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{{Short description|State in North-east India}}
{{Short description|State in North-east India}}
{{other uses}}
{{other uses}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| name                            = Manipur <br /> ({{lang-omp|Kang Leipak}}) <br /> ({{lang-mni|Kangleipak}})
| name                            = Manipur
| type                            = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| type                            = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| image_skyline                  = {{Photomontage
| image_skyline                  = {{Photomontage
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}}
}}
| image_caption                  = Clockwise from top: [[Ningthoukhong Gopinath Mandir]], [[Kangla Sha]], Ancient temple dedicated to Lord [[Pakhangba]] inside the [[Kangla Palace]], [[Manipuri Dance]], [[Loktak Lake]]
| image_caption                  = Clockwise from top: [[Ningthoukhong Gopinath Mandir]], [[Kangla Sha]], Ancient temple dedicated to Lord [[Pakhangba]] inside the [[Kangla Palace]], [[Manipuri Dance]], [[Loktak Lake]]
| image_blank_emblem              = Manipur emblem.png
| image_blank_emblem              = Manipur emblem.svg
| blank_emblem_type              = [[Emblem of Manipur|Emblem]]
| blank_emblem_type              = [[Emblem of Manipur|Emblem]]
| blank_emblem_size              = 100px
| blank_emblem_size              = 100px
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| blank_name_sec2                = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| blank_name_sec2                = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| blank_info_sec2                = 79.85% (16th)
| blank_info_sec2                = 79.85% (16th)
| module                          = {{Infobox place symbols| embedded=yes
| module                          = {{Infobox place symbols| embedded=yes
| region  = Manipur
| region  = Manipur
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| official_name                  =  
| official_name                  =  
}}
}}
'''Manipur''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ʌ|n|ɪ|'|p|ʊər|,_|m|æ|n|ə|'|p|ʊər}})<ref>{{lexico|Manipur}}</ref><ref>{{MW|Manipur}}</ref>({{lang-omp|Kang Leipak}}, {{lang-mni|Kangleipak}}) is a [[States and territories of India|state]] in [[Northeast India]], with the city of [[Imphal]] as its capital.<ref>''Manipur: Treatise & Documents'', Volume 1, {{ISBN|978-8170993995}}, Introduction</ref> It is bounded by the Indian states of [[Nagaland]] to the north, [[Mizoram]] to the south and [[Assam]] to the west. It also borders two regions of [[Myanmar]], [[Sagaing Region]] to the east and [[Chin State]] to the south. The state covers an area of {{convert|22327|km2}} and has a population of almost 3 million, including the [[Meitei people|Meitei]], who are the majority group in the state, the [[Pangal|Meitei Pangals]] (Manipuri Muslims), [[Naga people|Naga]] tribes, [[Kuki people|Kuki]]/[[Zo people|Zo]] tribes and other communities, who speak a variety of [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]. Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 1: NK Singh, {{ISBN|978-8170998532}}</ref> It connects the [[Indian subcontinent]] to [[South east Asia]] enabling migration of people, cultures and religions.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 4: K Murari, {{ISBN|978-8170998532}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei | title=Trade connection of Manipur with Southeast Asia in Pre British period Part 2 by Budha Kamei | access-date=7 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708044726/http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei | archive-date=8 July 2018 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
'''Manipur''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ʌ|n|ᵻ|ˈ|p|ʊər}})<ref>{{lexico|Manipur}}</ref><ref>{{MW|Manipur}}</ref> is a [[States and territories of India|state]] in [[Northeast India]], with the city of [[Imphal]] as its capital.<ref>''Manipur: Treatise & Documents'', Volume 1, {{ISBN|978-8170993995}}, Introduction</ref> It is bounded by the Indian states of [[Nagaland]] to the north, [[Mizoram]] to the south and [[Assam]] to the west. It also borders two regions of [[Myanmar]], [[Sagaing Region]] to the east and [[Chin State]] to the south. The state covers an area of {{convert|22327|km2}} and has a population of almost 3 million, including the [[Meitei people|Meiteis]], [[Naga people|Nagas]], [[Kuki people|Kukis]], [[Zo people|Zomis]] and other smaller communities, who speak a variety of [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]. Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 1: NK Singh, {{ISBN|978-8170998532}}</ref> It connects the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Central Asia]] to [[Southeast Asia]], [[East Asia]], [[Siberia]], regions in the [[Arctic]], [[Micronesia]] and [[Polynesia]] enabling migration of people, cultures and religions.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 4: K Murari, {{ISBN|978-8170998532}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei | title=Trade connection of Manipur with Southeast Asia in Pre British period Part 2 by Budha Kamei | access-date=7 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708044726/http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei | archive-date=8 July 2018 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>


During the days of the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]], the [[Kingdom of Manipur]] was one of the [[princely state]]s.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (Editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 2: NT Singh, {{ISBN|978-8170998532}}</ref> Between 1917 and 1939, some people of Manipur pressed the princely rulers for democracy. By the late 1930s, the princely state of Manipur negotiated with the British administration its preference to continue to be part of the Indian Empire, rather than part of [[Burma]], which was being separated from India. These negotiations were cut short with the outbreak of [[World War II]] in 1939. On 11 August 1947, [[Maharaja Budhachandra]] signed an [[Instrument of Accession]], joining India.<ref name=CIRCA>{{citation |title=Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur: Under the Framework of the Instrument of Accession, 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |year=2018 |publisher=Research and Media Cell, CIRCA |id=GGKEY:8XLWSW77KUZ |page=26 |ref={{sfnref|CIRCA, Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur|2018}} |access-date=19 August 2018 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110133940/https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur|2011|loc=Chapter 6, p.&nbsp;139}}</ref> Later, on 21 September 1949, he signed a Merger Agreement, merging the kingdom into India, which led to its becoming a [[Part C State]].<ref>U. B. Singh, ''India Fiscal Federalism in Indian Union'' (2003), p. 135</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=K.R. Dikshit|author2=Jutta K Dikshit|title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Springer Science |isbn=978-94-007-7055-3|page=56}}</ref> This merger was later disputed by groups in Manipur, as having been completed without consensus and under duress.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kalpana Kannabiran|author2=Ranbir Singh|title=Challenging The Rules(s) of Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yreGAwAAQBAJ |year=2008|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0027-0|page=264}}</ref> The dispute and differing visions for the future has resulted in a 50-year insurgency in the state for independence from India, as well as in repeated episodes of violence among ethnic groups in the state.<ref name=hrwm/> From 2009 through 2018, the conflict was responsible for the violent deaths of over 1000 people.<ref name=satp9413/>
During the days of the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]], the [[Kingdom of Manipur]] was one of the [[princely state]]s.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (Editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 2: NT Singh, {{ISBN|978-8170998532}}</ref> Between 1917 and 1939, some people of Manipur pressed the princely rulers for democracy. By the late 1930s, the princely state of Manipur negotiated with the British administration its preference to continue to be part of the Indian Empire, rather than part of [[Burma]], which was being separated from India. These negotiations were cut short with the outbreak of [[World War II]] in 1939. On 11 August 1947, [[Maharaja Budhachandra]] signed an [[Instrument of Accession]], joining India.<ref name=CIRCA>{{citation |title=Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur: Under the Framework of the Instrument of Accession, 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |year=2018 |publisher=Research and Media Cell, CIRCA |id=GGKEY:8XLWSW77KUZ |page=26 |ref={{sfnref|CIRCA, Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur|2018}} |access-date=19 August 2018 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110133940/https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur|2011|loc=Chapter 6, p.&nbsp;139}}</ref> Later, on 21 September 1949, he signed a Merger Agreement, merging the kingdom into India, which led to its becoming a [[Part C State]].<ref>U. B. Singh, ''India Fiscal Federalism in Indian Union'' (2003), p. 135</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=K.R. Dikshit|author2=Jutta K Dikshit|title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Springer Science |isbn=978-94-007-7055-3|page=56}}</ref> This merger was later disputed by groups in Manipur, as having been completed without consensus and under duress.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kalpana Kannabiran|author2=Ranbir Singh|title=Challenging The Rules(s) of Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yreGAwAAQBAJ |year=2008|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0027-0|page=264}}</ref> The dispute and differing visions for the future has resulted in a 50-year insurgency in the state for independence from India, as well as in repeated episodes of violence among ethnic groups in the state.<ref name=hrwm/> From 2009 through 2018, the conflict was responsible for the violent deaths of over 1000 people.<ref name=satp9413/>


