of Indian and Bangladeshi forces following which the [[People's Republic of Bangladesh]] was created.<ref name="Leonard, 2006">{{cite book |last = Leonard |first = Thomas |title = Encyclopedia of the developing world |publisher = Taylor & Francis|year= 2006 |isbn = 978-0-415-97662-6}}</ref> This war saw the highest number of casualties in any of the India-Pakistan conflicts, as well as the largest number of [[prisoners of war]] since the Second World War after the surrender of more than 90,000 Pakistani Army troops.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC NEWS {{!}} India Pakistan {{!}} Timeline |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1971.stm |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In the words of one Pakistani author, "Pakistan lost half its navy, a quarter of its air force and a third of its army".<ref>{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Tariq|title =Can Pakistan Survive? The Death of a State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=moJPPgAACAAJ&q=Can+Pakistan+Survive%3F|publisher =Verso Books|year=1997|isbn=0-86091-949-8 }}</ref>


===Indo-Pakistani War of 1999===
===Indo-Pakistani War of 1999===
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Commonly known as the Kargil War, this conflict between the two countries was mostly limited. During early 1999, Pakistani troops infiltrated across the [[Line of Control]] (LoC) and occupied Indian territory mostly in the [[Kargil district]]. India responded by launching a major military and diplomatic offensive to drive out the Pakistani infiltrators.<ref name=Stanley>{{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |title=India and Pakistan: Continued Conflict or Cooperation? |url=https://archive.org/details/indiapakistancon0000wolp |url-access=registration |publisher=University of California Press |date=14 August 2010 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiapakistancon0000wolp/page/73 73] |chapter=Recent Attempts to Resolve the Conflict|isbn=9780520271401}}</ref> Two months into the conflict, Indian troops had slowly retaken most of the ridges that were encroached by the infiltrators.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n08/ali_01_.html|title=Bitter Chill of Winter|first=Tariq|last=Ali |author-link=Tariq Ali|newspaper= [[London Review of Books]]=| access-date=2009-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Colonel Ravi Nanda | title=Kargil: A Wake Up Call | publisher=Vedams Books | year=1999 | isbn=81-7095-074-0}} [https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no14953.htm Online summary of the Book] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055430/https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no14953.htm |date=28 September 2007 }}</ref> According to official count, an estimated 75%–80% of the intruded area and nearly all high ground was back under Indian control.<ref name="VP Malik">[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_26-7-2002_pg4_12 Kargil: where defence met diplomacy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216074135/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_26-7-2002_pg4_12 |date=16 December 2012 }} - India's then [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief of Army Staff]] VP Malik, expressing his views on Operation Vijay. Hosted on ''[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]''; [http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjir/3.1.06_kapur-narang.html The Fate of Kashmir By Vikas Kapur and Vipin Narang] Stanford Journal of International Relations; [http://www.ipcs.org/ipcs/displayReview.jsp?kValue=102 Book review of "The Indian Army: A Brief History by Maj Gen Ian Cardozo"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108040104/http://www.ipcs.org/ipcs/displayReview.jsp?kValue=102 |date=8 January 2009 }} - Hosted on IPCS</ref>
Commonly known as the Kargil War, this conflict between the two countries was mostly limited. During early 1999, Pakistani troops infiltrated across the [[Line of Control]] (LoC) and occupied Indian territory mostly in the [[Kargil district]]. India responded by launching a major military and diplomatic offensive to drive out the Pakistani infiltrators.<ref name=Stanley>{{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |title=India and Pakistan: Continued Conflict or Cooperation? |url=https://archive.org/details/indiapakistancon0000wolp |url-access=registration |publisher=University of California Press |date=14 August 2010 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiapakistancon0000wolp/page/73 73] |chapter=Recent Attempts to Resolve the Conflict|isbn=9780520271401}}</ref> Two months into the conflict, Indian troops had slowly retaken most of the ridges that were encroached by the infiltrators.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n08/ali_01_.html|title=Bitter Chill of Winter|first=Tariq|last=Ali |author-link=Tariq Ali|newspaper= [[London Review of Books]]=| access-date=2009-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Colonel Ravi Nanda | title=Kargil: A Wake Up Call | publisher=Vedams Books | year=1999 | isbn=81-7095-074-0}} [https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no14953.htm Online summary of the Book] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055430/https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no14953.htm |date=28 September 2007 }}</ref> According to official count, an estimated 75%–80% of the intruded area and nearly all high ground was back under Indian control.<ref name="VP Malik">[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_26-7-2002_pg4_12 Kargil: where defence met diplomacy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216074135/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_26-7-2002_pg4_12 |date=16 December 2012 }} - India's then [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief of Army Staff]] VP Malik, expressing his views on Operation Vijay. Hosted on ''[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]''; [http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjir/3.1.06_kapur-narang.html The Fate of Kashmir By Vikas Kapur and Vipin Narang] Stanford Journal of International Relations; [http://www.ipcs.org/ipcs/displayReview.jsp?kValue=102 Book review of "The Indian Army: A Brief History by Maj Gen Ian Cardozo"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108040104/http://www.ipcs.org/ipcs/displayReview.jsp?kValue=102 |date=8 January 2009 }} - Hosted on IPCS</ref>
Fearing large-scale escalation in military conflict, the international community, led by the [[United States]], increased diplomatic pressure on Pakistan to withdraw forces from remaining Indian territory.<ref name=Stanley/><ref name=Dettman>{{cite book |last=R. Dettman |first=Paul |title=India Changes Course: Golden Jubilee to Millennium |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2001 |pages=119–120 |chapter=Kargil War Operations|isbn=9780275973087}}</ref>  
Fearing large-scale escalation in military conflict, the international community, led by the [[United States]], increased diplomatic pressure on Pakistan to withdraw forces from remaining Indian territory.<ref name=Stanley/><ref name=Dettman>{{cite book |last=R. Dettman |first=Paul |title=India Changes Course: Golden Jubilee to Millennium |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2001 |pages=119–120 |chapter=Kargil War Operations|isbn=9780275973087}}</ref>  
Faced with the possibility of international isolation, the already fragile [[Economy of Pakistan|Pakistani economy]] was weakened further.<ref name="Samina Ahmed">[http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1209/diplomatic_fiasco.html Samina Ahmed. "Diplomatic Fiasco: Pakistan's Failure on the Diplomatic Front Nullifies its Gains on the Battlefield"] (Belfer Center for International Affairs, [[Kennedy School of Government]])</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/10/13/reacts/print.html|title=Coup d'itat: Pakistan gets a new sheriff|author=Daryl Lindsey and Alicia Montgomery|work=salon.com|access-date=19 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091220041521/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/10/13/reacts/print.html|archive-date=20 December 2009}}</ref> The morale of Pakistani forces after the withdrawal declined as many units of the [[Northern Light Infantry]] suffered heavy casualties.<ref name="Summary">{{cite web|url=http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/war_in_kargil.pdf|title=War in Kargil - The CCC's summary on the war|access-date=2009-05-20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040221091712/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/war_in_kargil.pdf|archive-date=21 February 2004}}</ref><ref>[http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1002/friend_for_all_seasons.html Samina Ahmed. "A Friend for all Seasons."] (Belfer Center for International Affairs, [[Kennedy School of Government]])</ref> The government refused to accept the dead bodies of many officers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/11karg1.htm|title=Rediff on the NeT: Pakistan refuses to take even officers' bodies|work=rediff.com|access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.indianembassy.org/pic/PR_1999/July_1999/PR_July_15_1999.html "press release issued in New Delhi regarding bodies of two Pakistan Army Officers"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615050107/http://www.indianembassy.org/pic/PR_1999/July_1999/PR_July_15_1999.html |date=15 June 2010 }}</ref> an issue that provoked outrage and protests in the Northern Areas.<ref>Second-Class Citizens by M. Ilyas Khan, [[The Herald (Pakistan)]], July 2000. [http://www.warbirds.in/downloads/HeraldKargil.pdf Online scanned version of the article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181806/http://www.warbirds.in/downloads/HeraldKargil.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110503214522/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006092505001100.htm&date=2006%2F09%2F25%2F&prd=th& Musharraf and the truth about Kargil]}} - [[The Hindu]] 25 September 2006</ref> Pakistan initially did not acknowledge many of its casualties, but [[Nawaz Sharif]] later said that over 4,000 Pakistani troops were killed in the operation and that Pakistan had lost the conflict.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://hindu.com/2003/08/17/stories/2003081702900800.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111034601/http://hindu.com/2003/08/17/stories/2003081702900800.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=2012-11-11|title=Over 4000 soldier's killed in Kargil: Sharif|work=[[The Hindu]]| access-date=2009-05-20}}</ref><ref name=Kapur>{{cite book|last=Kapur|first=S. Paul|title=Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia|year=2007|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0804755498|edition=23rd|page=227}}</ref> By the end of July 1999, organized hostilities in the Kargil district had ceased.<ref name=Dettman/>
