Madhya Pradesh: Difference between revisions

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}

{{Infobox settlement

| name                     = Madhya Pradesh

| etymology                = ''Madhya'' (meaning 'central') and ''[[Pradesh]]'' (meaning 'province or territory')

| settlement_type          = [[States and union territories of India|State]]

| image_skyline           = {{Photomontage

  | foot_montage = ''From top, left to right:''[[The Bade Baba Temple]] at [[Kundalpur]],  [[UNESCO]]  Temples at the [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]], [[Great Stupa of Sanchi]], Ancient city of [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]], [[Chital]] deer at [[Kanha National Park]], [[Marble Rocks]] [[Jabalpur]] and [[Bhimbetka rock shelters]]

| image_caption            =

| image_blank_emblem      = Emblem of Madhya Pradesh.svg

| anthem                   = "[[Mera Madhya Pradesh]]"<br />("My Madhya Pradesh")<ref>{{cite news |title=MP: State Song to be Sung Along with National Anthem |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/mp-state-song-to-be-sung-along-with-national-anthem/697068 |access-date=21 March 2020 |work=Outlook |date=12 October 2010 |archive-date=21 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321173757/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/mp-state-song-to-be-sung-along-with-national-anthem/697068 |url-status=live}}</ref>

| image_map               = IN-MP.svg

| map_caption              = Location of Madhya Pradesh in India

| coor_pinpoint            = Bhopal

| subdivision_type        = Country

| subdivision_name        = {{flag|India}}

| subdivision_type1        = Regions

| subdivision_name1        = [[Malwa]], [[Bundelkhand]], [[Baghelkhand]], [[Nimar]], [[Mahakoshal]] and [[Gird, India|Gird]] (Gird region also includes [[Chambal Division|Chambal division]])

| established_title        = Formation

| established_date        = 1 November 1956

| parts_type              = [[Divisions of Madhya Pradesh|Divisions]]

| p1                      = [[Bhopal division]]

| p6                      = [[Narmadapuram division]]

| p7                      = [[Rewa division]]

| p8                      = [[Sagar division]]

| p9                      = [[Shahdol division]]

| p10                      = [[Ujjain division]]

| seat_type                = Capital

| leader_title            = [[Governors of Madhya Pradesh|Governor]]

| leader_name              = [[Mangubhai C. Patel]]

| leader_title1            = [[Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister]]

| leader_name1            = [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]] ([[BJP]])<ref>{{cite news |last1=Noronha |first1=Rahul |title=BJP's Shivraj Singh Chouhan sworn in as Madhya Pradesh CM for fourth time |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-s-shivraj-singh-chouhan-sworn-in-as-madhya-pradesh-cm-for-fourth-time-1658867-2020-03-23 |access-date=23 March 2020 |work=India Today |date=23 March 2020 |language=en |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119202332/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-s-shivraj-singh-chouhan-sworn-in-as-madhya-pradesh-cm-for-fourth-time-1658867-2020-03-23 |url-status=live}}</ref>

| leader_title2            = [[Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh|Legislature]]

| leader_name2            = [[Unicameral]] ([[List of constituencies of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|230 seats]])

| leader_title3            = [[Parliament of India|Parliamentary constituency]]

| leader_name3            = * [[Lok Sabha]] ([[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Madhya Pradesh|29 seats]])

| leader_title4            = [[High Courts of India|High Court]]

| leader_name4            = [[Madhya Pradesh High Court Jabalpur]]

| unit_pref                = Metric

| area_total_km2          = 308,245

| area_rank                = [[List of states and territories of India by area|2nd]]

| population_footnotes    = <ref name="2011_censusindia_gov_in">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/mp/01Content.pdf |title=2011 Census of India |website=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=14 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017092345/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/mp/01Content.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

| population_total        = 72,626,809

| population_rank          = [[List of states and union territories of India by population|5th]]

| population_urban_footnotes =

| population_urban        = 20,059,666

| population_density_urban_km2 = auto

| population_rural_footnotes =

| population_rural        = 52,537,899

| timezone1                = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]

| iso_code                = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]

| postal_code_type        = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]

| postal_code              = 45xxxx-46xxxx-47xxxx-48xxxx

| area_code_type          = [[ISD codes|ISD code]]