The [[Meitei people|Meitei ethnic group]]<ref name="Khomdan Singh Lisam pp 322">Khomdan Singh Lisam, ''Encyclopaedia Of Manipur'', {{ISBN|978-8178358642}}, pp. 322–347</ref> represents around 53% of the population of Manipur state, followed by various [[Naga people|Naga]] tribes at 24% and various [[Kuki people|Kuki]]-[[Zo people|Zo]] tribes at 16%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=15 July 2019|archive-date=7 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907212310/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The main language of the state is [[Meitei language|Meiteilon]] (also known as Manipuri). Tribals constitute about 41% of the state population (according to 2011 census)<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/> and have dialects and cultures that are often village-based. Manipur's ethnic groups practice a variety of religions.<ref name="census2011"/> According to 2011 census, [[Hinduism]] is the major religion in the state, closely followed by [[Christianity]]. Other religions include [[Islam]], [[Sanamahism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Judaism]], etc.<ref name="census2011"/><ref name="hueiyenlanpao.com">{{Cite web | url=http://www.hueiyenlanpao.com/page/items/34799/religious-landscape-in-manipur | title=Hueiyen Lanpao &#124; Official Website Manipur Daily | access-date=29 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918062647/http://hueiyenlanpao.com/page/items/34799/religious-landscape-in-manipur/ | archive-date=18 September 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
The [[Meitei people|Meitei]]<ref name="Khomdan Singh Lisam pp 322">Khomdan Singh Lisam, ''Encyclopaedia Of Manipur'', {{ISBN|978-8178358642}}, pp. 322–347</ref> represents around 53% of the population of Manipur state, followed by various [[Naga people|Naga]] tribes at 24% and various [[Kuki people|Kuki]]/[[Zo people|Zomi]] tribes at 16%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=15 July 2019|archive-date=7 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907212310/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The main language of the state is [[Meitei language|Meiteilon]] (also known as Manipuri). Tribals constitute about 41% of the state population (according to 2011 census)<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/> and have dialects and cultures that are often village-based. Manipur's ethnic groups practice a variety of religions.<ref name="census2011"/> According to 2011 census, [[Hinduism]] is the major religion in the state, closely followed by [[Christianity]]. Other religions include [[Islam]], [[Sanamahism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Judaism]], etc.<ref name="census2011"/><ref name="hueiyenlanpao.com">{{Cite web | url=http://www.hueiyenlanpao.com/page/items/34799/religious-landscape-in-manipur | title=Hueiyen Lanpao &#124; Official Website Manipur Daily | access-date=29 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918062647/http://hueiyenlanpao.com/page/items/34799/religious-landscape-in-manipur/ | archive-date=18 September 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>


Manipur has primarily an agrarian economy, with significant hydroelectric power generation potential. It is connected to other areas by daily flights through [[Imphal Airport|Imphal airport]], the second largest in northeastern India.<ref name=manipuraai/> Manipur is home to many sports and the origin of [[Manipuri dance]],{{sfn|Reginald Massey|2004|pp=177–184}} and is credited with introducing [[polo]] to Europeans.<ref name="nam.ac.uk"/>
Manipur has primarily an agrarian economy, with significant hydroelectric power generation potential. It is connected to other areas by daily flights through [[Imphal Airport|Imphal airport]], the second largest in northeastern India.<ref name=manipuraai/> Manipur is home to many sports and the origin of [[Manipuri dance]],{{sfn|Reginald Massey|2004|pp=177–184}} and is credited with introducing [[polo]] to Europeans.<ref name="nam.ac.uk"/>
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===Medieval===
===Medieval===
By the medieval period, marriage alliances between the royal families of Manipur,  [[Ahom kingdom]] and [[Myanmar|Burma]] had become common.<ref name="Sanajaoba1988p3"/> Medieval era manuscripts discovered in the 20th century, particularly the ''Puya'', provide evidence that Hindus from the Indian subcontinent had married Manipur royalty by at least the 14th century. In centuries thereafter, royal spouses came also from what is now [[Assam]], [[Bengal]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]] along with [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] kingdoms, and other regions.<ref name="Sanajaoba1988p13">{{cite book|author=Naorem Sanajaoba|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC |year=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=12–14}}</ref> Another manuscript suggests that Muslims arrived in Manipur in the 17th century, from what is now [[Bangladesh]], during the reign of Meidingu [[Khagemba]].<ref name="Sanajaoba1988p13"/> The socio-political turmoil and wars, particularly the persistent and devastating [[Anglo-Burmese wars]], affected the cultural and religious demography of Manipur.<ref name="Sanajaoba1988p15">{{cite book|author=Naorem Sanajaoba|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC |year=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=15–18}}</ref>
By the medieval period, marriage alliances between the royal families of Manipur,  [[Ahom kingdom]] and [[Myanmar|Burma]] had become common.<ref name="Sanajaoba1988p3"/> Medieval era manuscripts discovered in the 20th century, particularly the ''Puya'', provide evidence that Hindus from the Indian subcontinent had married Manipur royalty by at least the 14th century. In centuries thereafter, royal spouses came also from what is now [[Assam]], [[Bengal]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]] and from other [[South Indian]] kingdoms as well.<ref name="Sanajaoba1988p13">{{cite book|author=Naorem Sanajaoba|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC |year=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=12–14}}</ref> Another manuscript suggests that Muslims arrived in Manipur in the 17th century, from what is now [[Bangladesh]], during the reign of Meidingu [[Khagemba]].<ref name="Sanajaoba1988p13"/> The socio-political turmoil and wars, particularly the persistent and devastating [[Anglo-Burmese wars]], affected the cultural and religious demography of Manipur.<ref name="Sanajaoba1988p15">{{cite book|author=Naorem Sanajaoba|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC |year=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=15–18}}</ref>