Faced with the possibility of international isolation, the already fragile [[Economy of Pakistan|Pakistani economy]] was weakened further.<ref name="Samina Ahmed">[http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1209/diplomatic_fiasco.html Samina Ahmed. "Diplomatic Fiasco: Pakistan's Failure on the Diplomatic Front Nullifies its Gains on the Battlefield"] (Belfer Center for International Affairs, [[Kennedy School of Government]])</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/10/13/reacts/print.html|title=Coup d'itat: Pakistan gets a new sheriff|author=Daryl Lindsey and Alicia Montgomery|work=salon.com|access-date=19 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091220041521/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/10/13/reacts/print.html|archive-date=20 December 2009}}</ref> The morale of Pakistani forces after the withdrawal declined as many units of the [[Northern Light Infantry]] suffered heavy casualties.<ref name="Summary">{{cite web|url=http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/war_in_kargil.pdf|title=War in Kargil - The CCC's summary on the war|access-date=2009-05-20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040221091712/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/war_in_kargil.pdf|archive-date=21 February 2004}}</ref><ref>[http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1002/friend_for_all_seasons.html Samina Ahmed. "A Friend for all Seasons."] (Belfer Center for International Affairs, [[Kennedy School of Government]])</ref> The government refused to accept the dead bodies of many officers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/11karg1.htm|title=Rediff on the NeT: Pakistan refuses to take even officers' bodies|work=rediff.com|access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.indianembassy.org/pic/PR_1999/July_1999/PR_July_15_1999.html "press release issued in New Delhi regarding bodies of two Pakistan Army Officers"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615050107/http://www.indianembassy.org/pic/PR_1999/July_1999/PR_July_15_1999.html |date=15 June 2010 }}</ref> an issue that provoked outrage and protests in the Northern Areas.<ref>Second-Class Citizens by M. Ilyas Khan, [[The Herald (Pakistan)]], July 2000. [http://www.warbirds.in/downloads/HeraldKargil.pdf Online scanned version of the article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181806/http://www.warbirds.in/downloads/HeraldKargil.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110503214522/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006092505001100.htm&date=2006%2F09%2F25%2F&prd=th& Musharraf and the truth about Kargil]}} - [[The Hindu]] 25 September 2006</ref> Pakistan initially did not acknowledge many of its casualties, but [[Nawaz Sharif]] later said that over 4,000 Pakistani troops were killed in the operation and that Pakistan had lost the conflict.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://hindu.com/2003/08/17/stories/2003081702900800.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111034601/http://hindu.com/2003/08/17/stories/2003081702900800.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=2012-11-11|title=Over 4000 soldier's killed in Kargil: Sharif|work=[[The Hindu]]| access-date=2009-05-20}}</ref><ref name=Kapur>{{cite book|last=Kapur|first=S. Paul|title=Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia|year=2007|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0804755498|edition=23rd|page=227}}</ref> By the end of July 1999, organized hostilities in the Kargil district had ceased.<ref name=Dettman/>
The war was a major military defeat for the Pakistani Army.<ref>{{cite book |last1=MacDonald |first1=Myra |title=Defeat is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-858-3 |pages=27, 53, 64, 66 |quote=p. 27: It was not so much that India won the Great South Asian War but that Pakistan lost it.{{pb}}p. 53: The story of the Kargil War—Pakistan's biggest defeat by India since 1971 —is one that goes to the heart of why it lost the Great South Asian War.{{pb}}p. 64: Afterwards, Musharraf and his supporters would claim that Pakistan won the war militarily and lost it diplomatically. In reality, the military and diplomatic tides turned against Pakistan in tandem.{{pb}}p. 66: For all its bravado, Pakistan had failed to secure even one inch of land.{{pb}} Less than a year after declaring itself a nuclear-armed power, Pakistan had been humiliated diplomatically and militarily.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Lavoy |editor1-first=Peter René |title=Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76721-7 |page=180 |quote=The false optimism of the architects of the Kargil intrusion, colored by the illusion of a cheap victory, was not only the main driver of the operation, and hence the crisis, it also was the cause of Pakistan's most damaging military defeat since the loss of East Pakistan in December 1971.}}</ref>
The war was a major military defeat for the Pakistani Army.<ref>{{cite book |last1=MacDonald |first1=Myra |title=Defeat is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-858-3 |pages=27, 53, 64, 66 |quote=p. 27: It was not so much that India won the Great South Asian War but that Pakistan lost it.{{pb}}p. 53: The story of the Kargil War—Pakistan's biggest defeat by India since 1971 —is one that goes to the heart of why it lost the Great South Asian War.{{pb}}p. 64: Afterwards, Musharraf and his supporters would claim that Pakistan won the war militarily and lost it diplomatically. In reality, the military and diplomatic tides turned against Pakistan in tandem.{{pb}}p. 66: For all its bravado, Pakistan had failed to secure even one inch of land.{{pb}} Less than a year after declaring itself a nuclear-armed power, Pakistan had been humiliated diplomatically and militarily.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Lavoy |editor1-first=Peter René |title=Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76721-7 |page=180 |quote=The false optimism of the architects of the Kargil intrusion, colored by the illusion of a cheap victory, was not only the main driver of the operation, and hence the crisis, it also was the cause of Pakistan's most damaging military defeat since the loss of East Pakistan in December 1971.}}</ref>


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*'''[[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]:''' An insurgency in Kashmir has been a cause for heightened tensions. India has also [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|accused]] Pakistan-backed militant groups of executing [[List of terrorist incidents in India|several terrorist attacks across India]].
*'''[[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]:''' An insurgency in Kashmir has been a cause for heightened tensions. India has also [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|accused]] Pakistan-backed militant groups of executing [[List of terrorist incidents in India|several terrorist attacks across India]].
* '''[[Siachen conflict]]:''' In 1984, India launched [[Operation Meghdoot]] capturing all of the [[Siachen Glacier]]. [[Siachen War|Further clashes]] erupted in the glacial area in 1985, 1987 and 1995 as Pakistan sought, without success, to oust India from its stronghold.<ref name="Lyon2008" /><ref name="Wirsing1998">{{cite book|last=Wirsing|first=Robert|title=India, Pakistan, and the Kashmir dispute: on regional conflict and its resolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3z8sNZTVv5gC&pg=PA77|access-date=31 October 2011|date=15 February 1998|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-17562-7|page=77}}</ref>
* '''[[Siachen conflict]]:''' In 1984, India launched [[Operation Meghdoot]] capturing all of the [[Siachen Glacier]]. [[Siachen conflict|Further clashes]] erupted in the glacial area in 1985, 1987 and 1995 as Pakistan sought, without success, to oust India from its stronghold.<ref name="Lyon2008" /><ref name="Wirsing1998">{{cite book|last=Wirsing|first=Robert|title=India, Pakistan, and the Kashmir dispute: on regional conflict and its resolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3z8sNZTVv5gC&pg=PA77|access-date=31 October 2011|date=15 February 1998|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-17562-7|page=77}}</ref>


====As proxies====
====As proxies====
*'''[[Insurgency in Balochistan]]:''' An insurgency in Balochistan province of Pakistan has also caused tensions recently. Pakistan has accused India of causing the insurgency with the help of ousted Baloch leaders, militant groups and terrorist organizations like the [[Balochistan Liberation Army]]. According to Pakistani Officials these militants are trained in neighboring Afghanistan. In 2016, Pakistan alleged that an Indian spy [[Kulbhushan Jadhav]] was arrested by Pakistani forces during a counter-intelligence operation in Balochistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/286526/indias-renewed-strategy-of-destabilising-balochistan/|title=India's renewed strategy of destabilising Balochistan|date=2018-08-20|website=Daily Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/341558-indian-campaigning-on-balochistan-continues|title=Indian campaigning on Balochistan continues|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en|access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref>
*'''[[Insurgency in Balochistan]]:''' An insurgency in Balochistan province of Pakistan has also caused tensions recently. Pakistan has accused India of causing the insurgency with the help of ousted Baloch leaders, militant groups and terrorist organizations like the [[Balochistan Liberation Army]]. According to Pakistani Officials these militants are trained in neighboring Afghanistan. In 2016, Pakistan alleged that an Indian spy [[Kulbhushan Jadhav]] was arrested by Pakistani forces during a counter-intelligence operation in Balochistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/286526/indias-renewed-strategy-of-destabilising-balochistan/|title=India's renewed strategy of destabilising Balochistan|date=2018-08-20|website=Daily Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/341558-indian-campaigning-on-balochistan-continues|title=Indian campaigning on Balochistan continues|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en|access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref>
*'''[[Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)]]:''' India and Pakistan had long been supporting opposing sides during the wars of Afghanistan,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/taliban-takeover-threatens-to-raise-india-pakistan-tensions-11630502420|title = Taliban Takeover Threatens to Raise India-Pakistan Tensions|newspaper = Wall Street Journal|date = September 2021|last1 = Roy|first1 = Rajesh}}</ref> including during the [[Soviet-Afghan War]] and the civil wars from 1989-2001.<ref>https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/india-pakistan-rivalry-afghanistan</ref> In 2006, Pakistan has been accused by India for its involvement in terrorism in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/18/world/asia/18cnd-afghan.html|title=Coalition Vows to Regain Afghan Town Seized by Taliban|date=18 July 2006|website=The New York Times}}</ref> In 2020, Pakistan accused India of trying to derail peace negotiations to end the [[War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)]].<ref>https://www.dw.com/en/india-pakistan-tug-of-warjeopardizesafghan-peace-process/a-53482558</ref>