| area_code                = 91-07xxx

| demographics_type1      = GDP {{nobold|(2019–20)}}

| demographics1_footnotes  = <ref name="MOSPI">{{cite web |url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_15_03_2021.xls |title=MOSPI State Domestic Product, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |date=15 March 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415164725/http://www.mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_15_03_2021.xls |url-status=live}}</ref>

| demographics1_title1    = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|Total]]

| demographics1_info1      = {{INRConvert|9.17|t|lk=r}}

| demographics1_title2    = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|Per capita]]

| demographics1_info2      = {{INRConvert|103288|lk=r}}

| demographics_type2      = Languages

| demographics2_title1    = Official

| demographics2_info1      = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010) |pages=122–126 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

| blank_name_sec1          = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2018)}}

| blank_info_sec1          = {{increase}} 0.606<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <br /> <span style="color:orange;">medium</span> · [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|33rd]]

| blank1_name_sec1        = HDI rank

| blank2_name_sec1        = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] {{nobold|(2011)}}

| blank2_info_sec1        = 70.6%<ref name="2011_censusindia_gov_in" />

| blank1_name_sec2        = Sex ratio {{nobold|(2011)}}

| blank1_info_sec2        = 931 [[females|♀]]/1000 [[males|♂]]<ref>[[List of Indian states by sex ratio]].</ref>

| website                  = {{URL|mp.gov.in}}

|region = Madhya Pradesh

|region_type= <!-- Type of state or region (default is State) -->

| tree    = [[File:banyantree.jpg|50px]] [[Banyan Tree]]

'''Madhya Pradesh''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ə|d|j|ə|_|p|r|ə|ˈ|d|ɛ|ʃ}},<ref>{{MW|Madhya Pradesh}}</ref> {{IPA-hi|ˈməd̪ʱjə pɾəˈdeːʃ|lang|MadhyaPradesh.ogg}}; meaning ''Central Province'') is a state in central [[India]]. Its [[capital city|capital]] is [[Bhopal]], and the largest city is [[Indore]], with [[Jabalpur]], [[Ujjain]], [[Gwalior]], [[Satna]] being the other major cities. Madhya Pradesh is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|second largest Indian state by area]] and the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|fifth largest state by population]] with over 72&nbsp;million residents. It borders the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]] to the northeast, [[Chhattisgarh]] to the southeast, [[Maharashtra]] to the south, [[Gujarat]] to the west, and [[Rajasthan]] to the northwest.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fsi.nic.in/cover_2011/madhyapradesh.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205231100/http://fsi.nic.in/cover_2011/madhyapradesh.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

The area covered by the present-day Madhya Pradesh includes the area of the ancient [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]] [[Mahajanapada]], whose capital [[Ujjain]] (also known as Avantika) arose as a major city during the second wave of Indian urbanisation in the sixth century BCE. Subsequently, the region was ruled by the major dynasties of India. The [[Maratha empire|Maratha Empire]] dominated the majority of the 18th century. After the [[Anglo-Maratha Wars]] in the 19th century, the region was divided into several [[princely states]] under the [[British Empire|British]] and incorporated into [[Central Provinces and Berar]] and the [[Central India Agency]]. After India's independence, Madhya Pradesh state was created with [[Nagpur]] as its capital: this state included the southern parts of the present-day Madhya Pradesh and northeastern portion of today's Maharashtra. In 1956, this state was [[States Reorganisation Act|reorganised]] and its parts were combined with the states of [[Madhya Bharat]], [[Vindhya Pradesh]] and [[Bhopal State (1949–56)|Bhopal]] to form the new Madhya Pradesh state, the Marathi-speaking [[Vidarbha]] region was removed and merged with the [[Bombay State]]. This state was the largest in India by area until 2000, when its southeastern Chhattisgarh region was designated a separate state.