===Imperial period===
===Imperial period===
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| footnote=Source:Census of India}}
| footnote=Source:Census of India|align=left}}


Manipur has a population of 2,855,794 as per 2011 census.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manipur Population Census data 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/manipur.html|publisher=Census 2011|access-date=2 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908032331/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/manipur.html|archive-date=8 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Of this total, 57.2% live in the valley districts and the remaining 42.8% in the hill districts. The hills are inhabited mainly by the [[Naga people|Naga]]s, and [[Kuki people|Kuki]]s, and smaller tribal communities and the valley (plains) mainly by the Meiteis, [[Manipuri Brahmin]]s (Bamons) and [[Pangal]] (Manipuri Muslims). [[Bisnupriya Manipuri people|Bishnupriya Manipuri]], Naga and Kuki settlements are also found in the valley region, though less in numbers.
Manipur has a population of 2,855,794 as per 2011 census.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manipur Population Census data 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/manipur.html|publisher=Census 2011|access-date=2 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908032331/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/manipur.html|archive-date=8 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Of this total, 57.2% live in the valley districts and the remaining 42.8% in the hill districts. The hills are inhabited mainly by the [[Naga people|Naga]]s, and [[Kuki people|Kuki]]s, and smaller tribal communities and the valley (plains) mainly by the Meiteis, and the [[Pangal people|Pangals]] (Manipuri Muslims). [[Bisnupriya Manipuri people|Bishnupriya Manipuri]], Naga and Kuki settlements are also found in the valley region, though less in numbers. There are also sizable population of Nepalis, Bengalis, Tamils and Marwaris living in Manipur.


The distribution of area, population and density, and literacy rate as per the 2001 Census provisional figures are as below:{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
The distribution of area, population and density, and literacy rate as per the 2001 Census provisional figures are as below:{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
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===People===
===People===
{{See also|Manipur Tamil community|Manipuri Brahmin}}
{{See also|Manipur Tamil community|Manipuri Brahmin}}
The [[Meitei people|Meitei]]<ref name="Khomdan Singh Lisam pp 322"/> (synonymous to Manipuri) constitute the majority of the state's population. In 1901, the Meitei were recorded as the main ethnicity of Manipur.<ref>census 1901</ref>
The [[Meitei people|Meitei]]<ref name="Khomdan Singh Lisam pp 322"/> (synonymous to Manipuri) and the [[Pangal people|Pangal]] constitute the majority of the state's population. In 1901, the Meitei-Pangals were recorded as the main ethnicity of Manipur.<ref>census 1901</ref>


Nagas and Kuki/Zo are the major tribe conglomerates. The Nagas in Manipur are further sub-divided into sub-tribes like [[Anal Naga|Anāl]], [[Liangmai Naga|Liangmai]], [[Mao Naga|Mao]], [[Maram Naga|Maram]], [[Maring Naga|Maring]], [[Poumai Naga|Poumai]], [[Rongmei Naga|Rongmei]], [[Tangkhul Naga|Tangkhul]], [[Zeme Naga|Zeme]], etc.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1080/13537113.2014.879768|title = Ethnicity, Colonial Legacies, and Postindependence Issues of Identity Politics in North-East India|journal = Nationalism and Ethnic Politics|volume = 20|pages = 99–115|year = 2014|last1 = Meetei|first1 = Nameirakpam Bijen|s2cid = 144397292}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/103655 |last=Laishram |first=Ratankumar singh |publisher=[[Manipur University]] |date=2009 |title=A Historical study of the role and politics of civil society in Manipur |chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/103655/7/07_chapter%204.pdf |chapter=United Naga Council (UNC) |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110133956/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/103655 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Violence and identity in North-east India: Naga-Kuki conflict | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zlaIRKRspYQC | author = S. R. Tohring | year = 2010 | publisher = Mittal Publications | isbn = 978-81-8324-344-5 | pages = xv–xvii | access-date = 15 November 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160504073854/https://books.google.com/books?id=zlaIRKRspYQC | archive-date = 4 May 2016 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
Nagas and Kuki/Zo are the major tribe conglomerates. The Nagas in Manipur are further sub-divided into sub-tribes like [[Anal Naga|Anāl]], [[Liangmai Naga|Liangmai]], [[Mao Naga|Mao]], [[Maram Naga|Maram]], [[Maring Naga|Maring]], [[Poumai Naga|Poumai]], [[Rongmei Naga|Rongmei]], [[Tangkhul Naga|Tangkhul]], [[Zeme Naga|Zeme]], etc.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1080/13537113.2014.879768|title = Ethnicity, Colonial Legacies, and Postindependence Issues of Identity Politics in North-East India|journal = Nationalism and Ethnic Politics|volume = 20|pages = 99–115|year = 2014|last1 = Meetei|first1 = Nameirakpam Bijen|s2cid = 144397292}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/103655 |last=Laishram |first=Ratankumar singh |publisher=[[Manipur University]] |date=2009 |title=A Historical study of the role and politics of civil society in Manipur |chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/103655/7/07_chapter%204.pdf |chapter=United Naga Council (UNC) |hdl=10603/103655 |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110133956/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/103655 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Violence and identity in North-east India: Naga-Kuki conflict | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zlaIRKRspYQC | author = S. R. Tohring | year = 2010 | publisher = Mittal Publications | isbn = 978-81-8324-344-5 | pages = xv–xvii | access-date = 15 November 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160504073854/https://books.google.com/books?id=zlaIRKRspYQC | archive-date = 4 May 2016 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref>


===Languages===
===Languages===
The official languages are [[Meitei language]] and English.
The official languages are [[Meitei language|Meitei]] and English.