*'''[[Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)]]:''' India and Pakistan had long been supporting opposing sides during the wars of Afghanistan,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/taliban-takeover-threatens-to-raise-india-pakistan-tensions-11630502420|title = Taliban Takeover Threatens to Raise India-Pakistan Tensions|newspaper = Wall Street Journal|date = September 2021|last1 = Roy|first1 = Rajesh}}</ref> including during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] and the civil wars from 1989 to 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/india-pakistan-rivalry-afghanistan|title = India-Pakistan Rivalry in Afghanistan|date = 25 March 2010}}</ref> In 2006, Pakistan has been accused by India for its involvement in terrorism in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/18/world/asia/18cnd-afghan.html|title=Coalition Vows to Regain Afghan Town Seized by Taliban|date=18 July 2006|website=The New York Times}}</ref> In 2020, Pakistan accused India of trying to derail peace negotiations to end the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-pakistan-tug-of-warjeopardizesafghan-peace-process/a-53482558 |title=India-Pakistan tug-of-war jeopardizes Afghan peace process &#124; Asia &#124; An in-depth look at news from across the continent  |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=2020-05-18 |accessdate=2022-02-17}}</ref>


=== Past skirmishes and standoffs ===
=== Past skirmishes and standoffs ===
* '''[[Operation Brasstacks]]:''' The largest of its kind in South Asia, it was conducted by India between November 1986 and March 1987. Pakistani mobilisation in response raised tensions and fears that it could lead to another war between the two neighbours.<ref name="Lyon2008" />{{rp|129}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/06/world/on-india-s-border-a-huge-mock-war.html |title=On India's border, a huge mock war |author=Weisman, Steven R. |date=6 March 1987 |work=The New York Times |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>
* '''[[Operation Brasstacks]]:''' The largest of its kind in South Asia, it was conducted by India between November 1986 and March 1987. Pakistani mobilisation in response raised tensions and fears that it could lead to another war between the two neighbours.<ref name="Lyon2008" />{{rp|129}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/06/world/on-india-s-border-a-huge-mock-war.html |title=On India's border, a huge mock war |author=Weisman, Steven R. |date=6 March 1987 |work=The New York Times |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>
* '''[[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff]]:''' The [[Terrorist attack on Indian Parliament (2001)|terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament]] on 13 December 2001, which India blamed on the Pakistan-based terrorist organisations, [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] and [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], prompted the 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff and brought both sides close to war.<ref name="BBC 12 Jan 2002">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1756965.stm |title=Musharraf declares war on extremism |author=Unspecified author |date=12 January 2002 |work=South Asia |publisher=BBC |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>
* '''[[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff]]:''' The [[Terrorist attack on Indian Parliament (2001)|terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament]] on 13 December 2001, which India blamed on the Pakistan-based terrorist organisations, [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] and [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], prompted the 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff and brought both sides close to war.<ref name="BBC 12 Jan 2002">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1756965.stm |title=Musharraf declares war on extremism |date=12 January 2002 |work=South Asia |publisher=BBC |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>
*'''[[2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff]]''': a stand-off between the two nations following the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] which was defused by diplomatic efforts. Following ten coordinated shooting and bombing attacks across [[Mumbai]], India's largest city, [[Aftermath of the 2008 Mumbai attacks|tensions heightened]] between the two countries since India claimed interrogation results alleging<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/americas/accused-in-india-massacre-claims-ties-to-pakistani-secret-service/article1981052/ |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |location=Toronto | first=Colin | last=Freeze | title=Accused in India massacre claims ties to Pakistani secret service – The Globe and Mail | date=11 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-12/us/29409412_1_rana-and-headley-isi-tahawwur-hussain-rana | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811144123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-12/us/29409412_1_rana-and-headley-isi-tahawwur-hussain-rana | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 August 2011 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Rana, Headley implicate Pak, ISI in Mumbai attack during ISI chief's visit to US | date=12 April 2011}}</ref> Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] supporting the attackers while Pakistan denied it.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/diplomat-denies-pakistan-role-in-mumbai-attacks-1521700.html | location=London |work=The Independent | date=31 January 2009 | title=Diplomat denies Pakistan role in Mumbai attacks}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2008/12/01/pakistan-denies-governmen_n_147395.html |title=Pakistan Denies Government Involvement in Mumbai Attacks |work=Huffington Post |date=1 December 2008 |access-date=16 December 2011 |first=Zarar |last=Khan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://articles.latimes.com/2009/jan/07/world/fg-pakistan-india7 | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Laura | last=King | title=Pakistan denies official involvement in Mumbai attacks | date=7 January 2009}}</ref> Pakistan placed its air force on alert and moved troops to the Indian border, voicing concerns about proactive movements of the [[Indian Army]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/indian-jets-violating-pakistani-airspace-technical-incursion-says-zardari-fourth-lead_100130857.html |title=Indian jets violating Pakistani airspace 'technical incursion', says Zardari (Fourth Lead) – Thaindian News |publisher=Thaindian.com |date=14 December 2008 |access-date=16 December 2011}}</ref> and the Indian government's possible plans to launch attacks on Pakistani soil.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-16/india/28165262_1_move-troops-taliban-stronghold-india-and-pakistan | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811054310/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-16/india/28165262_1_move-troops-taliban-stronghold-india-and-pakistan | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 August 2011 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Pak might soon move troops from border with India | date=16 June 2009}}</ref> The tension defused in short time and Pakistan moved its troops away from border.
*'''[[2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff]]''': a stand-off between the two nations following the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] which was defused by diplomatic efforts. Following ten coordinated shooting and bombing attacks across [[Mumbai]], India's largest city, [[Aftermath of the 2008 Mumbai attacks|tensions heightened]] between the two countries since India claimed interrogation results alleging<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/americas/accused-in-india-massacre-claims-ties-to-pakistani-secret-service/article1981052/ |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |location=Toronto | first=Colin | last=Freeze | title=Accused in India massacre claims ties to Pakistani secret service – The Globe and Mail | date=11 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-12/us/29409412_1_rana-and-headley-isi-tahawwur-hussain-rana | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811144123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-12/us/29409412_1_rana-and-headley-isi-tahawwur-hussain-rana | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 August 2011 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Rana, Headley implicate Pak, ISI in Mumbai attack during ISI chief's visit to US | date=12 April 2011}}</ref> Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] supporting the attackers while Pakistan denied it.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/diplomat-denies-pakistan-role-in-mumbai-attacks-1521700.html | location=London |work=The Independent | date=31 January 2009 | title=Diplomat denies Pakistan role in Mumbai attacks}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2008/12/01/pakistan-denies-governmen_n_147395.html |title=Pakistan Denies Government Involvement in Mumbai Attacks |work=Huffington Post |date=1 December 2008 |access-date=16 December 2011 |first=Zarar |last=Khan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://articles.latimes.com/2009/jan/07/world/fg-pakistan-india7 | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Laura | last=King | title=Pakistan denies official involvement in Mumbai attacks | date=7 January 2009}}</ref> Pakistan placed its air force on alert and moved troops to the Indian border, voicing concerns about proactive movements of the [[Indian Army]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/indian-jets-violating-pakistani-airspace-technical-incursion-says-zardari-fourth-lead_100130857.html |title=Indian jets violating Pakistani airspace 'technical incursion', says Zardari (Fourth Lead) – Thaindian News |publisher=Thaindian.com |date=14 December 2008 |access-date=16 December 2011}}</ref> and the Indian government's possible plans to launch attacks on Pakistani soil.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-16/india/28165262_1_move-troops-taliban-stronghold-india-and-pakistan | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811054310/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-16/india/28165262_1_move-troops-taliban-stronghold-india-and-pakistan | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 August 2011 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Pak might soon move troops from border with India | date=16 June 2009}}</ref> The tension defused in short time and Pakistan moved its troops away from border.