The [[economy of Madhya Pradesh]] is the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|10th-largest]] in India, with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of {{INRConvert|9.17|t|lk=r}} and has the country's 26th highest per-capita income of {{INR}} 109372.<ref name="MOSPI" /> Madhya Pradesh [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|ranks 23rd]] among Indian states in [[human development index]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sbi.co.in/documents/13958/14472/Ecowrap_20190308.pdf |title=Human Development Index Across Indian States: Is the Glass Still Half Empty? |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609140639/https://www.sbi.co.in/documents/13958/14472/Ecowrap_20190308.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Rich in mineral resources, Madhya Pradesh has the largest reserves of [[diamond]] and [[copper]] in India. More than 30% of its area is under forest cover. Its tourism industry has seen considerable growth, with the state topping the National Tourism Awards in 2010–11.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/madhya-pradesh-topped-the-national-tourism-awards-201011-1330588154-1 |title=Madhya Pradesh topped the National Tourism Awards 2010–11 |date=1 January 2012 |publisher=jagranjosh.com |access-date=14 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619153447/http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/madhya-pradesh-topped-the-national-tourism-awards-201011-1330588154-1 |archive-date=19 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In recent years, the state's GDP growth has been above the national average.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/madhya-pradesh-topples-bihar-new-no-1-in-economic-growth/articleshow/19286431.cms |title=Madhya Pradesh topples Bihar, new No 1 in economic growth |date=30 March 2013 |access-date=30 March 2013 |work=Economic Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402150505/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/madhya-pradesh-topples-bihar-new-no-1-in-economic-growth/articleshow/19286431.cms |archive-date=2 April 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019–20, state's GSDP was recorded at 9.07.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Presentation and Economy Growth Report {{!}} IBEF |url=https://www.ibef.org/states/madhya-pradesh-presentation |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=www.ibef.org |archive-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228082037/http://www.ibef.org/states/madhya-pradesh-presentation |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Chandragupta Maurya]] united northern India around 320 BCE, establishing the [[Mauryan Empire]], which included all of modern-day Madhya Pradesh. [[Ashoka]] the greatest of Mauryan rulers brought the region under firmer control. After the decline of the Maurya empire, the region was contested among the [[Saka]]s, the [[Kushana]]s, the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]], and several local dynasties during the 1st to 3rd centuries CE. Heliodorus, the Greek Ambassador to the court of the Shunga King Bhagabhadra erected the [[Heliodorus pillar]] near Vidisha.

Ujjain emerged as the predominant commercial centre of western India from the {{CE|first century|link=y}}, located on the trade routes between the [[Ganges]] plain and India's [[Arabian Sea]] ports. The [[Satavahana]] dynasty of the northern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and the Saka dynasty of the [[Western Satraps]] fought for the control of Madhya Pradesh during the 1st to 3rd centuries CE.

The [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana]] King [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] inflicted a crushing defeat upon the [[Saka]] rulers and conquered parts of Malwa and Gujarat in the 2nd century CE.<ref>''Ancient India'' by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar: p. 134.</ref>

Subsequently, the region came under the control of the [[Gupta empire]] in the 4th and 5th centuries, and their southern neighbours, the [[Vakataka]]'s. The rock-cut temples at [[Bagh Caves]] in the Kukshi tehsil of the Dhar District attest to the presence of the Gupta dynasty in the region, supported by the testimony of a Badwani inscription dated to the year of 487 CE.<ref>Verma, Archana (2007). ''Cultural and Visual Flux at Early Historical Bagh in Central India'', Oxford: Archaeopress, {{ISBN|978-1-4073-0151-8}}, p. 19.</ref> The attacks of the [[Hephthalite]]s or White Huns brought about the collapse of the Gupta empire, which broke up into smaller states. The King [[Yasodharman]] of [[Malwa]] defeated the Huns in 528, ending their expansion. Later, [[Harsha]] (c. 590–647) ruled the northern parts of the [[States and union territories of India|state]]. Malwa was ruled by the south Indian [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty]] from the late 8th century to the 10th century.<ref>''A Journey through India's Past (Great Hindu Kings after Harshavardhana)'', by Chandra Mauli Mani: p. 13.</ref> When the south Indian Emperor [[Govinda III]] of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] annexed Malwa, he set up the family of one of his subordinates there, who took the name of [[Paramara]].<ref>''A Brief History of India'' by Alain Daniélou p. 185.</ref>