{{Pie chart
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|thumb = right
|caption = Language in Manipur (2011)<ref>{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Linguistic Community |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |publisher=Census |access-date=10 June 2019 |archive-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <!-- Click on Manipur  -->
|caption = Languages in Manipur (2011)<ref>{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Linguistic Community |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |publisher=Census |access-date=10 June 2019 |archive-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <!-- Click on Manipur  -->
|label1 = [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (Manipuri)
|label1 = [[Meitei language|Meitei]] |value1 = 53.30 |color1 = orange
|value1 = 53.3
|label2 = [[Thadou language|Thadou]] |value2 = 7.84 |color2 = purple
|color1 = #ED9121
|label3 = [[Tangkhul language|Tangkhul]] |value3 = 6.41 |color3 = mediumblue
|label2 = [[Thadou language|Thadou]]
|label4 = [[Poula language|Poula]] |value4 = 4.74 |color4 = turquoise
|value2 = 7.84
|label5 = [[Rongmei language|Rongmei]] |value5 = 3.83 |color5 = yellow
|color2 = #960064
|label6 = [[Sopvoma language|Mao]] |value6 = 3.12 |color6 = steelblue
|label3 = [[Tangkhul language|Tangkhul]]
|label7 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value7 = 2.23 |color7 = springgreen
|value3 = 6.41
|label8 = [[Paite language|Paite]] |value8 = 1.92 |color8 = orchid
|color3 = #9966CC
|label9 = [[Hmar language|Hmar]] |value9 = 1.72 |color9 = violet
|label4 = [[Poula language|Poula]]
|label10 = [[Liangmai language|Liangmai]] |value10 = 1.59 |color10 = gold
|value4 = 4.74
|label11 = [[Vaiphei language|Vaiphei]] |value11 = 1.39 |color11 = blueviolet
|color4 = LightCoral
|label12 = [[Kukish languages|Kuki]] |value12 = 1.32 |color12 = mediumorchid
|label5 = [[Rongmei language|Rongmei]]
|label13 = [[Maram language|Maram]] |value13 = 1.12 |color13 = khaki
|value5 = 3.83
|label14 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value14 = 1.07 |color14 = green
|color5 = #CAE00D
|label15 = Others |value15 = 8.40 |color15 = grey
|label6 = [[Mao language|Mao]]
}}
|value6 = 3.12
|color6 = #00FFFF
|label7 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
|value7 = 2.23
|color7 = Darkred
|label8 = [[Paite language|Paite]]
|value8 = 1.92
|color8 = chocolate
|label9 = [[Hmar language|Hmar]]
|value9 = 1.72
|color9 = pink
|label10 = [[Liangmai language|Liangmai]]
|value10 = 1.59
|color10 = Green
|label11 = [[Vaiphei language|Vaiphei]]
|value11 = 1.39
|color11 = #FF3800
|label12 = [[Kukish languages|Kuki]]
|value12 = 1.32
|color12 = Chartreuse
|label13 = [[Maram language|Maram]]
|value13 = 1.12
|color13 = Blue
|label14 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value14 = 1.07
|color14 = #FAEBD7
|value15=8.4|label15=Others|color15=grey}}


The term ''Meitei'' includes [[Sanamahism|Sanamahi]]s, [[Meitei Christians]], [[Hindu]]s, [[Pangal|Meitei-Pangals]] and [[Manipuri Brahmin]]s (locally called "Meetei Bamons"). The [[Meitei language]] (or ''Manipuri'') is the [[lingua franca]] in Manipur and is one of the languages listed in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution]]. Manipur has a diverse group of ethnic groups speaking different languages and dialects, practising Hinduism, Christianity, Sanamahism, Buddhism, Islam, and other folk religions.<ref name="census2011"/>
The [[Meitei language]] (or ''Manipuri'') is the [[lingua franca]] in Manipur and is one of the languages listed in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution]]. Manipur has a diverse group of ethnic groups speaking different languages and dialects, practising Hinduism, Christianity, Sanamahism, Buddhism, Islam, and other folk religions.<ref name="census2011"/>


Besides Meitei, which is the language of the majority of the people in Manipur, there is a huge amount of linguistic diversity as is the case in most of the Northeast. Almost all of these are Sino-Tibetan languages, with many different subgroups represented. There are multiple [[Kuki-Chin languages]], the largest being [[Thadou language|Thadou]]. Another major language family is the [[Naga languages]], like [[Tangkhulic languages|Tangkhul]], [[Poula language|Poula]], [[Rongmei language|Rongmei]] and [[Mao languages|Mao]]. Less than 5% speak Indo-European languages, mostly [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422064823/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Besides Meitei, which is the language of the majority of the people in Manipur, there is a huge amount of linguistic diversity as is the case in most of the Northeast. Almost all of these are Sino-Tibetan languages, with many different subgroups represented. There are multiple [[Kuki-Chin languages]], the largest being [[Thadou language|Thadou]]. Another major language family is the [[Naga languages]], like [[Tangkhulic languages|Tangkhul]], [[Poula language|Poula]], [[Rongmei language|Rongmei]] and [[Mao languages|Mao]]. Less than 5% speak Indo-European languages, mostly [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]], in its [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] dialect, which is the major language of Jiribam district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422064823/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Religion==
==Religion==
The religion groups of the Meitei include [[Sanamahism|Sanamahi]]s, [[Meitei Christians]], [[Hindu]]s, [[Pangal people|Pangals]] and [[Manipuri Brahmin]]s (locally called "Meetei Bamons").
{{Pie chart
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|thumb = left
|caption = Religion in Manipur (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community - 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|caption = Religion in Manipur (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community - 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|label1 = [[Hinduism in Manipur|Hinduism]] |color1 = DarkOrange |value1 = 41.39
|color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Christianity in Manipur|Christianity]] |color2 = Blue |value2 = 41.29
|value1 = 41.39
|label3 = [[Pangal people|Islam]] |color3 = Green |value3 = 8.40  
|label2 = [[Christianity]]
|label4 = [[Sanamahism|Sanamahi]] |color4 = chartreuse |value4 = 7.78
|color2 = Dodgerblue
|label5 = [[Buddhism]] |color5 = Yellow |value5 = 0.25
|value2 = 41.29
|label6 = [[Haipou Jadonang|Heraka]] |color6 = Violet |value6 = 0.23
|label3 = [[Islam]]
|label7 = [[Bnei Menashe|Judaism]] |color7 = Olive |value7 = 0.07
|color3 = Green
|label8 = [[Sikhism]] |color8 = darkkhaki |value8 = 0.05
|value3 = 8.40  
|label9 = [[Jainism]] |color9 = brown |value9 = 0.06
|label4 = [[Sanamahism]]
|label10 = [[Irreligion|Not religious]] |color10 = gray |value10 = 0.38
|color4 = chartreuse
|value4 = 7.78
|label5 = [[Buddhism]]
|color5 = Yellow
|value5 = 0.25
|label6 = [[Heraka]]
|color6 = Violet
|value6 = 0.23
|label7 = [[Judaism]]
|color7 = Olive
|value7 = 0.07
|label8 = [[Sikhism]]
|color8 = pink
|value8 = 0.05
|label9 = [[Jainism]]
|color9 = red
|value9 = 0.06
|label10 = [[Irreligion|Not religious]]
|color10 = gray
|value10 = 0.38
}}
}}


