Hyderabad State: Difference between revisions

{{About|this princely state in India from 1724–1948|the Indian State from 1948–1956|Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|the modern state|Telangana}}

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

{{Infobox former country

| native_name            = Hyderabad Deccan

| common_name            = Hyderabad State

| religion              = [[Hinduism]] (81%)<br /> [[Islam]] (13% and State Religion)<ref>Mi{{citation|last=O'Dwyer|first=Michael|title=India as I Knew it: 1885–1925|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dW4yLJNw5oC&pg=PA137|year=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=137–|id=GGKEY:DB7YTGYWP7W}}</ref><br /> [[Christianity]] and others (6%) (spread among [[Anglo-Indian]] population expanding to [[Secunderabad]] and [[Hyderabad]]) {{sfn|Smith|1950|pp=27–28}}

| status                = Independent/Mughal Successor State (1724–1798)<br />[[Princely state]] of [[British Indian Empire|British India]] (1798–1947)<br />[[List of historical unrecognized states|Unrecognised state]] (1947–1948)

| date_post              = 1 November 1956

| p1                    = Mughal Empire

| p2                    = Maratha Empire

| flag_p2                = Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg

| flag_s1                = Flag of India.svg

| image_flag            = Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg

| image_map              = Hyderabad princely state 1909.svg

| image_map_caption      = Hyderabad (dark green) and [[Berar Province]], not a part of Hyderabad State but also the Nizam's Dominion between 1853 and 1903 (light green)

| national_anthem        = ''"[[O Osman]]"''

| capital                = [[Aurangabad]] (1724–1763)<br />[[Hyderabad]] (1763–1948)

| currency              = [[Hyderabadi rupee]]

| representative1        = Iwaz Khan (first)

| year_representative1  = 1724–1730

| year_representative2  = 1947–1948

| title_leader          = [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]

| footnotes              =  

}}

{{Princely States topics}}

The dynasty declared itself an independent monarchy during the final years of the [[British Raj]].  After the [[Partition of India]], Hyderabad signed a [[Standstill agreement (India)|standstill agreement]] with the new [[dominion of India]], continuing all previous arrangements except for the stationing of Indian troops in the state. Hyderabad's location in the middle of the Indian union, as well as its diverse cultural heritage, was a driving force behind [[Indian annexation of Hyderabad|India's annexation]] of the state in 1948.<ref>{{citation |last=Sherman |first=Taylor C. |title=The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948–56 |journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review |volume=44 |pages=489–516 |number=4 |year=2007 |doi=10.1177/001946460704400404 |s2cid=145000228 |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/32805/1/Sherman_Integration_princely_state_2007.pdf}}</ref> Subsequently, [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]], the 7th Nizam, signed an [[instrument of accession]], joining India.{{sfn|Chandra|Mukherjee|Mukherjee|2008|p=96}}

==History==

===Early history===

Following the decline of the Mughal power, the region of Deccan saw the rise of [[Maratha Empire]]. The Nizam himself saw many invasions by the Marathas in the 1720s, which resulted in the Nizam paying a regular ''[[Chauth]]'' (tax) to the Marathas. The major battles fought between the Marathas and the Nizam include [[Battle of Palkhed|Palkhed]], [[Battle of Rakshasbhuvan|Rakshasbhuvan]], and [[Battle of Kharda|Kharda]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC&pg=PA1049|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z|isbn=9780313335396|last1=Jaques|first1=Tony|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA64|title=The State at War in South Asia|isbn=978-0803213449|last1=Barua|first1=Pradeep|year=2005}}</ref> Following the conquest of Deccan by [[Bajirao&nbsp;I]] and the imposition of ''chauth'' by him, Nizam remained a tributary of the Marathas for all intent and purposes.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&q=anglo+maratha+treaty+1790&pg=PA198|title=Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785–96, Volume 2|first=Sailendra|last=Nath Sen|isbn=9788171547890|year=1994}}</ref>

===British suzerainty===

==== Asaf Jah VI ====

During his rule, the [[Great Musi Flood of 1908]] struck the city of Hyderabad, which killed an estimated 50,000 people. The Nizam opened all his palaces for public asylum.{{sfn|Law|1914|pp=84-86}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/hyderabad-observe-104th-anniversary-musi-flood-349446/|title=Hyderabad to observe 104th anniversary of Musi flood {{!}} The Siasat Daily|website=archive.siasat.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-31}}</ref>{{sfn|Lynton, Days of the Beloved|1987|pp=13-15}}

The last [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] ruled the state from 1911 until 1948. He was given the title "Faithful Ally of the British Empire".<ref name="Britannica" /> The Nizam's rule saw growth of Hyderabad economically and culturally.<br />The Nizam's government invited technocrats from world over for the development of Hyderabad as part of nation building. It has its own foreign policy and established foreign relations with many countries outside of British India. Nizam's government also established its embassy in the new capital of [[New Delhi]]. It commissioned Sir [[Edwin Lutyens]] to design and construct [[Hyderabad House]] as its embassy to deal with British India since Hyderabad was an important British ally. [[Osmania University]] and several schools and colleges were founded throughout the state. Many writers, poets, intellectuals and other eminent people (including [[Fani Badayuni]], [[Dagh Dehlvi]], [[Josh Malihabadi]], [[Ali Haider Tabatabai]], [[Shibli Nomani]], [[Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk]], [[Mirza Ismail]]) migrated from all parts of India to Hyderabad during the reign of [[Asaf Jah VII]], and his father and predecessor [[Asaf Jah VI]]. Apart from the above people, many technocrats also migrated to Hyderabad on the invitation of the govt to develop Hyderabad with all its sustainable modern infrastructure which is still serving the great Hyderabad metropolis in all its brilliance.