The Medieval period saw the rise of the [[Rajput]] clans, including the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]] of Malwa and the [[Chandela]]s of [[Bundelkhand]]. The Chandellas built the majestic Hindu-Jain temples at [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]], which represent the culmination of Hindu temple architecture in Central India. The [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty]] also held sway in northern and western Madhya Pradesh at this time. It also left some monuments of architectural value in Gwalior. Southern parts of Madhya Pradesh like Malwa were several times invaded by the south Indian [[Western Chalukya Empire]] which imposed its rule on the Paramara kingdom of Malwa.<ref>''History of India'' by N. Jayapalan pp. 149–151.</ref> The Paramara King [[Bhoja]] (c. 1010–1060) was a renowned [[polymath]]. The small Gond kingdoms emerged in the [[Gondwana (India)|Gondwana]] and [[Mahakoshal]] regions of the state. Northern Madhya Pradesh was conquered by the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[Delhi Sultanate]] in the 13th century. After the collapse of the Delhi Sultanate at the end of the 14th century, independent regional kingdoms re-emerged, including the [[Tomaras of Gwalior|Tomara]] kingdom of [[Gwalior]] and the Muslim Sultanate of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]], with its capital at [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]].

The Malwa Sultanate was conquered by the Sultanate of [[Gujarat]] in 1531. In the 1540s, most parts of the state fell to [[Sher Shah Suri]], and subsequently to the Hindu King [[Hemu]]. Hemu, who had earlier served as the General of the Suri dynasty, operated from the [[Gwalior Fort]] during 1553–56 and became the ruler of Delhi as a Vikramaditya king winning 22 battles continuously from Bengal to Gujrat and defeating Akbar's forces in the [[Battle of Tughlaqabad|Battle of Delhi]] on 7 October 1556. However, he chose Delhi as his capital after his formal Coronation and left Gwalior. After Hemu's defeat by [[Akbar]] at the [[Second Battle of Panipat]] in 1556, most of Madhya Pradesh came under the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule. Gondwana and Mahakoshal remained under the control of Gond kings, who acknowledged Mughal supremacy but enjoyed virtual autonomy.

The Mughal control weakened considerably after the death of Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in 1707. Between 1720 and 1760, the [[Marathas]] took control of most of Madhya Pradesh, resulting in the establishment of semi-autonomous states under the nominal control of the [[Peshwa]] of [[Pune]]: the [[Holkar]]s of [[Indore]] ruled much of Malwa, [[Pawars]] ruled [[Dewas State (Maratha Confederacy)|Dewas]] and [[Dhar State|Dhar]], the [[Bhonsle]]s of [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]] dominated Mahakoshal-Gondwana area, while the [[Scindia]]s of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]] controlled the northern parts of the state. The most notable Maratha rulers of the region were [[Mahadji Shinde]], [[Ahilyabai Holkar]] and [[Yashwantrao Holkar]]. Besides these, there were several other [[:Category:Princely states of Madhya Pradesh|small states]], including [[Bhopal State|Bhopal]], [[Orchha State|Orchha]], and [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]]. The Bhopal state, which paid tribute to both the Marathas and the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], was founded by [[Dost Mohammad Khan, Nawab of Bhopal|Dost Mohammed Khan]], a former General in the Mughal army.

After the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], the [[British Empire|British]] took control of the entire region. All the sovereign states in the region became [[princely state]]s of [[British India]], governed by the [[Central India Agency]]. The Mahakoshal region became a British province: the [[Saugor and Nerbudda Territories]]. In 1861, the British merged the [[Nagpur Province]] with the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories to form the [[Central Provinces]].

During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 uprising]], rebellions happened in the northern parts of the state, led by leaders like [[Tatya Tope]]. However, these were crushed by the British and the princes loyal to them. The state witnessed a number of anti-British activities and protests during the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name="DwarkaPrasad1956">{{cite book |editor=Dwarka Prasad Misha |title=The History of freedom movement in Madhya Pradesh |year=1956 |publisher=Govt. Print., Madhya Pradesh}}</ref> Several notable leaders such as [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]], [[B. R. Ambedkar]], [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and [[Arjun Singh (former politician)|Arjun Singh]] were born in what is now Madhya Pradesh.

After the independence of India, Madhya Pradesh was created in 1950 from the former British [[Central Provinces and Berar]] and the [[princely states]] of [[Makrai]] and Chhattisgarh, with [[Nagpur]] as the capital of the state. The new states of [[Madhya Bharat]], [[Vindhya Pradesh]], and [[Bhopal State (1949–56)|Bhopal]] were formed out of the Central India Agency. In 1956, the states of Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh, and Bhopal were merged into Madhya Pradesh, and the [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking southern region [[Vidarbha]], which included Nagpur, was ceded to [[Bombay state]]. [[Jabalpur]] was chosen to be the capital of the state but at the last moment, due to political interference, [[Bhopal]] was made the state capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.patrika.com/news/madhya-pradesh/that-s-why-jabalpur-could-not-make-capital-of-mp-3323/ |title=जबलपुर के हाथ से बस इसलिए निकल गई राजधानी की प्रबल दावेदारी |work=Patrika.com |access-date=25 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115083131/https://www.patrika.com/news/madhya-pradesh/that-s-why-jabalpur-could-not-make-capital-of-mp-3323/ |archive-date=15 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2000, as part of the Madhya Pradesh Reorganization Act, the southeastern portion of the state split off to form the new state of [[Chhattisgarh]].

