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'''Azes II''' ([[Greek alphabet|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|[[wiktionary:Ἄζης|Ἄζης]]}} {{transl|grc|Azēs}}, epigraphically {{lang|grc|ΑΖΟΥ}} {{transl|grc|Azou}}; [[Kharosthi]]: '''{{lang|pgd|[[wiktionary:𐨀𐨩|𐨀𐨩]]}}''' {{transl|pgd|A-ya}}, {{transl|pgd|Aya}};<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zygman |first=Edmund |date=1957 |title=A Tetradrachm of Azes II struck at Sāngala-Euthydemia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43574181 |journal=Museum Notes (American Numismatic Society) |volume=7 |issue= |pages= | '''Azes II''' ([[Greek alphabet|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|[[wiktionary:Ἄζης|Ἄζης]]}} {{transl|grc|Azēs}}, epigraphically {{lang|grc|ΑΖΟΥ}} {{transl|grc|Azou}}; [[Kharosthi]]: '''{{lang|pgd|[[wiktionary:𐨀𐨩|𐨀𐨩]]}}''' {{transl|pgd|A-ya}}, {{transl|pgd|Aya}};<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zygman |first=Edmund |date=1957 |title=A Tetradrachm of Azes II struck at Sāngala-Euthydemia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43574181 |journal=Museum Notes (American Numismatic Society) |volume=7 |issue= |pages=51–56 |doi= |access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref> both from [[Saka language|Saka]] {{lang|xsc|*Aza}}, meaning "leader"<ref>{{cite book |last=Harmatta |first=János |author-link=János Harmatta |editor-last1=Harmatta |editor-first1=János |editor-link1=János Harmatta |editor-last2=Puri |editor-first2=B. N. |editor-link2=Baij Nath Puri |editor-last3=Etemadi |editor-first3=G. F. |date=1999 |chapter=Languages and scripts in Graeco-Bactria and the Saka Kingdoms |title=History of civilizations of Central Asia |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C |location=Delhi |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass|Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House]] |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC&pg=PA409#v=onepage&q&f=false 409] |isbn=978-8-120-81408-0}}</ref>), may have been the last [[Indo-Scythian]] king, speculated to have reigned circa 35–12 BCE, in the northern Indian subcontinent (modern day Pakistan). His existence has been questioned; if he did not exist, artefacts attributed to his reign, such as coins, are likely to be those of [[Azes I]].<ref name="Senior">{{cite journal |last=Senior |first=R. C. |date=2008 |title=The Final Nail in the Coffin of Azes II |url= |journal=Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society |volume=197 |issue= |pages=25–27 |doi= |access-date= }}</ref> | ||
After the death of Azes II, the rule of the Indo-Scythians in northwestern India and Pakistan finally crumbled with the conquest of the [[Kushans]], one of the five tribes of the [[Yuezhi]] who had lived in Bactria for more than a century, and who were then expanding into India to create a Kushan Empire. Soon after, the [[Parthia]]ns invaded from the west. Their leader [[Gondophares]] temporarily displaced the [[Kushans]] and founded the [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom]] that was to last until the middle of the 1st century CE. The [[Kushans]] ultimately regained northwestern India circa 75 CE, where they were to prosper for several centuries. | After the death of Azes II, the rule of the Indo-Scythians in northwestern India and Pakistan finally crumbled with the conquest of the [[Kushans]], one of the five tribes of the [[Yuezhi]] who had lived in Bactria for more than a century, and who were then expanding into India to create a Kushan Empire. Soon after, the [[Parthia]]ns invaded from the west. Their leader [[Gondophares]] temporarily displaced the [[Kushans]] and founded the [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom]] that was to last until the middle of the 1st century CE. The [[Kushans]] ultimately regained northwestern India circa 75 CE, where they were to prosper for several centuries. | ||
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*Rev: [[Athena]] with shield and lance, making a hand gesture identical to the Buddhist vitarka [[mudra]]. [[Kharoshti]] legend MAHARAJASA RAJADIRAJASA MAHATASA AYASA "The Great King of Kings Azes", with the Buddhist [[triratna]] symbol in the left field. | *Rev: [[Athena]] with shield and lance, making a hand gesture identical to the Buddhist vitarka [[mudra]]. [[Kharoshti]] legend MAHARAJASA RAJADIRAJASA MAHATASA AYASA "The Great King of Kings Azes", with the Buddhist [[triratna]] symbol in the left field. | ||
Azes II was long believed to have issued several of the [[Indo-Scythian]] coins struck under the name Azes in northern [[India]]. All these coins were however likely issued by a single ruler named [[Azes]], as suggested by Robert Senior, when he found an overstrike of a coin attributed to [[Azes I]] over a coin attributed to Azes II, suggesting that all the "Azes II" coins were not later than those of "Azes I" and that there was only one king in the dynasty named Azes.<ref name="Senior"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Senior |first1=R. C. |last2= |first2= |date=2008 |title=Azes: an unpublished and important tetradrachm S86.1T |url= |journal=Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society |volume=197 |issue= |pages= | Azes II was long believed to have issued several of the [[Indo-Scythian]] coins struck under the name Azes in northern [[India]]. All these coins were however likely issued by a single ruler named [[Azes]], as suggested by Robert Senior, when he found an overstrike of a coin attributed to [[Azes I]] over a coin attributed to Azes II, suggesting that all the "Azes II" coins were not later than those of "Azes I" and that there was only one king in the dynasty named Azes.<ref name="Senior"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Senior |first1=R. C. |last2= |first2= |date=2008 |title=Azes: an unpublished and important tetradrachm S86.1T |url= |journal=Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society |volume=197 |issue= |pages=24–25 |doi= |access-date= }}</ref> This idea had long been advocated by Senior with a number of indirect numismatic arguments, for instance in his encyclopaedia of Indo-Scythian coins.<ref>{{cite book |last=Senior |first=R. C. |author-link= |date=2001-2006 |title=Indo-Scythian Coins and History |url= |location=Lancaster, Pennsylvania |publisher=Classical Numismatic Group |page= |isbn=}}</ref> | ||
===Coin gallery=== | ===Coin gallery=== | ||