*'''[[2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]''': On 29 September 2016, ''border skirmishes between India and Pakistan'' began following reported "[[surgical strike]]s" by India against militant launch pads across the [[Line of Control]] in [[Pakistani-administered Kashmir]] "killing a large number of terrorists".<ref name="DGMO">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-surgical-strikes-across-loc-full-statement-by-dgmo-lt-gen-ranbir-singh/story-Q5yrp0gjvxKPGazDzAnVsM.html|title=India's surgical strikes across LoC: Full statement by DGMO Lt Gen Ranbir Singh|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 September 2016|access-date=2 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002024056/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-surgical-strikes-across-loc-full-statement-by-dgmo-lt-gen-ranbir-singh/story-Q5yrp0gjvxKPGazDzAnVsM.html|archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref> Pakistan rejected that a strike took place,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/30/asia/kashmir-tensions-pakistan-capture-indian-soldier/index.html|title=Pakistan captures Indian soldier in Kashmir|first=Juliet |last=Perry|work=cnn.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001075544/http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/30/asia/kashmir-tensions-pakistan-capture-indian-soldier/index.html|archive-date=1 October 2016}}</ref> stating that Indian troops had not crossed the Line of Control but had only skirmished with Pakistani troops at the border, resulting in the deaths of two Pakistani soldiers and the wounding of nine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-india-kashmir-idUSKCN11Z0IJ|first1=Sanjeev|last1=Miglani|first2=Asad|last2=Hashim|title=India says hits Pakistan-based militants, escalating tensions|work=[[Reuters]]|date=29 September 2016|access-date=5 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005140149/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-india-kashmir-idUSKCN11Z0IJ|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1286881|title=Army rubbishes Indian 'surgical strikes' claim as two Pakistani soldiers killed at LoC|work=Dawn|date=29 September 2016|access-date=30 September 2016|first=Syed Sammer|last=Abbas|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930032051/http://www.dawn.com/news/1286881|archive-date=30 September 2016}}</ref> Pakistan rejected India's reports of any other casualties.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/world/asia/kashmir-pakistan-india.html?_r=0|title=In Kashmir, Pakistan Questions India's 'Surgical Strikes' on Militants|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=1 October 2016|access-date=1 October 2016|first=Salman|last=Masood|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005070714/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/world/asia/kashmir-pakistan-india.html?_r=0|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> Pakistani sources reported that at least 8 Indian soldiers were killed in the exchange, and one was captured.<ref name="Haider2">{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1286910/|title=Pakistan captures one Indian soldier, eight killed at LoC overnight|work=Dawn|first=Abrar|last=Haider|date=29 September 2016|access-date=29 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930032029/http://www.dawn.com/news/1286910|archive-date=30 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/153627-14-Indian-soldiers-killed-in-clashes-with-Pakistan-Army|title=Indian soldiers killed in clashes with Pakistan Army|work=The News|date=29 September 2016|access-date=30 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930033205/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/153627-14-Indian-soldiers-killed-in-clashes-with-Pakistan-Army|archive-date=30 September 2016}}</ref> India confirmed that one of its soldiers was in Pakistani custody, but denied that it was linked to the incident or that any of its soldiers had been killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/army-denies-pak-media-claims-says-soldier-inadvertently-crossed-loc-1468244|title=Indian Army Says Soldier in Pak Custody Was Not Captured During Surgical Strikes|date=30 September 2016|work=NDTV.com|access-date=30 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930035414/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/army-denies-pak-media-claims-says-soldier-inadvertently-crossed-loc-1468244|archive-date=30 September 2016}}</ref> The Indian operation was said to be in retaliation for a [[militant]] [[2016 Uri attack|attack on the Indian army]] at [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] on 18 September in the Indian-administered state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] that left 19 soldiers dead.<ref name="evacuates">{{cite web|title=India evacuates 10,000 from border with Pakistan amid reprisal fears after Kashmir 'strikes'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/30/india-evacuates-10000-from-border-with-pakistan-amid-reprisal-fe/|website=Daily Telegraph|access-date=30 September 2016|date=30 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001065030/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/30/india-evacuates-10000-from-border-with-pakistan-amid-reprisal-fe/|archive-date=1 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1191648/called-surgical-strike-indian-farce-throws-challenges/|title=So-called surgical strike: Indian farce throws up a few challenges|work=Express Tribune|date=1 October 2016|access-date=2 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002135351/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1191648/called-surgical-strike-indian-farce-throws-challenges/|archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref> In the succeeding days and months, India and Pakistan continued to exchange fire along the border in Kashmir, resulting in dozens of military and civilian casualties on both sides.
*'''[[2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]''': On 29 September 2016, ''border skirmishes between India and Pakistan'' began following reported "[[surgical strike]]s" by India against militant launch pads across the [[Line of Control]] in [[Pakistani-administered Kashmir]] "killing a large number of terrorists".<ref name="DGMO">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-surgical-strikes-across-loc-full-statement-by-dgmo-lt-gen-ranbir-singh/story-Q5yrp0gjvxKPGazDzAnVsM.html|title=India's surgical strikes across LoC: Full statement by DGMO Lt Gen Ranbir Singh|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 September 2016|access-date=2 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002024056/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-surgical-strikes-across-loc-full-statement-by-dgmo-lt-gen-ranbir-singh/story-Q5yrp0gjvxKPGazDzAnVsM.html|archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref> Pakistan rejected that a strike took place,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/30/asia/kashmir-tensions-pakistan-capture-indian-soldier/index.html|title=Pakistan captures Indian soldier in Kashmir|first=Juliet |last=Perry|work=cnn.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001075544/http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/30/asia/kashmir-tensions-pakistan-capture-indian-soldier/index.html|archive-date=1 October 2016}}</ref> stating that Indian troops had not crossed the Line of Control but had only skirmished with Pakistani troops at the border, resulting in the deaths of two Pakistani soldiers and the wounding of nine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-india-kashmir-idUSKCN11Z0IJ|first1=Sanjeev|last1=Miglani|first2=Asad|last2=Hashim|title=India says hits Pakistan-based militants, escalating tensions|work=[[Reuters]]|date=29 September 2016|access-date=5 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005140149/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-india-kashmir-idUSKCN11Z0IJ|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1286881|title=Army rubbishes Indian 'surgical strikes' claim as two Pakistani soldiers killed at LoC|work=Dawn|date=29 September 2016|access-date=30 September 2016|first=Syed Sammer|last=Abbas|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930032051/http://www.dawn.com/news/1286881|archive-date=30 September 2016}}</ref> Pakistan rejected India's reports of any other casualties.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/world/asia/kashmir-pakistan-india.html?_r=0|title=In Kashmir, Pakistan Questions India's 'Surgical Strikes' on Militants|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=1 October 2016|access-date=1 October 2016|first=Salman|last=Masood|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005070714/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/world/asia/kashmir-pakistan-india.html?_r=0|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> Pakistani sources reported that at least 8 Indian soldiers were killed in the exchange, and one was captured.<ref name="Haider2">{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1286910/|title=Pakistan captures one Indian soldier, eight killed at LoC overnight|work=Dawn|first=Abrar|last=Haider|date=29 September 2016|access-date=29 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930032029/http://www.dawn.com/news/1286910|archive-date=30 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/153627-14-Indian-soldiers-killed-in-clashes-with-Pakistan-Army|title=Indian soldiers killed in clashes with Pakistan Army|work=The News|date=29 September 2016|access-date=30 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930033205/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/153627-14-Indian-soldiers-killed-in-clashes-with-Pakistan-Army|archive-date=30 September 2016}}</ref> India confirmed that one of its soldiers was in Pakistani custody, but denied that it was linked to the incident or that any of its soldiers had been killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/army-denies-pak-media-claims-says-soldier-inadvertently-crossed-loc-1468244|title=Indian Army Says Soldier in Pak Custody Was Not Captured During Surgical Strikes|date=30 September 2016|work=NDTV.com|access-date=30 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930035414/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/army-denies-pak-media-claims-says-soldier-inadvertently-crossed-loc-1468244|archive-date=30 September 2016}}</ref> The Indian operation was said to be in retaliation for a [[militant]] [[2016 Uri attack|attack on the Indian army]] at [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] on 18 September in the Indian-administered state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] that left 19 soldiers dead.<ref name="evacuates">{{cite web|title=India evacuates 10,000 from border with Pakistan amid reprisal fears after Kashmir 'strikes'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/30/india-evacuates-10000-from-border-with-pakistan-amid-reprisal-fe/|website=Daily Telegraph|access-date=30 September 2016|date=30 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001065030/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/30/india-evacuates-10000-from-border-with-pakistan-amid-reprisal-fe/|archive-date=1 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1191648/called-surgical-strike-indian-farce-throws-challenges/|title=So-called surgical strike: Indian farce throws up a few challenges|work=Express Tribune|date=1 October 2016|access-date=2 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002135351/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1191648/called-surgical-strike-indian-farce-throws-challenges/|archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref> In the succeeding days and months, India and Pakistan continued to exchange fire along the border in Kashmir, resulting in dozens of military and civilian casualties on both sides.