Madhya Pradesh also has three major seasons – Summer, Monsoon, and Winter. During summer (March–June), the temperature in the entire state ranges above 29.4&nbsp;°C. In general, the eastern parts of Madhya Pradesh are hotter than the western parts. The regions like Gwalior, Morena and Datia record temperature of over 42&nbsp;°C in the month of May. The humidity is relatively very low and the region usually experiences frequent mild dust storms. The south-west Monsoon usually breaks out in mid June and the entire state receives a major share of its rainfall between June and September. The south and south-east regions tend to experience a higher rainfall whereas the parts of north-west receive less. Mandla, Balaghat, Sidhi, Jabalpur and other extreme eastern parts receive more than 150&nbsp;cm rainfall. The districts of western Madhya Pradesh receive less than 80&nbsp;cm rainfall.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mp.gov.in/state-profile |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609142930/https://mp.gov.in/state-profile |url-status=live}}</ref>

The winter season starts from the month of November. The temperature remains low in the northern parts of the state in comparison to the southern parts. The daily maximum temperature in most of the northern part in the month of January remains between 15 and 18&nbsp;°C. The climate is generally dry and pleasant with a clear sky. The average rainfall is about {{convert|1194|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}. The southeastern districts have the heaviest rainfall, some places receiving as much as {{convert|2150|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, while the western and northwestern districts receive {{convert|1000|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} or less.

There are also a number of nature reserves, including [[Amarkantak]], [[Bagh Caves]], [[Balaghat]], [[Bori Natural Reserve]], [[Ken Gharial]], [[Ghatigaon]], [[Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary|Kuno Palpur]], [[Narwar]], [[Chambal River|Chambal]], [[Kukdeshwar]], [[Chidi Kho]], [[Nora Dehi]], [[Pachmarhi]], Panpatha, Shikarganj, Patalkot, and [[Tamia]]. [[Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve]] in Satpura Range, [[Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve|Amarkantak biosphere reserve]] and Panna National Park are three of the 18 biosphere reserves in India. Most of them are located in eastern Madhya Pradesh near [[Jabalpur]].

File:Tigeress with cubs in Kanha Tiger reserve.jpg|Tigress with cubs in Kanha Tiger Reserve

Kanha, Bandhavgarh, Pench, Panna, and Satpura National Parks are managed as [[Project Tiger]] areas. The [[National Chambal Sanctuary]] is managed for conservation of [[gharial]] and [[mugger crocodile|mugger]], [[river dolphin]], [[smooth-coated otter]] and a number of turtle species. Ken-gharial and Son-gharial sanctuaries are managed for conservation of [[gharial]] and mugger. The [[barasingha]] is the state animal and the [[Asian paradise flycatcher|dudhraj]] is the state bird of Madhya Pradesh.

The [[Vindhyas]] form the southern boundary of the Ganges basin, with the western part of the Ganges basin draining into the [[Yamuna]] and the eastern part directly into the Ganges itself. All the rivers, which drain into the Ganges, flow from south to north, with the [[Chambal River|Chambal]], [[Shipra River|Shipra]], [[Kali Sindh River|Kali Sindh]], [[Parbati River (Madhya Pradesh)|Parbati]], [[Kuno River|Kuno]], [[Sind River|Sind]], [[Betwa River|Betwa]], [[Dhasan River|Dhasan]] and [[Ken River|Ken]] rivers being the main tributaries of the Yamuna. Shipra River is one of the most sacred rivers of Hinduism. It is the site of the [[Ujjain Simhastha|Simhastha Kumbh Mela]], which is held every 12 years. The land drained by these rivers is agriculturally rich, with the natural vegetation largely consisting of grass and [[dry deciduous forest]] types, largely thorny. The eastern part of the Ganges basin consists of the [[Son River|Son]], the [[Tons River|Tons]] and the [[Rihand]] Rivers. Son, which arises in the Maikal hills around [[Amarkantak]], is the largest tributary that goes into the Ganges on the south bank and that does not arise from the [[Himalayas]]. Son and its tributaries contribute the bulk of the monsoon flow into the Ganges, because the north bank tributaries are all snow fed. The forests in their basins are much richer than the thorn forests of the northwestern part of Madhya Pradesh.