Line 322: Line 276:
{{see|Hinduism in Manipur}}
{{see|Hinduism in Manipur}}
[[File:Gopinath Temple - Ningthoukhong, Manipur (India).jpg|left|thumb|[[Ningthoukhong Gopinath Mandir|Ningthoukhong Gopinath Temple]]]]
[[File:Gopinath Temple - Ningthoukhong, Manipur (India).jpg|left|thumb|[[Ningthoukhong Gopinath Mandir|Ningthoukhong Gopinath Temple]]]]
The [[Meitei people]] are a majority in the state of Manipur.  
The [[Meitei people]] are one of the three majority groups in the state of Manipur.  
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], about 41.39% of the Manipuri people practice [[Hinduism]], and 41.29% [[Christianity]]. A large minority of the Meitei practices [[Sanamahism]]. The Hindu population is heavily concentrated in the Manipur valley, among the Meitei people. The districts of Bishnupur, Thoubal, Imphal East, and Imphal West all have Hindu majorities, averaging 67.62% (range 62.27–74.81%) according to the 2011 census data.<ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|title=Census of India : C-1 Population By Religious Community|work=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], about 41.39% of the Manipuri people practice [[Hinduism]], and 41.29% [[Christianity]]. A large minority of the Meitei practices [[Sanamahism]]. The Hindu population is heavily concentrated in the Manipur valley, among the Meitei people. The districts of Bishnupur, Thoubal, Imphal East, and Imphal West all have Hindu majorities, averaging 67.62% (range 62.27–74.81%) according to the 2011 census data.<ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|title=Census of India : C-1 Population By Religious Community|work=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>


Line 328: Line 282:


===Christianity===
===Christianity===
[[File:St. Joseph's Cathedral.jpg|thumb|right|St. Joseph's Cathedral at Imphal]]
[[File:St. Joseph's Cathedral.jpg|thumb|St. Joseph's Cathedral at Imphal]]
{{main|Christianity in Manipur}}
{{main|Christianity in Manipur}}
Christianity is the religion of 41% of the people in the state. It was brought by Protestant missionaries to Manipur in the 19th century. In the 20th century, a few Christian schools were established, which introduced Western-type education.<ref name="censusindia1"/>
Christianity is the religion of 41% of the people in the state, but is the majority in rural areas with 53%, and is predominant in the hills. It was brought by Protestant missionaries to Manipur in the 19th century. In the 20th century, a few Christian schools were established, which introduced Western-type education. Christianity is the predominant religion among tribals of Manipur and tribal Christians make up the vast majority (over 96%) of the Christian population in Manipur.<ref name="censusindia1"/>


===Meiteism and Sanamahi===
===Islam===
{{See also|Sanamahism }}
{{see also|Pangal people}}
[[File:Temple at Kangla.jpg|thumb|left|Sanamahi temple at Kangla]]
Manipuri Muslims, known locally as [[Pangal|Meitei Pangal]], are the third largest majority group in the state as they constitute about 8.3% of the state population as per 2011 census. [[Sufi]] saint, [[Shah Jalal|Shaikh Shah Jalal d-Dīn al-Mujarrad al-Turk al Naqshbandi]], came to [[Sylhet]],{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} and [[Ajan Fakir|Azan Fakir Baghdadi]] arrived in 1690 CE in [[Assam]].{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} They influenced Manipuri Muslims. They belong to the [[Sunni]] group of [[Hanafi]] school of thought and there are Arab, Bangladesh, Turani, Bengali and Mughal or Chaghtai Turk sections among Manipuri Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Ethnic_Races_Manipur.Evolution_of_clan_system_Manipuri_Muslim_1|title=Evolution of clan system Manipuri Muslim 1|work=e-pao.net|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221327/http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Ethnic_Races_Manipur.Evolution_of_clan_system_Manipuri_Muslim_1|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
Folk religions are practised by the Meitei people. These religions have a long history in Manipur. [[Sanamahism]] is the ancient indigenous animistic religion.<ref name="lintner2015p113">{{cite book|author=Bertil Lintner|title=Great Game East: India, China, and the Struggle for Asia's Most Volatile Frontier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fLOBwAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19567-5|page=113}}</ref> Sanamahi worship concentrates on the Sun God/Sanamahi. The early Meitei worshiped a Supreme deity, Lainingthou Soralel, and followed their ancestors. Their ancestor worship and animism was based on Umang Lai – ethnic governing deities worshiped in [[sacred groves]]. Some of the traditional deities (''[[Lais of Hyccara|Lais]]'') whom Meiteis worship are Atiya Sidaba, [[Pakhangba]], Sanamahi, Leimaren, Oknarel, Thangnarel, Panganba, Thangjing, Marjing, Wangbaren, and Koubru. Out of the 233,767 people who opted for the "Other religion" option, 222,315 were Sanamahism, 6,444 were Heraka, 2,032 were Jewish and 1,180 were from other tribal religions such as Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak.


===Islam===
The literacy rate among Muslims is 58.6 percent (male 75 percent and female 41.6 percent) below the state's average of 70.5 percent (male 80.3 percent and female 60.5 percent). In 1995, out of 135,000 Muslims, 5,704 had matriculated from secondary school. There was a total of 1,822 who had graduated in addition to 86 technical and professional graduates. There were 51 Class I Muslim officers including three women, 101 Class II officers and 1,270 and 1,663 employees belonging to Class III and IV categories respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2010jan11/muslims_manipur_look_their_socio_economic_condition.html#.VdyGDPmqqko|title=Muslims in Manipur: A look at their socio-economic condition|work=twocircles.net|date=11 January 2010|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174216/http://twocircles.net/2010jan11/muslims_manipur_look_their_socio_economic_condition.html#.VdyGDPmqqko|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{see also|Muslims of Manipur|Meitei people}}
Manipuri Muslims, known locally as [[Pangal|Meitei Pangal]], constitute about 8.3% of the state population as per 2011 census. [[Sufi]] saint, [[Shah Jalal|Shaikh Shah Jalal d-Dīn al-Mujarrad al-Turk al Naqshbandi]], came to [[Sylhet]],{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} and [[Ajan Fakir|Azan Fakir Baghdadi]] arrived in 1690 CE in [[Assam]].{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} They influenced Manipuri Muslims. They belong to the [[Sunni]] group of [[Hanafi]] school of thought and there are Arab, Bangladesh, Turani, Bengali and Mughal or Chaghtai Turk sections among Manipuri Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Ethnic_Races_Manipur.Evolution_of_clan_system_Manipuri_Muslim_1|title=Evolution of clan system Manipuri Muslim 1|work=e-pao.net|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221327/http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Ethnic_Races_Manipur.Evolution_of_clan_system_Manipuri_Muslim_1|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>