*'''[[2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]''': On 14 February 2019, [[2019 Pulwama attack|a suicide attack]] on convoy of India's [[CRPF]] resulted in death of at least 40 troops. The responsibility of attack was claimed by Pakistan-based [[Jaish-e-Mohammad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/37-crpf-jawans-martyred-in-ied-blast-in-jks-pulwama/articleshow/67992189.cms|title=Pulwama terror attack today: 40 CRPF jawans martyred in IED blast in Jammu and Kashmir's Pulwama &#124; India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> 12 days later in February 2019, Indian jets crossed international border to conduct [[2019 Balakot airstrike|air strikes]] on alleged camp of JeM in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-struck-biggest-training-camp-of-jaish-in-balakot-large-number-of-terrorists-eliminated-governm-1999390|title=India Hits Main Jaish Camp in Balakot, "Non-Military" Strike: Government|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan army confirms Indian jets dropped 'four bombs' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pakistan-army-confirms-indian-jets-dropped-four-bombs/articleshow/68171844.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> India claimed that it killed very large number of militants belonging to [[Jaish-e-Mohammed|JeM]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31091/Statement_by_Foreign_Secretary_on_26_February_2019_on_the_Strike_on_JeM_training_camp_at_Balakot|title=Statement by Foreign Secretary on 26 February 2019 on the Strike on JeM training camp at Balakot|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> Pakistan rejected to have suffered any losses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47370608|title=Viewpoint: India strikes in Pakistan a major escalation|date=2019-02-26|access-date=2019-02-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> According to the sources and satellite imagery analysis, Indian air force appears to caused minimal damage to the buildings concerned,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/israel-india-pakistan-conflict-balakot-arms-trade-jaish-e-mohammed-a8800076.html | title=Israel is playing a big role in India's escalating conflict with Pakistan | date=28 February 2019 | first=Robert | last=Fisk | newspaper=The Independent | access-date=12 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/opinion/sunday/kashmir-india-pakistan.html|title=Opinion &#124; The Young Suicide Bomber Who Brought India and Pakistan to the Brink of War|first=Basharat|last=Peer|date=2 March 2019|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-jets.html|title=Indian Jets Strike in Pakistan in Revenge for Kashmir Attack|first1=Maria|last1=Abi-Habib|first2=Austin|last2=Ramzy|date=25 February 2019|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/world/asia/kashmir-shelling-india-pakistan.html|title=Deadly Shelling Erupts in Kashmir Between India and Pakistan After Pilot Is Freed|first1=Jeffrey|last1=Gettleman|first2=Hari|last2=Kumar|first3=Sameer|last3=Yasir|date=2 March 2019|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> however, Pakistan had to close the site for one and a half month or 43 days before opened to media.<ref>{{cite news|title=A month after Indian air strike, Pakistan takes journalists to Balakot site|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/a-month-after-indian-air-strike-pakistan-takes-journalists-to-balakot-site/articleshow/68636173.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Foreign journalists given access to madressah near site of Balakot strike|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1475189}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=43 Days After Balakot Air Strike by IAF, Pakistan Takes Media Team And Diplomats to 'Site'|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/pakistan-takes-media-to-balakot-air-strike-site-curtails-interactions-2096733.html}}</ref> The incidents escalated the tension between India and Pakistan. The following day, Indian and Pakistani air forces got locked on in an aerial engagement. Pakistan claimed to have shot down two Indian aircraft and capturing one pilot [[Abhinandan Varthaman]]. Pakistan military officials claimed that the wreckage of one Indian aircraft fell in Pakistan administered Kashmir while the other one fell in Indian administered Kashmir rumored to be a [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]]. Meanwhile, Indian version was about loss a [[MiG-21]] while shooting down a Pakistani [[F-16]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1466347|title=2 Indian aircraft violating Pakistani airspace shot down; pilot captured|date=27 February 2019|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47397418|title=Fighter pilot 'opened fire' before capture|first=M. Ilyas|last=Khan|date=1 March 2019|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref> The IAF also displayed remnants of an [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] missile that they claimed could only be fired by F-16's air planes. The missiles were said to have fired against and jammed by Su-30 by IAF.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Downs Two Indian Jets, Pilot Arrested, Army Says|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-27/pakistani-jets-violate-indian-air-space-in-kashmir-pti-reports|website=Bloomberg|access-date=2019-02-27|author=Iain Marlow and Kamran Haider}}</ref> Pakistan rejected the Indian claim of an F-16 shot down. It initially released three or later on displayed all four air to air missiles of MiG-21 Bison with all missile seeker heads recovered intact from the wreckage however with mid-body of one of [[R-73 (missile)|R-73]] destroyed and claimed that non-of missiles were ever fired.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1474086|title=ISPR releases 'proof' further contradicting Indian claim of shooting down F-16|date=5 April 2019|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref> Following the threats of a full-scale war,<ref>{{Cite news|title = India, Pakistan came close to firing missiles at each other on February 27|url = https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-pakistan-came-close-to-firing-missiles-at-each-other-on-february-27/story-rVsBjZ5qmxXMprktzDNqcM.html|date = 23 March 2019|access-date = 9 October 2019|newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Abhinandan was released within two days. The Pentagon correspondent of [[Foreign Policy]] magazine, in a report claimed that Pakistan invited the United States to physically count its F-16 planes after the incident. Two senior U.S. defense officials told [[Foreign Policy]] that U.S. personnel recently counted Pakistan's F-16s and found none missing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/04/did-india-shoot-down-a-pakistani-jet-u-s-count-says-no/|title=Did India Shoot Down a Pakistani Jet? U.S. Count Says No.|first=Lara|last=Seligman}}</ref> A Pentagon spokesman said they was not aware of any count being conducted,<ref>{{Cite news|title = 'Not aware': Pentagon on Pak F-16 count after Feb aerial dogfight with IAF|url = https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/not-aware-pentagon-on-pak-f-16-count-after-feb-aerial-dogfight-with-iaf/story-Rw4gSknuuSBnMc2EyYe62H.html|date = 6 April 2019|access-date = 9 October 2019|newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> but the Pentagon did not put out any official statement on the matter. However, there have been no leaks countering the Foreign Policy report.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Analysis {{!}} Did India shoot down a Pakistani F-16 in February? This just became a big deal.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/17/did-india-shoot-down-pakistani-f-back-february-this-just-became-big-deal/|last1=Lalwani|first1=Sameer|last2=Tallo|first2=Emily|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref> India released the electronic footage of aerial engagement to re-assert its claims.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Pakistan radio transmissions showed F-16 didn't return to its base: IAF|url = https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-radio-transmissions-showed-f-16-didnt-return-to-its-base-iaf/articleshow/68748026.cms|date = 6 April 2019|access-date = 9 October 2019|newspaper = [[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Indian Radar Data That Supposedly Proves They Downed An F-16 Is Far From "Irrefutable"|url = https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/27331/indian-radar-data-that-supposedly-proves-they-downed-an-f-16-is-far-from-irrefutable|date = 8 April 2019|access-date = 9 October 2019|newspaper = The Drive}}</ref> Pakistani officials has rejected radar images released by India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1946256/1-repetitions-dont-turn-lies-truth-dg-ispr-iaf-presser?amp=1|title=Repetitions don't turn lies into truth: DG ISPR on IAF presser|date=8 April 2019|work=Express Tribune}}</ref> Stand off followed with intermittent firings across the LoC. Months later on 8 October, India on its Air Force Day, flew the same [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]] "Avenger 1" aircraft in a [[flypast]] that Pakistan had claimed it had shot down during the air battle on 27 February.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Achom|first=Debanish|date=2019-10-09|title=On Air Force Day, IAF Disproves Pak Claim Of Shooting Down Sukhoi Fighter|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/on-air-force-day-iaf-flies-sukhoi-30mki-fighter-jet-that-pakistan-claims-it-shot-down-2113472?amp=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329035058/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/on-air-force-day-iaf-flies-sukhoi-30mki-fighter-jet-that-pakistan-claims-it-shot-down-2113472?amp=1|archive-date=2021-03-29|access-date=2021-03-29|website=NDTV}}</ref>