After the formation of Chhattisgarh State, the major portion of [[Mahanadi]] basin now lies in Chhattisgarh. Presently, only 154&nbsp;km² basin area of Hasdeo River in Anuppur District lies in Madhya Pradesh.

|pop_12=84,261|div_17=Tikamgarh district{{!}}Tikamgarh|pop_11=153,330|pop_16=1,066,068|pop_13=54,331|pop_14=117,988|pop_15=1,762,375|div_15=Chhatarpur district{{!}}Chhatarpur|div_16=Shahdol district{{!}}Shahdol|city_17=Tikamgarh|div_14=Hoshangabad district{{!}}Hoshangabad|div_13=Sidhi district{{!}}Sidhi|div_12=Balaghat district{{!}}Balaghat|div_11=Betul district{{!}}Betul|city_16=Shahdol|city_15=Chhatarpur|city_14=Hoshangabad|city_13=Sidhi|city_12=Balaghat|city_11=Betul, Madhya Pradesh{{!}}Betul|pop_17=79,106}}

{{IndiaCensusPop

| title= Population Growth

| 1971= 30017000

| footnote=Source:Census of India<ref name="Census Population">{{cite web |url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |title=Census Population |work=Census of India |publisher=Ministry of Finance India |access-date=18 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073658/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The main tribal groups in Madhya Pradesh are [[Gondi people|Gond]], [[Bhil]], [[Baiga (tribe)|Baiga]], [[Korku people|Korku]], [[Bharia people|Bhadia]] (or Bhariya), Halba, [[Kaul]], [[Madia Gond|Mariya]], [[Malto people|Malto]] and [[Sahariya]]. [[Mandla district|Mandla]], [[Dhar district, India|Dhar]], [[Dindori district|Dindori]], [[Barwani district|Barwani]], [[Jhabua district|Jhabua]] and [[Alirajpur district|Alirajpur]] districts have more than 50% tribal population, with Jhabua and Alirajpur having nearly 90% tribal population. In [[Khargone]], [[Khandwa district|Khandwa]], [[Burhanpur district|Burhanpur]], [[Betul district|Betul]], [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]], [[Seoni district|Seoni]], [[Anuppur district|Anuppur]], [[Umaria district|Umaria]], [[Shahdol district|Shahdol]] and [[Singrauli district|Singrauli]] districts 30–50% of the population is tribal. According to the 2011 census, the [[adivasi|tribal]] population in Madhya Pradesh was 15.34&nbsp;million, constituting 21.1% of the total population. There were 46 recognised Scheduled Tribes and three of them have been identified as "Special Primitive Tribal Groups" in the State.<ref>[http://www.mp_gov_in_sc_st_welfare_2001/tribal/]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}.</ref>

Madhya Pradesh ranks(33rd) on the [[Human Development Index]] value of 0.606 (2018).<ref name="UNDP_HDI_2011">[http://www.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/madhyapradesh_factsheet.pdf Madhya Pradesh: Economic and Human Development Indicators] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916043423/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/madhyapradesh_factsheet.pdf |date=16 September 2012}}, UNDP (2011).</ref> According to the SDG India Index 2020–21 compiled by the NITI AAYOG, Madhya pradesh ranks 21 on sustainable development goals. The state's per-capita [[Gross state product|gross state domestic product]] (nominal GDP) is the 26th in the country (2018–19).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://statisticstimes.com/economy/india/indian-states-gdp-per-capita.php |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603211542/https://statisticstimes.com/economy/india/indian-states-gdp-per-capita.php |url-status=live}}</ref> According to NITI Aayog SDGs India index the state ranks 9th on gender equality, 10th on clean water and sanitation.<ref name=FinalReport>{{Cite web |url=https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/SDG_3.0_Final_04.03.2021_Web_Spreads.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612135413/https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/SDG_3.0_Final_04.03.2021_Web_Spreads.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