===After Indian Independence (1947–48)===

However, the Nizams were Muslim ruling over a predominantly Hindu population.<ref name="Britannica" />

The Nizam was in a weak position as his army numbered only 24,000 men, of whom only some 6,000 were fully trained and equipped.{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|p=229}}

At 4 a.m. on 13 September 1948, India's Hyderabad Campaign, code-named "[[Operation Polo]]" by the [[Indian Army]], began. Indian troops invaded Hyderabad from all points of the compass. On 13 September 1948, the Secretary-General of the Hyderabad Department of External Affairs in a cablegram informed the United Nations Security Council that Hyderabad was being invaded by Indian forces and that hostilities had broken out. The Security Council took notice of it on 16 September in Paris. The representative of Hyderabad called for immediate action by the Security Council under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. The Hyderabad representative responded to India's excuse for the intervention by pointing out that the Stand-still Agreement between the two countries had expressly provided that nothing in it should give India the right to send in troops to assist in the maintenance of internal order.<ref>United Nations Document S/986</ref>{{primary source inline|date=October 2016}}

=== Hyderabad State (1948–56) ===

After the incorporation of Hyderabad State into India, [[M. K. Vellodi]] was appointed as Chief Minister of the state and [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] became the [[Rajpramukh]] on 26 January 1950. He was a Senior Civil servant in the Government of India. He administered the state with the help of bureaucrats from [[Madras state]] and [[Bombay state]].<ref>[http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html APonline - History and Culture - History-Post-Independence Era] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220113947/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html |date=20 December 2013}}</ref>

===Dissolution===

All power was vested in the Nizam. He ruled with the help of an Executive Council or Cabinet, established in 1893, whose members he was free to appoint and dismiss. The government of the Nizam recruited heavily from the North Indian Hindu [[Kayastha]] caste for administrative posts.<ref>Leonard, K.I., 1994. Social History of an Indian Caste: The Kayasths of Hyderabad. Orient Blackswan.[https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1525/aa.1980.82.1.02a00990]</ref> There was also an Assembly, whose role was mostly advisory. More than half its members were appointed by the Nizam and the rest elected from a carefully limited franchise. There were representatives of Hindus, [[Parsi]]s, Christians and Depressed Classes in the Assembly. Their influence was however limited due to their small numbers.{{sfn|Smith|1950|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|loc=Chapter 2}}

===Political movements===

==== Coat of Arms ====

<gallery>

</gallery>The coat of arms features the full titles of the Nizam at the bottom, and a [[dastar]]{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

</gallery>Under the leadership of [[Asaf Jah V]] the state changed its traditional heraldic flag.

The Asafia flag of Hyderabad. The script along the top reads ''Al Azmatulillah'' meaning "All greatness is for God". The bottom script reads ''Ya Uthman'' which translates to "Oh [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|Osman]]". The writing in the middle reads "Nizam-ul-Mulk Asif Jah"

====Currency====

| color5 =red

}}

== Architecture ==

==Industries==

* [[Hyderabadi Urdu]], the local dialect of Urdu

* [[Dakhini]]

* [[Hyderabad Police Action]], the military invasion that resulted in the annexation of Hyderabad state into India

* [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb]]

* {{citation |first=Wilfred Cantwell |last=Smith |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith |title=Hyderabad: Muslim Tragedy |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=4 |pages=27–51 |number=1 |date=January 1950 |jstor=4322137}}

* {{citation |author=Ram Narayan Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WD9uAAAAMAAJ|title=The Sikh unrest and the Indian state: politics, personalities, and historical retrospective|date=1 April 1997|publisher=[[The University of Michigan]]|isbn=978-81-202-0453-9|page=99|ref={{sfnref|Ram Narayan Kuma|1997}}}}

* {{citation |last=Lynton |first=Harriet Ronken |title=Days of the Beloved |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f5w9_mkaCYkC |year=1987 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-0863112690 |ref={{sfnref|Lynton, Days of the Beloved|1987}}}}

* {{cite book| last = Dalrymple| first = William |author-link=William Dalrymple (historian)| title = White Mughals: love and betrayal in eighteenth-century India| publisher = Flamingo (HarperCollins)| date = 2003 |orig-year=1st pub. 2002| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=W1b5h0NlnL8C| isbn = 978-0-14-200412-8}}

{{refend}}

* {{cite journal | last1 = Leonard | first1 = Karen | year = 1971 | title = The Hyderabad Political System and its Participants | journal = Journal of Asian Studies | volume = 30 | issue = 3| pages = 569–582 | jstor=2052461 | doi=10.1017/s0021911800154841| url = https://escholarship.org/uc/item/454191gp }}

*{{cite book |last=Pernau |first=Margrit |title=The Passing of Patrimonialism: Politics and Political Culture in Hyderabad, 1911–1948 |year=2000 |publisher=Manohar |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-7304-362-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnJuAAAAMAAJ |ref=Pernau00}}

* Sherman, Taylor C. "Migration, citizenship and belonging in Hyderabad (Deccan), 1946–1956." ''Modern Asian Studies'' 45#1 (2011): 81–107.

* Sherman, Taylor C. "The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948–56." ''Indian Economic & Social History Review'' 44#4 (2007): 489–516.