*'''[[2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]''': On 14 February 2019, [[2019 Pulwama attack|a suicide attack]] on convoy of India's [[CRPF]] resulted in death of at least 40 troops. The responsibility of attack was claimed by Pakistan-based [[Jaish-e-Mohammad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/37-crpf-jawans-martyred-in-ied-blast-in-jks-pulwama/articleshow/67992189.cms|title=Pulwama terror attack today: 40 CRPF jawans martyred in IED blast in Jammu and Kashmir's Pulwama &#124; India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> 12 days later in February 2019, Indian jets crossed international border to conduct [[2019 Balakot airstrike|air strikes]] on alleged camp of JeM in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-struck-biggest-training-camp-of-jaish-in-balakot-large-number-of-terrorists-eliminated-governm-1999390|title=India Hits Main Jaish Camp in Balakot, "Non-Military" Strike: Government|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan army confirms Indian jets dropped 'four bombs' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pakistan-army-confirms-indian-jets-dropped-four-bombs/articleshow/68171844.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> India claimed that it killed very large number of militants belonging to [[Jaish-e-Mohammed|JeM]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31091/Statement_by_Foreign_Secretary_on_26_February_2019_on_the_Strike_on_JeM_training_camp_at_Balakot|title=Statement by Foreign Secretary on 26 February 2019 on the Strike on JeM training camp at Balakot|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> Pakistan rejected to have suffered any losses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47370608|title=Viewpoint: India strikes in Pakistan a major escalation|date=2019-02-26|access-date=2019-02-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> According to the sources and satellite imagery analysis, Indian air force appears to caused minimal damage to the buildings concerned,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/israel-india-pakistan-conflict-balakot-arms-trade-jaish-e-mohammed-a8800076.html | title=Israel is playing a big role in India's escalating conflict with Pakistan | date=28 February 2019 | first=Robert | last=Fisk | newspaper=The Independent | access-date=12 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/opinion/sunday/kashmir-india-pakistan.html|title=Opinion &#124; The Young Suicide Bomber Who Brought India and Pakistan to the Brink of War|first=Basharat|last=Peer|date=2 March 2019|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-jets.html|title=Indian Jets Strike in Pakistan in Revenge for Kashmir Attack|first1=Maria|last1=Abi-Habib|first2=Austin|last2=Ramzy|date=25 February 2019|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/world/asia/kashmir-shelling-india-pakistan.html|title=Deadly Shelling Erupts in Kashmir Between India and Pakistan After Pilot Is Freed|first1=Jeffrey|last1=Gettleman|first2=Hari|last2=Kumar|first3=Sameer|last3=Yasir|date=2 March 2019|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> however, Pakistan had to close the site for one and a half month or 43 days before opened to media.<ref>{{cite news|title=A month after Indian air strike, Pakistan takes journalists to Balakot site|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/a-month-after-indian-air-strike-pakistan-takes-journalists-to-balakot-site/articleshow/68636173.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Foreign journalists given access to madressah near site of Balakot strike|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1475189}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=43 Days After Balakot Air Strike by IAF, Pakistan Takes Media Team And Diplomats to 'Site'|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/pakistan-takes-media-to-balakot-air-strike-site-curtails-interactions-2096733.html}}</ref> The incidents escalated the tension between India and Pakistan. The following day, Indian and Pakistani air forces got locked on in an aerial engagement. Pakistan claimed to have shot down two Indian aircraft and capturing one pilot [[Abhinandan Varthaman]]. Pakistan military officials claimed that the wreckage of one Indian aircraft fell in Pakistan administered Kashmir while the other one fell in Indian administered Kashmir rumored to be a [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]]. Meanwhile, Indian version was about loss a [[MiG-21]] while shooting down a Pakistani [[F-16]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1466347|title=2 Indian aircraft violating Pakistani airspace shot down; pilot captured|date=27 February 2019|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47397418|title=Fighter pilot 'opened fire' before capture|first=M. Ilyas|last=Khan|work=BBC News|date=1 March 2019}}</ref> The IAF also displayed remnants of an [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] missile that they claimed could only be fired by F-16's air planes. The missiles were said to have fired against and jammed by Su-30 by IAF.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Downs Two Indian Jets, Pilot Arrested, Army Says|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-27/pakistani-jets-violate-indian-air-space-in-kashmir-pti-reports|website=Bloomberg|access-date=2019-02-27|author=Iain Marlow and Kamran Haider}}</ref> Pakistan rejected the Indian claim of an F-16 shot down. It initially released three or later on displayed all four air to air missiles of MiG-21 Bison with all missile seeker heads recovered intact from the wreckage however with mid-body of one of [[R-73 (missile)|R-73]] destroyed and claimed that non-of missiles were ever fired.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1474086|title=ISPR releases 'proof' further contradicting Indian claim of shooting down F-16|date=5 April 2019|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref> Following the threats of a full-scale war,<ref>{{Cite news|title = India, Pakistan came close to firing missiles at each other on February 27|url = https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-pakistan-came-close-to-firing-missiles-at-each-other-on-february-27/story-rVsBjZ5qmxXMprktzDNqcM.html|date = 23 March 2019|access-date = 9 October 2019|newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Abhinandan was released within two days. The Pentagon correspondent of [[Foreign Policy]] magazine, in a report claimed that Pakistan invited the United States to physically count its F-16 planes after the incident. Two senior U.S. defense officials told [[Foreign Policy]] that U.S. personnel recently counted Pakistan's F-16s and found none missing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/04/did-india-shoot-down-a-pakistani-jet-u-s-count-says-no/|title=Did India Shoot Down a Pakistani Jet? U.S. Count Says No.|first=Lara|last=Seligman}}</ref> A Pentagon spokesman said they was not aware of any count being conducted,<ref>{{Cite news|title = 'Not aware': Pentagon on Pak F-16 count after Feb aerial dogfight with IAF|url = https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/not-aware-pentagon-on-pak-f-16-count-after-feb-aerial-dogfight-with-iaf/story-Rw4gSknuuSBnMc2EyYe62H.html|date = 6 April 2019|access-date = 9 October 2019|newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> but the Pentagon did not put out any official statement on the matter. However, there have been no leaks countering the Foreign Policy report.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Analysis {{!}} Did India shoot down a Pakistani F-16 in February? This just became a big deal.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/17/did-india-shoot-down-pakistani-f-back-february-this-just-became-big-deal/|last1=Lalwani|first1=Sameer|last2=Tallo|first2=Emily|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref> India released the electronic footage of aerial engagement to re-assert its claims.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Pakistan radio transmissions showed F-16 didn't return to its base: IAF|url = https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-radio-transmissions-showed-f-16-didnt-return-to-its-base-iaf/articleshow/68748026.cms|date = 6 April 2019|access-date = 9 October 2019|newspaper = [[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Indian Radar Data That Supposedly Proves They Downed An F-16 Is Far From "Irrefutable"|url = https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/27331/indian-radar-data-that-supposedly-proves-they-downed-an-f-16-is-far-from-irrefutable|date = 8 April 2019|access-date = 9 October 2019|newspaper = The Drive}}</ref> Pakistani officials has rejected radar images released by India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1946256/1-repetitions-dont-turn-lies-truth-dg-ispr-iaf-presser?amp=1|title=Repetitions don't turn lies into truth: DG ISPR on IAF presser|date=8 April 2019|work=Express Tribune}}</ref> Stand off followed with intermittent firings across the LoC. Months later on 8 October, India on its Air Force Day, flew the same [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]] "Avenger 1" aircraft in a [[flypast]] that Pakistan had claimed it had shot down during the air battle on 27 February.<ref>{{cite web|last=Achom|first=Debanish|date=2019-10-09|title=On Air Force Day, IAF Disproves Pak Claim Of Shooting Down Sukhoi Fighter|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/on-air-force-day-iaf-flies-sukhoi-30mki-fighter-jet-that-pakistan-claims-it-shot-down-2113472?amp=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329035058/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/on-air-force-day-iaf-flies-sukhoi-30mki-fighter-jet-that-pakistan-claims-it-shot-down-2113472?amp=1|archive-date=2021-03-29|access-date=2021-03-29|website=NDTV}}</ref>
*'''[[2020–2021 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]''': The standoff intenstified when a major exchange of gunfire and [[Artillery|shelling]] erupted between [[Indian Army|Indian]] and [[Pakistan Army|Pakistani troops]] in November 2020 along the Line of Control which left at least 22 dead, including 11 civilians.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/13/pakistan-summons-top-indian-diplomat-over-kashmir-violence|title=India, Pakistan report deadly violence along Kashmir border|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]]|date=13 November 2020|access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref> [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Pakistan's foreign ministry]] said India had violated ceasefire at least 2,729 times in 2020 which resulted in the deaths of 21 Pakistani civilians and seriously injured 206 others.<ref name="aljazeera">{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/13/pakistan-summons-top-indian-diplomat-over-kashmir-violence|title=India, Pakistan report deadly violence along Kashmir border|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=13 November 2020}}</ref> In February 2021, India and Pakistan released a joint statement, stating that after discussions over established hotlines, the two sides agreed to "strict observance" of all peace and ceasefire agreements with effect from midnight of 25 February 2021. Both sides agreed existing forms of hotline contact and border flag meetings would be utilized to resolve any future misunderstanding.<ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-pakistan/india-pakistan-militaries-agree-to-stop-cross-border-firing-in-rare-joint-statement-idUSKBN2AP0PG {{Bare URL inline|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref name=":joint">{{Cite web|title=Joint Statement|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1700682|access-date=2021-02-25|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Inter Services Public Relations Pakistan|url=https://ispr.gov.pk/press-release-detail.php?id=6068|access-date=2021-02-25|website=ispr.gov.pk}}</ref>


==Incidents==
==Incidents==
Line 141: Line 142:
* The '''[[2011 India–Pakistan border shooting]]''' incident took place between 30 August and 1 September 2011 across the [[Line of Control]] in [[Kupwara District]]/[[Neelam Valley]], resulting in five Indian soldiers<ref name=IBNLive>{{cite news|title=In 2011 five security men were martyred, according to the Indian Sources.|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pakistan-violates-ceasefire-again-fires-on-13-border-outposts/520773-56.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109044536/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pakistan-violates-ceasefire-again-fires-on-13-border-outposts/520773-56.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-01-09|agency=IBN Live}}</ref> and three Pakistani soldiers being killed. Both countries gave different accounts of the incident, each accusing the other of initiating the hostilities.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14746985|title=Kashmir border deaths spark India and Pakistan row|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=2 September 2011|date=1 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="et">{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/243324/loc-three-pakistani-soldiers-die-in-attack-by-indian-forces/|title=LoC: Three Pakistani soldiers died in attack by Indian forces|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=1 September 2011|access-date=1 September 2011}}</ref>