The literacy rate among Muslims is 58.6 percent (male 75 percent and female 41.6 percent) below the state's average of 70.5 percent (male 80.3 percent and female 60.5 percent). In 1995, out of 135,000 Muslims, 5,704 had matriculated from secondary school. There was a total of 1,822 who had graduated in addition to 86 technical and professional graduates. There were 51 [[Reservation in India|Class I Muslim officers including three women]], 101 Class II officers and 1,270 and 1,663 employees belonging to Class III and IV categories respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2010jan11/muslims_manipur_look_their_socio_economic_condition.html#.VdyGDPmqqko|title=Muslims in Manipur: A look at their socio-economic condition|work=twocircles.net|date=11 January 2010|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174216/http://twocircles.net/2010jan11/muslims_manipur_look_their_socio_economic_condition.html#.VdyGDPmqqko|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Folk religions===
{{See also|Sanamahism}}
[[File:Temple at Kangla.jpg|thumb|left|Sanamahi temple at Kangla]]
Folk religions are practised by the Meitei, the Pangal and Meitei Christians. These religions have a long history in Manipur. [[Sanamahism|Sanamahi]] is the ancient indigenous animistic religion.<ref name="lintner2015p113">{{cite book |author=Bertil Lintner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fLOBwAAQBAJ |title=Great Game East: India, China, and the Struggle for Asia's Most Volatile Frontier |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-300-19567-5 |page=113}}</ref> Sanamahi worship concentrates on the Sun God/Sanamahi. The early Meitei worshiped a Supreme deity, Lainingthou Soralel, and followed their ancestors. Their ancestor worship and animism was based on Umang Lai – ethnic governing deities worshiped in [[sacred groves]]. Some of the traditional deities (''[[Lais of Hyccara|Lais]]'') whom Meiteis worship are Atiya Sidaba, [[Pakhangba]], Sanamahi, Leimaren, Oknarel, Thangnarel, Panganba, Thangjing, Marjing, Wangbaren, and Koubru. Out of the 233,767 people who opted for the "Other religion" option, 222,315 were Sanamahi. The various other religions were mostly followers of tribal folk religions. 6,444 were Heraka, 2,032 were Jewish and 1,180 were from other tribal religions such as Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak.


==Government==
==Government==
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===Security and insurgency===
===Security and insurgency===
{{main|Insurgency in Manipur}}
{{main|Insurgency in Manipur}}
The violence in Manipur extends beyond the conflict between Indian security forces and insurgent armed groups. There is violence between the Meiteis, Nagas, Kukis, and other tribal groups.<ref name=hrwm/> Splinter groups have arisen within some of the armed groups, and disagreement between them is rife. Other than the UNLF, PLA, and PREPAK, Manipuri insurgent groups include the Revolutionary Peoples Front (RPF), Manipur Liberation Front Army (MLFA), Kanglei Yawol Kanba Lup (KYKL), Revolutionary Joint Committee (RJC), Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP), Peoples United Liberation Front (PULF), Manipur Naga People Front (MNPF), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-K), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-I/M), United Kuki Liberation Front (UKLF), Kuki National Front (KNF), Kuki National Army (KNA), Kuki Defence Force (KDF), Kuki Democratic Movement (KDM), Kuki National Organisation (KNO), Kuki Security Force (KSF), Chin Kuki Revolutionary Front (CKRF), Kom Rem Peoples Convention (KRPC), Zomi Revolutionary Volunteers (ZRV), Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA), Zomi Reunification Organisation (ZRO), and Hmar Peoples Convention (HPC).<ref name=hrwm/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Centre-inks-peace-accord-with-Naga-insurgent-outfit/article10293606.ece|title=Centre inks peace accord with Naga insurgent outfit|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 March 2017|language=en|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127182029/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Centre-inks-peace-accord-with-Naga-insurgent-outfit/article10293606.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
The violence in Manipur extends beyond the conflict between Indian security forces and insurgent armed groups. There is violence between the Meiteis, Nagas, Kukis, and other tribal groups.<ref name=hrwm/> Splinter groups have arisen within some of the armed groups, and disagreement between them is rife. Other than the UNLF, PLA, and PREPAK, Manipuri insurgent groups include the Revolutionary Peoples Front (RPF), Manipur Liberation Front Army (MLFA), Kanglei Yawol Kanba Lup (KYKL), Revolutionary Joint Committee (RJC), Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP), Peoples United Liberation Front (PULF), Manipur Naga People Front (MNPF), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-K), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-I/M), United Kuki Liberation Front (UKLF), Kuki National Front (KNF), Kuki National Army (KNA), Kuki Defence Force (KDF), Kuki Democratic Movement (KDM), Kuki National Organisation (KNO), Kuki Security Force (KSF), Chin Kuki Revolutionary Front (CKRF), Kom Rem Peoples Convention (KRPC), Zomi Revolutionary Volunteers (ZRV), Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA), Zomi Reunification Organisation (ZRO), and Hmar Peoples Convention (HPC).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Centre-inks-peace-accord-with-Naga-insurgent-outfit/article10293606.ece|title=Centre inks peace accord with Naga insurgent outfit|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 March 2017|language=en|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127182029/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Centre-inks-peace-accord-with-Naga-insurgent-outfit/article10293606.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=hrwm/>


The Meitei insurgent groups seek independence from India. The Kuki insurgent groups want a separate state for the Kukis to be carved out from the present state of Manipur. The Kuki insurgent groups are under two umbrella organisations: the Kuki National Organisation (KNO) and United Peoples Forum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kukination.net|title=仏壇修理・洗浄なら石川県羽咋市の宮本仏檀店|work=kukination.net|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424145258/http://www.kukination.net/|archive-date=24 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Nagas wish to annex part of Manipur and merge with a greater Nagaland or Nagalim, which is in conflict with Meitei insurgent demands for the integrity of their vision of an independent state. There have been many tensions between the tribes and numerous clashes between Naga and Kukis, Meiteis and Muslims.<ref name=hrwm/>
The Meitei insurgent groups seek independence from India. The Kuki insurgent groups want a separate state for the Kukis to be carved out from the present state of Manipur. The Kuki insurgent groups are under two umbrella organisations: the Kuki National Organisation (KNO) and United Peoples Forum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kukination.net|title=仏壇修理・洗浄なら石川県羽咋市の宮本仏檀店|work=kukination.net|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424145258/http://www.kukination.net/|archive-date=24 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Nagas wish to annex part of Manipur and merge with a greater Nagaland or Nagalim, which is in conflict with Meitei insurgent demands for the integrity of their vision of an independent state. There have been many tensions between the tribes and numerous clashes between Naga and Kukis, Meiteis and Muslims.<ref name=hrwm/>
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==Economy==
==Economy==
[[File:Soibum yendem eromba.jpg|thumb|Bamboo is common in Manipur, and an important contributor to its economy as well as cuisine. Above is ''soibum yendem eromba'', a bamboo shoot dish of Manipur.]]
[[File:Soibum yendem eromba.jpg|thumb|Bamboo is common in Manipur, and an important contributor to its economy as well as cuisine. Above is ''soibum yendem eromba'', a bamboo shoot dish of Manipur.]]
The 2012–2013 gross state domestic product of Manipur at market prices was about {{INRConvert|10188|c}}.<ref>[http://pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/Statewise%20GSDP%20PCI%20and%20G.R.pdf State wise : Population, GSDP, Per Capita Income and Growth Rate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111062118/http://pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/Statewise%20GSDP%20PCI%20and%20G.R.pdf|date=11 November 2013}} Planning Commission, Govt of India; See third table 2011-2012 fiscal year, 16th row</ref> Its economy is primarily agriculture, forestry, cottage and trade driven.<ref name=ghg>G. Hiamguanglung Gonmei, "Hills Economy of Manipur: A Structural Change", ''Journal of North East India Studies'', Vol. 3, No. 1, January–June 2013, pp. 61–73</ref> Manipur acts as India's "Gateway to the East" through [[Moreh, India|Moreh]] and [[Tamu, Burma|Tamu]] towns, the land route for trade between India and Burma and other countries in Southeast Asia, East Asia, Siberia, Micronesia and Polynesia. Manipur has the highest number of handicrafts units and the highest number of craftspersons in the northeastern region of India.<ref name="Manipur Economy - Snapshot">[http://www.ibef.org/states/Manipur.aspx "Manipur Economy - Snapshot"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210507/http://www.ibef.org/states/Manipur.aspx |date=2 July 2014 }} IBEF</ref>
The 2012–2013 gross state domestic product of Manipur at market prices was about {{INRConvert|10188|c}}.<ref>[http://pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/Statewise%20GSDP%20PCI%20and%20G.R.pdf State wise : Population, GSDP, Per Capita Income and Growth Rate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111062118/http://pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/Statewise%20GSDP%20PCI%20and%20G.R.pdf|date=11 November 2013}} Planning Commission, Govt of India; See third table 2011-2012 fiscal year, 16th row</ref> Its economy is primarily agriculture, forestry, cottage and trade driven.<ref name=ghg>G. Hiamguanglung Gonmei, "Hills Economy of Manipur: A Structural Change", ''Journal of North East India Studies'', Vol. 3, No. 1, January–June 2013, pp. 61–73</ref> Manipur acts as India's "Gateway to the East" through [[Moreh, India|Moreh]] and [[Tamu, Burma|Tamu]] towns, the land route for trade between India and Burma and other countries in Southeast Asia, East Asia, Siberia, the Arctic, Micronesia and Polynesia. Manipur has the highest number of handicraft units and the highest number of craftspersons in the northeastern region of India.<ref name="Manipur Economy - Snapshot">[http://www.ibef.org/states/Manipur.aspx "Manipur Economy - Snapshot"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210507/http://www.ibef.org/states/Manipur.aspx |date=2 July 2014 }} IBEF</ref>