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File:Sand sculpture at Bandrabhan,Hoshangabad.JPG|Sand sculpture by [[Sudarshan Pattnaik]] at Bandrabhan near Hoshangabad

[[Ajaigarh]], [[Amarkantak]], [[Asirgarh]], [[Bandhavgarh]], [[Bawangaja]], [[Bhopal]], [[Vidisha]], [[Chanderi]], [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakuta]], [[Dhar]], [[Gwalior]], [[Indore]], [[Nemavar]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Burhanpur]], [[Maheshwar]], [[Mandleshwar]], [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]], [[Omkareshwar]], [[Orchha]], [[Pachmarhi]], [[Shivpuri]], [[Sonagiri]], [[Mandla]] and [[Ujjain]].

Madhya Pradesh is noted for its classical and folk music. Some of the noted [[Hindustani classical music]] [[gharana]]s in Madhya Pradesh include the [[Maihar gharana]], the [[Gwalior gharana]] and [[Aashish Khan|Senia gharana]]. Two of the medieval India's most noted singers, [[Tansen]] and [[Baiju Bawra]], were born near Gwalior in present-day Madhya Pradesh. Noted [[Dhrupad]] exponents [[Aminuddin Dagar]] (Indore), [[Gundecha Brothers]] (Ujjain) and [[Uday Bhawalkar]] (Ujjain) were also born in present-day Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="SimonMark2000">{{cite book |author1=Simon Broughton |author2=Mark Ellingham |author3=Richard Trillo |title=World Music: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&pg=PA91 |access-date=13 September 2012 |year=2000 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-85828-636-5 |pages=91– |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606122902/http://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&pg=PA91 |archive-date=6 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Renowned classical singer Kumar Gandharva spent his life at Dewas. The birthplaces of noted [[playback singer]]s [[Kishore Kumar]] (Khandwa) and [[Lata Mangeshkar]] (Indore) and singer and composer Aadesh Shrivastava (Jabalpur) are also located in MP. The local styles of folk singing include Faga, Bhartahari, Sanja geet, Bhopa, [[Kalbelia]], Bhat/Bhand/Charan, Vasdeva, Videsia, Kalgi Turra, Nirgunia, Alha, Pandwani Gayan and Garba Garbi Govalan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mp.gov.in/en/web/guest/folksongs |title=Folk Songs – govt-of-mp-india |publisher=Government of Madhya Pradesh |access-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814104544/http://www.mp.gov.in/en/web/guest/folksongs |archive-date=14 August 2017 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

Madhya Pradesh has six [[Ordnance Factories]], four of which are located at [[Jabalpur]] ([[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur|Vehicle Factory]], [[Grey Iron Foundry]], [[Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur|Gun Carriage Factory]], [[Ordnance Factory Khamaria]]) and one each at Katni and Itarsi. The factories are run by the [[Ordnance Factories Board]], and manufacture a variety of products for the [[Indian Armed Forces]].

The state has a total installed power generation capacity of 24950.60 MW as of 30 November 2020. The Madhya Pradesh Electric Board is located at [[Jabalpur]]. The [[Rewa Ultra Mega Solar]] project is a photovoltaic solar park spread over an area of 1,590 acres (6.4&nbsp;km²) in the Gurh tehsil of Rewa District of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electricity {{!}} District Rewa, Government of Madhya Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://rewa.nic.in/en/district-produce/electricity/ |access-date=10 July 2020 |language=en-US |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710150628/https://rewa.nic.in/en/district-produce/electricity/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The project was commissioned with 750 MW capacity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2018/07/09/750-mw-rewa-solar-project-starts-supplying-power/ |title=750 MW Rewa solar project starts supplying power |website=pv magazine India |access-date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712131255/https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2018/07/09/750-mw-rewa-solar-project-starts-supplying-power/ |url-status=live}}</ref> 97% households have electricity access in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://energy.mp.gov.in/en/about-us |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609142927/http://energy.mp.gov.in/en/about-us |url-status=live}}</ref>