* The '''[[2011 India–Pakistan border shooting]]''' incident took place between 30 August and 1 September 2011 across the [[Line of Control]] in [[Kupwara District]]/[[Neelam Valley]], resulting in five Indian soldiers<ref name=IBNLive>{{cite news|title=In 2011 five security men were martyred, according to the Indian Sources.|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pakistan-violates-ceasefire-again-fires-on-13-border-outposts/520773-56.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109044536/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pakistan-violates-ceasefire-again-fires-on-13-border-outposts/520773-56.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-01-09|agency=IBN Live}}</ref> and three Pakistani soldiers being killed. Both countries gave different accounts of the incident, each accusing the other of initiating the hostilities.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14746985|title=Kashmir border deaths spark India and Pakistan row|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=2 September 2011|date=1 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="et">{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/243324/loc-three-pakistani-soldiers-die-in-attack-by-indian-forces/|title=LoC: Three Pakistani soldiers died in attack by Indian forces|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=1 September 2011|access-date=1 September 2011}}</ref>
* '''[[2013 India–Pakistan border incident]]''' in the Mendhar sector of Jammu & Kashmir, due to the beheading of an Indian soldier. A total of 22 soldiers (12 Indian and 10 Pakistani) died.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-09/india/36236820_1_indian-soldiers-pakistani-army-ceasefire-violation | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119181106/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-09/india/36236820_1_indian-soldiers-pakistani-army-ceasefire-violation | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-01-19 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | title=Pak troops kill two jawans, behead, mutilate one of them}}</ref>
* '''[[2013 India–Pakistan border incident]]''' in the Mendhar sector of Jammu & Kashmir, due to the beheading of an Indian soldier. A total of 22 soldiers (12 Indian and 10 Pakistani) died.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-09/india/36236820_1_indian-soldiers-pakistani-army-ceasefire-violation | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119181106/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-09/india/36236820_1_indian-soldiers-pakistani-army-ceasefire-violation | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-01-19 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | title=Pak troops kill two jawans, behead, mutilate one of them}}</ref>
*'''[[2014–16 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]''' in Arnia sector of Jammu & Kashmir due to killing of 1 soldier of [[Border Security Force]] and injured 3 soldiers and 4 civilians by [[Pakistan Rangers]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2015/08/16/India-and-Pakistan-exchange-fire-along-border-in-Kashmir/2051439754341/|title=India and Pakistan exchange fire along border in Kashmir|website=UPI}}</ref>
*'''[[2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]''': Started in Arnia sector of Jammu & Kashmir due to killing of 1 soldier of [[Border Security Force]] and injured 3 soldiers and 4 civilians by [[Pakistan Rangers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2015/08/16/India-and-Pakistan-exchange-fire-along-border-in-Kashmir/2051439754341/|title=India and Pakistan exchange fire along border in Kashmir|website=UPI}}</ref>
*[[India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)]]


==Nuclear weapons==
==Nuclear weapons==
The [[nuclear conflict]] between both countries is of passive strategic nature with [[nuclear doctrine of Pakistan]] stating a [[Pre-emptive nuclear strike|first strike]] policy, although the strike would only be initiated if and only if, the Pakistan Armed Forces are unable to halt an invasion (as for example in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 war]]) or a nuclear strike is launched against Pakistan,{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} whereas India has a declared [[India and weapons of mass destruction#India's no-first-use policy|policy]] of [[No first use#India|no first use]].
The [[nuclear conflict]] between both countries is of passive strategic nature with [[nuclear doctrine of Pakistan]] stating a [[Pre-emptive nuclear strike|first strike]] policy, although the strike would only be initiated if and only if, the Pakistan Armed Forces are unable to halt an invasion (as for example in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 war]]) or a nuclear strike is launched against Pakistan,{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} whereas India has a declared [[India and weapons of mass destruction#India's no-first-use policy|policy]] of [[No first use#India|no first use]].


* '''[[Pokhran-I]] ([[Smiling Buddha]]):''' On 18 May 1974 India detonated an 8-[[kiloton]]<ref name="smiling_buddha">{{cite web|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaSmiling.html|title=India's Nuclear Weapons Program – Smiling Buddha: 1974|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive}}</ref> nuclear device at [[Pokhran#Pokhran Test Range|Pokhran Test Range]], becoming the first nation to become nuclear capable outside the five permanent members of [[United Nations Security Council]] as well as dragging Pakistan along with it into a [[Nuclear arms race#India and Pakistan|nuclear arms race]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaSmiling.html |title=India's Nuclear Weapons Program – Smiling Buddha: 1974 |access-date=16 December 2011}}</ref> with the Pakistani prime minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] swearing to reciprocate India quoting "My countrymen would prefer having a nuclear bomb even if they have to eat grass".<ref>{{cite web |last = APP and Pakistan Television (PTV) |first = Prime minister Secretariat Press Release |title = India's so-called Peaceful Nuclear Explosion (PNE) is tested and designed to intimidate and establish "Indian hegemony in the subcontinent", most particularly Pakistan....Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, past Prime minister of Pakistan, on May of 1974. |publisher = Statement published on Associated Press of Pakistan and the on-aired on Pakistan Television (PTV) |date = 18 May 1974 |url = http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Nuclear/chronology_1974.html |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110918040826/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Nuclear/chronology_1974.html |archive-date = 18 September 2011 |df = dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]] (PAEC) Chairman [[Munir Ahmed Khan]] said that the test would force Pakistan to test its own nuclear bomb.<ref>{{cite web | last =Khan | first =Munir Ahmad | author-link =Munir Ahmad Khan | title =India's nuclear explosion: Challenge and Response | work =Munir Ahmad Khan, Chairman of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, and former director of the IAEA Reactor Division | publisher =International Atomic Energy Agency and Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission | date =18 May 1974 }}</ref>
* '''[[Pokhran-I]] ([[Smiling Buddha]]):''' On 18 May 1974 India detonated an 8-[[kiloton]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=India's Nuclear Weapons Program - Smiling Buddha: 1974 |url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaSmiling.html |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=nuclearweaponarchive.org}}</ref> nuclear device at [[Pokhran#Pokhran Test Range|Pokhran Test Range]], becoming the first nation to become nuclear capable outside the five permanent members of [[United Nations Security Council]] as well as dragging Pakistan along with it into a [[Nuclear arms race#India and Pakistan|nuclear arms race]]<ref name=":0" /> with the Pakistani prime minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] swearing to reciprocate India quoting "My countrymen would prefer having a nuclear bomb even if they have to eat grass".<ref>{{cite web |last = APP and Pakistan Television (PTV) |first = Prime minister Secretariat Press Release |title = India's so-called Peaceful Nuclear Explosion (PNE) is tested and designed to intimidate and establish "Indian hegemony in the subcontinent", most particularly Pakistan....Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, past Prime minister of Pakistan, on May of 1974. |publisher = Statement published on Associated Press of Pakistan and the on-aired on Pakistan Television (PTV) |date = 18 May 1974 |url = http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Nuclear/chronology_1974.html |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110918040826/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Nuclear/chronology_1974.html |archive-date = 18 September 2011 |df = dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]] (PAEC) Chairman [[Munir Ahmed Khan]] said that the test would force Pakistan to test its own nuclear bomb.<ref>{{cite web |last=Khan |first=Munir Ahmad |author-link=Munir Ahmad Khan |date=18 May 1974 |title=India's nuclear explosion: Challenge and Response |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3096318 |access-date=2022-04-22 |work= |publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency and Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission}}</ref>
* '''[[Kirana-I]]:''' In the 1980s a series of 24 different [[Nuclear weapons testing#Alternatives to full-scale testing|cold tests]] were conducted by PAEC, led by chairman Munir Ahmad Khan under extreme secrecy.<ref name="pakistanpaedia.com">{{cite web | title =Koh Kambaran (Ras Koh Hills) | publisher =Pakistan Paedia | url =http://www.pakistanpaedia.com/landmarks/RasKoh/Youm-e-Takbeer.htm }}</ref> The tunnels at Kirana Hills, Sargodha, are reported to have been bored after the Chagai nuclear test sites, it is widely believed that the tunnels were constructed sometime between 1979 and 1983. As in Chagai, the tunnels at Kirana Hills had been bored and then sealed and this task was also undertaken by PAEC's DTD.<ref name="pakistanpaedia.com" /> Later due to excessive US intelligence and satellite focus on the Kirana Hills site,{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}<!-- is there a citation to confirm this asserted causality? --> it was abandoned and nuclear weapons testing was shifted to the [[Kala Chitta Range]].