===Electricity===
===Electricity===
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====Hills and valleys====
====Hills and valleys====
Kaina is a [[hillock]] about {{convert|921|m}} above sea level. It is a sacred place for Manipuri Hindus. The legend is that, Shri Govindajee appeared in the dream of his devotee, Shri Jai Singh Maharaja, and asked the saintly king to install in a temple, an image of [[Lord Krishna|Shri Govindajee]]. It was to be carved out of a [[jack fruit]] tree, which was then growing at [[Kaina (Manipur)|Kaina]]. It is {{convert|29|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Imphal. The [[Dzüko Valley]] is in Senapati district bordering with Kohima. There are seasonal flowers and number of flora and fauna. It is at an altitude of {{convert|2438|m}} above sea level, behind the Japfü Peak in Nagaland. The rare Dzüko lily is found only in this valley.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}
Kaina is a [[hillock]] about {{convert|921|m}} above sea level. It is a sacred place for Manipuri Hindus. The legend is that, Shri Govindajee appeared in the dream of his devotee, Shri Jai Singh Maharaja, and asked the saintly king to install in a temple, an image of [[Lord Krishna|Shri Govindajee]]. It was to be carved out of a [[jack fruit]] tree, which was then growing at [[Kaina (Manipur)|Kaina]]. It is {{convert|29|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Imphal. The [[Dzüko Valley]] is in Senapati district bordering with Kohima. There are seasonal flowers and number of flora and fauna. It is at an altitude of {{convert|2438|m}} above sea level, behind [[Mount Japfü]] in Nagaland. The rare Dzüko lily is found only in this valley.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}


====Eco tourism====
====Eco tourism====
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File:A Manipuri Dancer in traditional Krishna attire.jpg|[[Manipuri dance]], one of eight the classical dances of India
File:A Manipuri Dancer in traditional Krishna attire.jpg|[[Manipuri dance]], one of eight the classical dances of India
File:Thang-Ta.jpg|[[Thang Ta]], the martial art form of Manipur
File:Thang-Ta.jpg|[[Thang Ta]], the martial art form of Manipur
File:"PENA" a musical instrument.jpg|''[[Pena (musical instrument)|Pena]]'' is an ancient Manipur musical instrument, particularly popular among the [[Meitei people]]
File:"PENA" a musical instrument.jpg|''[[Pena (musical instrument)|Pena]]'' is an ancient Manipur musical instrument, particularly popular among the [[Meitei people|Meitei]], the [[Pangal people|Pangal]] and the [[Meitei Christians]]
File:Chorus Repertory Theater.jpg|The Chorus Repertory Theatre, [[Imphal]], founded by [[Ratan Thiyam]]
File:Chorus Repertory Theater.jpg|The Chorus Repertory Theatre, [[Imphal]], founded by [[Ratan Thiyam]]
</gallery>
</gallery>
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[[Yubi lakpi]] is a traditional full contact game played in Manipur, [[India]], using a coconut, which has some notable similarities to [[rugby football|rugby]].<ref name=ksl826/> ''Yubi lakpi'' literally means "coconut snatching". The coconut is greased to make it slippery. There are rules of the game, as with all Manipur sports.<ref>[http://manipur.gov.in/?p=23 Indigenous games of Manipur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512142602/http://manipur.gov.in/?p=23 |date=12 May 2015 }} Govt of Manipur</ref> The coconut serves the purpose of a ball and is offered to the king, the chief guest or the judges before the game begins. The aim is to run while carrying the greased coconut and physically cross over the goal line, while the other team tackles and blocks any such attempt as well as tries to grab the coconut and score on its own. In Manipur's long history, Yubi lakpi was the annual official game, attended by the king, over the Hindu festival of Shree Govindajee.<ref>Khomdan Singh Lisam, Encyclopaedia Of Manipur, {{ISBN|978-8178358642}}, pp 825</ref> It is like the game of [[Rugby sevens|rugby]],<ref>Mills, J. H. (2006), Manipur Rules Here - Gender, Politics, and Sport in an Asian Border Zone, Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 30(1), 62-78</ref> or American football.<ref name=ksl825830>Khomdan Singh Lisam, Encyclopaedia Of Manipur, {{ISBN|978-8178358642}}, pp 825-830</ref>
[[Yubi lakpi]] is a traditional full contact game played in Manipur, [[India]], using a coconut, which has some notable similarities to [[rugby football|rugby]].<ref name=ksl826/> ''Yubi lakpi'' literally means "coconut snatching". The coconut is greased to make it slippery. There are rules of the game, as with all Manipur sports.<ref>[http://manipur.gov.in/?p=23 Indigenous games of Manipur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512142602/http://manipur.gov.in/?p=23 |date=12 May 2015 }} Govt of Manipur</ref> The coconut serves the purpose of a ball and is offered to the king, the chief guest or the judges before the game begins. The aim is to run while carrying the greased coconut and physically cross over the goal line, while the other team tackles and blocks any such attempt as well as tries to grab the coconut and score on its own. In Manipur's long history, Yubi lakpi was the annual official game, attended by the king, over the Hindu festival of Shree Govindajee.<ref>Khomdan Singh Lisam, Encyclopaedia Of Manipur, {{ISBN|978-8178358642}}, pp 825</ref> It is like the game of [[Rugby sevens|rugby]],<ref>Mills, J. H. (2006), Manipur Rules Here - Gender, Politics, and Sport in an Asian Border Zone, Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 30(1), 62-78</ref> or American football.<ref name=ksl825830>Khomdan Singh Lisam, Encyclopaedia Of Manipur, {{ISBN|978-8178358642}}, pp 825-830</ref>