Bus and train services cover most of Madhya Pradesh. The {{convert|99,043|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} road network of the state includes 20 [[List of National Highways in India|national highways]].<ref name="IBEF_2011" /> A {{convert|4,948|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} rail network criss-crosses the state, with [[Jabalpur]] serving as headquarters for the [[West Central Railway]] Zone of the [[Indian Railways]]. The [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]] and the [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] also cover parts of the state. Most of the western Madhya Pradesh comes under [[Ratlam Rail Division]] of [[Western Railways]], including cities like Indore, Ujjain, Mandsaur, Khandwa, Neemuch and Bairagarh in Bhopal. The state has a total of 20 major railway junctions. The major [[Inter State Bus Terminals|inter-state bus terminals]] are located in [[Bhopal]], [[Indore]], [[Gwalior]] and [[Jabalpur]]. More than 2,000 buses are conducted daily from these four cities. The intra-city transit systems mostly consist of buses, private [[auto rickshaw|autos]] and taxis.

More than 455 trains transit through Madhya Pradesh daily. 220 trains transit through the State’s capital Bhopal alone. North–South & East–West corridors cut across Madhya Pradesh. There is convenient access to major ports such as Kandla port and Jawaharlal Nehru port in the state<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.slbcmadhyapradesh.in/infrastructure.aspx |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609145309/http://www.slbcmadhyapradesh.in/infrastructure.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>

Madhya Pradesh has a 230-seat state legislative assembly. The state also sends 40 members to the [[Parliament of India]]: 29 are elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] (Lower House) and 11 to the [[Rajya Sabha]] (Upper House). The constitutional head of the state is the [[List of Governors of Madhya Pradesh|Governor]], appointed by the [[President of India]]. The execution powers lie with the [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]], who is the elected leader of the state legislature. the current governor is Mangubhai C. Patel, and the chief minister is [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).

The dominant political parties in the state are the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and the [[Indian National Congress]]. Unlike in many of the neighbouring states, the small or regional parties have not had much success in the state elections. In the November 2018 state elections, the INC became the single largest party with 114 seats, defeating BJP which won 109 seats. [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] is the third major party in the state legislature, with 2 seats while others won 5 seats.

{{See also|List of districts of Madhya Pradesh}}

{{See also|List of cities in Madhya Pradesh by population}}

Madhya Pradesh state is made up of 55 [[List of districts of Madhya Pradesh|Districts]], which are grouped into 10 divisions. As of 2020, the state has 55 jila (district) [[panchayat]]s, 376 tehsil, 313 janpad panchayats/[[community development block in India|blocks]], and 23043 gram (village) panchayats. The municipalities in the state include 16 [[Nagar Nigam]]s, 100 [[Nagar Palika]]s and 264 [[Nagar Panchayat]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mpsbb.info/BMCInfo.aspx |title=Madhya Pradesh State Biodiversity Board |website=Mpsbb.info|access-date=15 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317094034/http://www.mpsbb.info/BMCInfo.aspx |archive-date=17 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

There are 500 degree colleges, which are affiliated with one of the universities in the state. The specialised universities include [[Rajiv Gandhi Technical University]], [[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya|Jawaharlal Nehru Agriculture University]] and [[Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University]]. The general universities are [[Awadhesh Pratap Singh University]] ([[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]), [[Barkatullah University]] (Bhopal), [[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya]] ([[Indore]]), [[Rani Durgavati University]] ([[Jabalpur]]), [[Vikram University]] ([[Ujjain]]), [[Jiwaji University]] ([[Gwalior]]), [[Dr. Hari Singh Gour University]] ([[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]), [[Indira Gandhi National Tribal University]] ([[Amarkantak]], [[Anuppur district|Anuppur]]), [[Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Communication]] (Bhopal).

== Notable People ==

Cricket is the most popular sport in Madhya Pradesh.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} There are three international [[cricket]] stadiums in the state – [[Nehru Stadium, Indore|Nehru Stadium]] (Indore), [[Roop Singh Stadium]] (Gwalior) and [[Holkar Cricket Stadium]] (Indore). [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team]]'s best performances in [[Ranji Trophy]] was in 1998–99, when the [[Chandrakant Pandit]]-led team ended as the runner-up. Its predecessor, the Indore-based [[Holkar cricket team]], had won the Ranji Trophy four times.

On 6 December 2017, the Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan announced that players from the state would be given government jobs on winning medals in international events.

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100611084321/http://www.mp.gov.in/ Official Site for the Government of Madhya Pradesh]

* [http://www.mp.nic.in/ National Informatics Centre – Madhya Pradesh]

* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Madhya-Pradesh Madhya Pradesh] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' entry