* '''[[Kirana-I]]:''' In the 1980s a series of 24 different [[Nuclear cold test|cold tests]] were conducted by PAEC, led by chairman Munir Ahmad Khan under extreme secrecy.<ref name="pakistanpaedia.com">{{cite web | title =Koh Kambaran (Ras Koh Hills) | publisher =Pakistan Paedia | url =http://www.pakistanpaedia.com/landmarks/RasKoh/Youm-e-Takbeer.htm }}</ref> The tunnels at [[Kirana Hills]], Sargodha, are reported to have been bored after the Chagai nuclear test sites, it is widely believed that the tunnels were constructed sometime between 1979 and 1983. As in Chagai, the tunnels at Kirana Hills had been bored and then sealed and this task was also undertaken by PAEC's DTD.<ref name="pakistanpaedia.com" /> Later due to excessive US intelligence and satellite focus on the Kirana Hills site, it was abandoned and nuclear weapons testing was shifted to the [[Kala Chitta Range]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program - Development |url=https://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/PakDevelop.html |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=nuclearweaponarchive.org}}</ref>
* '''[[Pokhran-II]] ([[Operation Shakti]]):''' On 11 May 1998 India detonated another five nuclear devices at [[Pokhran#Pokhran Test Range|Pokhran Test Range]]. With jubilation and large scale approval from the Indian society came International sanctions as a reaction to this test, the most vehement reaction of all coming from Pakistan. Great ire was raised in Pakistan, which issued a stern statement claiming that India was instigating a nuclear arms race in the region. Pakistan vowed to match India's nuclear capability with statements like: "We are in a headlong arms race on the subcontinent".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/may/16bomb12.htm |title=Rediff on the NeT: It was 'Operation Shakti' on Budh Purnima |work=Rediff.com |date=16 May 1998 |access-date=16 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Herald Exclusive By Pervez Hoodbhoy 16 February 2011 |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/02/16/herald-exclusive-pakistans-nuclear-bayonet.html |title=Herald exclusive: Pakistan's nuclear bayonet &#124; Pakistan |publisher=Dawn.Com |date=16 February 2011 |access-date=16 December 2011}}</ref>
* '''[[Pokhran-II]] ([[Operation Shakti]]):''' On 11 May 1998 India detonated another five nuclear devices at [[Pokhran#Pokhran Test Range|Pokhran Test Range]]. With jubilation and large scale approval from the Indian society came International sanctions as a reaction to this test, the most vehement reaction of all coming from Pakistan. Great ire was raised in Pakistan, which issued a stern statement claiming that India was instigating a nuclear arms race in the region. Pakistan vowed to match India's nuclear capability with statements like: "We are in a headlong arms race on the subcontinent".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/may/16bomb12.htm |title=Rediff on the NeT: It was 'Operation Shakti' on Budh Purnima |work=Rediff.com |date=16 May 1998 |access-date=16 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Herald Exclusive By Pervez Hoodbhoy 16 February 2011 |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/02/16/herald-exclusive-pakistans-nuclear-bayonet.html |title=Herald exclusive: Pakistan's nuclear bayonet &#124; Pakistan |publisher=Dawn.Com |date=16 February 2011 |access-date=16 December 2011}}</ref>
* '''[[Chagai-I]]: ([[Youm-e-Takbir]])''' Within half a month of [[Pokhran-II]], on 28 May 1998 Pakistan detonated five nuclear devices to reciprocate India in the [[Nuclear arms race#India and Pakistan|nuclear arms race]]. Pakistani public, like the Indian, reacted with a celebration and heightened sense of [[Pakistani nationalism|nationalism]] for responding to India in kind and becoming the only Muslim nuclear power. The day was later given the title [[Youm-e-Takbir]] to further proclaim such.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=14989 |title=Army Chief Kayani wants SC to probe memo |publisher=Thenews.com.pk |date=22 February 1923 |access-date=16 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530033107/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=14989 |archive-date=30 May 2008 }}</ref><ref name="nuclearweaponarchive1998">{{cite web|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/PakTests.html |title=Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program – 1998: The Year of Testing |access-date=16 December 2011}}</ref>
* '''[[Chagai-I]]: ([[Youm-e-Takbir]])''' Within half a month of [[Pokhran-II]], on 28 May 1998 Pakistan detonated five nuclear devices to reciprocate India in the [[Nuclear arms race#India and Pakistan|nuclear arms race]]. Pakistani public, like the Indian, reacted with a celebration and heightened sense of [[Pakistani nationalism|nationalism]] for responding to India in kind and becoming the only Muslim nuclear power. The day was later given the title [[Youm-e-Takbir]] to further proclaim such.<ref>{{Cite web |title=28 May 1998 - Pakistan nuclear tests: CTBTO Preparatory Commission |url=https://www.ctbto.org/specials/testing-times/28-may-1998-pakistan-nuclear-tests |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=www.ctbto.org}}</ref><ref name="nuclearweaponarchive1998">{{cite web|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/PakTests.html |title=Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program – 1998: The Year of Testing |access-date=16 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baloch |first=Shah Meer |title=The Fallout From Pakistan’s Nuclear Tests |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/the-fallout-from-pakistans-nuclear-tests/ |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-05-30 |title=Yaum-e-Takbeer celebrated across country |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530033107/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=14989 |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
* '''[[Chagai-II]]:''' Two days later, on 30 May 1998, Pakistan detonated a sixth nuclear device completing its own series of underground tests with this being the last the two nations have carried out to date.<ref name="nuclearweaponarchive1998" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/ |title=Pakistan Nuclear Weapons |publisher=Fas.org |access-date=16 December 2011}}</ref>
* '''[[Chagai-II]]:''' Two days later, on 30 May 1998, Pakistan detonated a sixth nuclear device completing its own series of underground tests with this being the last the two nations have carried out to date.<ref name="nuclearweaponarchive1998" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Nuclear Weapons |url=https://nuke.fas.org/guide/pakistan/nuke/ |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=nuke.fas.org}}</ref>


==Annual celebrations==
==Annual celebrations==
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|year= 2003
|year= 2003
|isbn = 0-415-93916-X }}</ref>  
|isbn = 0-415-93916-X }}</ref>  
*The United States did not support Pakistan during the Kargil War, and successfully pressured the Pakistani administration to end hostilities.<ref name=Stanley/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/399897.stm|title=BBC News - South Asia - Kashmir: Dialogue call amid fresh fighting|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Bill Clinton | title=[[My Life (Bill Clinton autobiography)|My Life]] | publisher=[[Random House]] | year=2004|isbn=0-375-41457-6}}, Pg 865</ref>
*The United States did not support Pakistan during the Kargil War, and successfully pressured the Pakistani administration to end hostilities.<ref name=Stanley/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/399897.stm|title=BBC News - South Asia - Kashmir: Dialogue call amid fresh fighting|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Bill Clinton | title=[[My Life (Bill Clinton autobiography)|My Life]] | publisher=[[Random House]] | year=2004|isbn=0-375-41457-6}}, Pg 865</ref>
{{flag|China}}:  
{{flag|China}}:  
*China had helped Pakistan in various wars with diplomatic support.<ref name="USLib"/><ref name="transnational.org">[http://www.transnational.org/SAJT/forum/power/1998/pow12-08.html Pakistan and India Play With Nuclear Fire By Jonathan Power] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313011224/http://www.transnational.org/SAJT/forum/power/1998/pow12-08.html |date=13 March 2012 }} The Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research</ref><ref name=time-edge>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910155-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307230515/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910155-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 March 2008|title=India and Pakistan: Over the Edge|work=Time Magazine|date=13 December 1971|access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref>
*China had helped Pakistan in various wars with diplomatic support.<ref name="USLib"/><ref name="transnational.org">[http://www.transnational.org/SAJT/forum/power/1998/pow12-08.html Pakistan and India Play With Nuclear Fire By Jonathan Power] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313011224/http://www.transnational.org/SAJT/forum/power/1998/pow12-08.html |date=13 March 2012 }} The Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research</ref><ref name=time-edge>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910155-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307230515/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910155-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 March 2008|title=India and Pakistan: Over the Edge|work=Time Magazine|date=13 December 1971|access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref>
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* ''[[1971: Beyond Borders]]'', a 2017 Malayalam film, directed by Major Ravi.
* ''[[1971: Beyond Borders]]'', a 2017 Malayalam film, directed by Major Ravi.
* ''[[Raazi]]'', a 2018 [[Hindi]] film about an Indian spy during the Indo Pakistan war of 1971, directed by [[Meghna Gulzar]]
* ''[[Raazi]]'', a 2018 [[Hindi]] film about an Indian spy during the Indo Pakistan war of 1971, directed by [[Meghna Gulzar]]
* ''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]'', a 2019 [[Hindi]] film about India's surgical strike into the Pakistani base camps after the Uri incident in 2016.
* ''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]'', a 2019 [[Hindi]] film about [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|India's surgical strike into the Pakistani base camps]] after the [[2016 Uri attack|Uri incident]] in 2016.


=== Pakistani films, miniseries and dramas ===
=== Pakistani films, miniseries and dramas ===
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