Oolaobi (Woo-Laobi) is an outdoor game mainly played by females. Meitei mythology believes that UmangLai Heloi-Taret (seven deities–seven fairies) played this game on the Courtyard of the temple of Umang Lai Lairembi. The number of participants is not fixed but are divided into two groups (size as per agreement). Players are divided as into Raiders (Attackers) or Defenders (Avoiders).<ref name="ksl826"/> ''Hiyang tannaba'', also called ''Hi Yangba Tanaba'', is a traditional boat rowing race and festivity of the Panas.<ref name=ksl826/>
Oolaobi (Woo-Laobi) is an outdoor game mainly played by females. Meitei mythology believes that UmangLai Heloi-Taret (seven deities–seven fairies) played this game on the Courtyard of the temple of Umang Lai Lairembi. The number of participants is not fixed but are divided into two groups (size as per agreement). Players are divided as into Raiders (Attackers) or Defenders (Avoiders).<ref name="ksl826"/> ''[[Hiyang Tannaba]]'', also called ''Hi Yangba Tanaba'', is a traditional boat rowing race and festivity of the Panas.<ref name=ksl826/>


===Polo===
===Polo===
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===Ningol Chakouba===
===Ningol Chakouba===
Held on 9 November,<ref>Khomdan Singh Lisam, ''Encyclopaedia Of Manipur'', {{ISBN|978-8178358642}}, pp. 607–617</ref> this is a social festival of the Meiteis and many communities of Manipur where married women (Ningol) are invited (Chakouba, literally calling to a meal; for dinner or lunch) to a feast at their parental house accompanied by their children. Besides the feast, gifts are given to the women/invitees and to their children. It is the festival that binds and revives the family relations between the women married away and the parental family. Nowadays, other communities have started celebrating this kind of a family-bonding festival.
Held on 9 November,<ref>Khomdan Singh Lisam, ''Encyclopaedia Of Manipur'', {{ISBN|978-8178358642}}, pp. 607–617</ref> this is a social festival of the Meiteis, the Pangal, Meitei Christians and many communities of Manipur where married women (Ningol) are invited (Chakouba, literally calling to a meal; for dinner or lunch) to a feast at their parental house accompanied by their children. Besides the feast, gifts are given to the women/invitees and to their children. It is the festival that binds and revives the family relations between the women married away and the parental family. Nowadays, other communities have started celebrating this kind of a family-bonding festival.


===Kut===
===Kut===
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<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
* [[Saikhom Mirabai Chanu]] (b 1994) - Indian weightlifter Tokyo Olympics Silver medallist  
* [[Saikhom Mirabai Chanu]] (b 1994) - Indian weightlifter Tokyo Olympics Silver medallist  
* [[Khwairakpam Chaoba]] (1895-1950) - poet  
* [[Sushila Chanu]] - Indian hockey player and former captain of [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian national women's hockey team]]
* [[Khwairakpam Chaoba]] - (1895-1950) - poet  
* [[Bala Devi]] - Indian footballer plays as a [[forward (association football)|forward]] for [[Rangers W.F.C.]] and [[India women's national football team]]
* [[Sabitri Heisnam]] (b 1946) - actress and [[Padma Shri]] awardee
* [[Sabitri Heisnam]] (b 1946) - actress and [[Padma Shri]] awardee
* [[Hijam Irabot]] (1896-1951) - politician and social activist
* [[Hijam Irabot]] (1896-1951) - politician and social activist
* [[Heisnam Kanhailal]] (1941-2016) - theatre director and [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee
* [[Heisnam Kanhailal]] - (1941-2016) - theatre director and [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee
* [[Muhammed Alauddin Khan]] - politician
* [[Muhammed Alauddin Khan]] - politician
* [[Ralengnao Khathing]] - first and only person from Manipur to serve as an Ambassador for India
* [[Ralengnao Khathing]] - first and only person from Manipur to serve as an Ambassador for India
* [[Mary Kom]] - Only boxer to win 8 world championship medals
* [[Mary Kom]] - Only boxer to win 8 world championship medals
* [[Lin Laishram]] - International model, actress and entrepreneur
* [[Dingko Singh]] - Indian boxer who won the gold medal at [[1998 Asian Games]]
* [[Irom Chanu Sharmila]] (b 1972) - civil rights activist and poet
* [[Armstrong Pame]] - officer in the [[Indian Administrative Service]]
* [[Armstrong Pame]] - officer in the [[Indian Administrative Service]]
* [[Irom Chanu Sharmila]] (b 1972) - civil rights activist and poet
* [[Jugeshor Singh]] (b 1990) - Indian footballer
* [[Jugeshor Singh]] (b 1990) - Indian footballer
* [[Laishram Nandakumar Singh]] - Minister of Urban Development
* [[Laishram Nandakumar Singh]] - Minister of Urban Development
* [[Renedy Singh]] - former [[India national football team|Indian footballer]]
* [[Udanta Singh]] - Indian footballer plays as a [[forward (association football)|forward]] for [[Bengaluru FC]] and [[India national football team]]
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->  
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->  
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
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* {{cite book|author=Reginald Massey|title=India's Dances: Their History, Technique, and Repertoire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6MJ8jbHqIwC |year=2004|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-434-9 }}
* {{cite book|author=Reginald Massey|title=India's Dances: Their History, Technique, and Repertoire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6MJ8jbHqIwC |year=2004|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-434-9 }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Haorongbam Sudhirkumar |title=Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur 1934–51 |journal=INFLIBNET |year=2011 |hdl=10603/121665 |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/121665 |ref={{sfnref|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur|2011}}}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Haorongbam Sudhirkumar |title=Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur 1934–51 |journal=INFLIBNET |year=2011 |hdl=10603/121665 |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/121665 |ref={{sfnref|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur|2011}}}}
* {{cite journal| last= Williams|first=Drid| s2cid= 29065670| title=In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism: Authentic East Indian Dancing|url= http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf |journal=Visual Anthropology| volume=17|issue=1 |year=2004|pages=69–98 |doi=10.1080/08949460490274013}}
* {{cite journal|last=Williams|first=Drid|s2cid=29065670|title=In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism: Authentic East Indian Dancing|url=http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf|journal=Visual Anthropology|volume=17|issue=1|year=2004|pages=69–98|doi=10.1080/08949460490274013|access-date=3 August 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121105/http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf|url-status=dead}}


==External links==
==External links==
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{{North East India}}
{{North East India}}
{{states and territories of India}}
{{states and territories of India}}
{{Princely states of India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


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