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'''Abu'l Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusrau''' (1253–1325 AD), better known as '''Amīr Khusrau''' was an [[Indo-Persian culture|Indo-Persian]]{{sfn|Sharma|2017}} [[Sufi]] singer, musician, poet and scholar who lived under the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. He was an iconic figure in the cultural history of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He was a [[mysticism|mystic]] and a spiritual disciple of [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] of [[Delhi]], India. He wrote poetry primarily in [[Persian language|Persian]], but also in [[Hindustani language|Hindavi]]. A vocabulary in verse, the ''Ḳhāliq Bārī'', containing Arabic, Persian and [[Hindustani language|Hindavi]] terms is often attributed to him.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rashid|first=Omar|title=Chasing Khusro|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article3672990.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=5 August 2012|location=Chennai, India|date=23 July 2012}}</ref> Khusrau is sometimes referred to as the "voice of India" or "Parrot of India" (''Tuti-e-Hind''), and has been called the "father of [[Urdu literature]]."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amir-Khosrow|title=Amīr Khosrow | Indian poet|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref><ref> | |||
'''Abu'l Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusrau''' (1253–1325 AD), better known as '''Amīr Khusrau | |||
{{cite book | {{cite book | ||
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA10 | |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA10 | ||
| Line 28: | Line 27: | ||
|year= 1980 | |year= 1980 | ||
|isbn= 9788120706170 | |isbn= 9788120706170 | ||
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZslAQAAIAAJ&q=father+of+Urdu+literature+amir+khusrow|title=Hazart Nizam-Ud-Din Auliya and Hazrat Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti|last1=Bakshi|first1=Shiri Ram|last2=Mittra|first2=Sangh|date=2002|publisher=Criterion|isbn=9788179380222|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKnXAAAAMAAJ&q=father+of+Urdu+literature+amir+khusrow|title=Famous Indian sages: their immortal messages|last=Bhattacharya|first=Vivek Ranjan|date=1982|publisher=Sagar Publications|language=en}}</ref> | }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZslAQAAIAAJ&q=father+of+Urdu+literature+amir+khusrow|title=Hazart Nizam-Ud-Din Auliya and Hazrat Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti|last1=Bakshi|first1=Shiri Ram|last2=Mittra|first2=Sangh|date=2002|publisher=Criterion|isbn=9788179380222|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKnXAAAAMAAJ&q=father+of+Urdu+literature+amir+khusrow|title=Famous Indian sages: their immortal messages|last=Bhattacharya|first=Vivek Ranjan|date=1982|publisher=Sagar Publications|language=en}}</ref>{{Sufism}} | ||
Khusrau is regarded as the "father of [[qawwali]]" (a devotional form of singing of the Sufis in the Indian subcontinent), and introduced the [[ghazal]] style of song into India, both of which still exist widely in India | |||
Khusrau is regarded as the "father of [[qawwali]]" (a devotional form of singing of the Sufis in the Indian subcontinent), and introduced the [[ghazal]] style of song into India, both of which still exist widely in India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book | last = Latif | first = Syed Abdulla | title = An Outline of the Cultural History of India | publisher = Institute of Indo-Middle East Cultural Studies (reprinted by Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers) | orig-year = 1958 | year = 1979 | pages = 334 | isbn = 81-7069-085-4}}</ref><ref>Regula Burckhardt Qureshi, Harold S. Powers. ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/604123 Sufi Music of India. Sound, Context and Meaning in Qawwali]''. Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 109, No. 4 (Oct. – Dec. 1989), pp. 702–705. {{doi|10.2307/604123}}.</ref> | |||
Khusrau was an expert in many styles of Persian poetry which were developed in [[Greater Iran|medieval Persia]], from [[Khaqani|Khāqānī's]] ''[[qasida]]s'' to [[Nizami Ganjavi|Nizami's]] ''khamsa''. He used 11 metrical schemes with 35 distinct divisions. He wrote in many verse forms including ghazal, masnavi, qata, rubai, do-baiti and tarkib-band. His contribution to the development of the ghazal was significant.<ref name=Iranica>{{cite web|last1=Schimmel|first1=A|title=Amīr Ḵosrow Dehlavī|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/amir-kosrow-poet|website=[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]|publisher=Eisenbrauns Inc|access-date=14 May 2016|author1-link=Annemarie Schimmel}}</ref> | Khusrau was an expert in many styles of Persian poetry which were developed in [[Greater Iran|medieval Persia]], from [[Khaqani|Khāqānī's]] ''[[qasida]]s'' to [[Nizami Ganjavi|Nizami's]] ''khamsa''. He used 11 metrical schemes with 35 distinct divisions. He wrote in many verse forms including ghazal, masnavi, qata, rubai, do-baiti and tarkib-band. His contribution to the development of the ghazal was significant.<ref name=Iranica>{{cite web|last1=Schimmel|first1=A|title=Amīr Ḵosrow Dehlavī|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/amir-kosrow-poet|website=[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]|publisher=Eisenbrauns Inc|access-date=14 May 2016|author1-link=Annemarie Schimmel}}</ref> | ||
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Hamin ast o hamin ast o hamin ast. | Hamin ast o hamin ast o hamin ast. | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
In English: "If there is a paradise on earth, it is this, it is this, it is this."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/window-to-persia/article1930559.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Anjana | last=Rajan | title=Window to Persia | date=29 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite | In English: "If there is a paradise on earth, it is this, it is this, it is this."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/window-to-persia/article1930559.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Anjana | last=Rajan | title=Window to Persia | date=29 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/zubin-mehta-s-concert-mesmerises-kashmir-113090700518_1.html|title=Zubin Mehta's concert mesmerises Kashmir|newspaper=Business Standard India|agency=Press Trust of India|date=7 September 2013|via=Business Standard|last1=India|first1=Press Trust of}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Zubin-Mehtas-concert-mesmerizes-Kashmir/articleshow/22397384.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Zubin Mehta's concert mesmerizes Kashmir - The Times of India}}</ref> | ||
This verse is believed to have been inscribed on several [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] structures, supposedly in reference to [[Kashmir]], specifically a particular building at the [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar Garden]] in Srinagar, Kashmir (built during the reign of Mughal Emperor Jahangir).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://srinagar.nic.in/tourist-place/shalimar-garden/|title=Shalimar Garden {{!}} District Srinagar, Government of Jammu and Kashmir {{!}} India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ0e0kfgttUC&pg=PA44|title=Shahjahanabad: The Sovereign City in Mughal India 1639-1739|first=Stephen P.|last=Blake|date=30 April 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521522991|via=Google Books}}</ref> | This verse is believed to have been inscribed on several [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] structures, supposedly in reference to [[Kashmir]], specifically a particular building at the [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar Garden]] in Srinagar, Kashmir (built during the reign of Mughal Emperor Jahangir).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://srinagar.nic.in/tourist-place/shalimar-garden/|title=Shalimar Garden {{!}} District Srinagar, Government of Jammu and Kashmir {{!}} India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ0e0kfgttUC&pg=PA44|title=Shahjahanabad: The Sovereign City in Mughal India 1639-1739|first=Stephen P.|last=Blake|date=30 April 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521522991|via=Google Books}}</ref> | ||
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{{Further|Tarana}} | {{Further|Tarana}} | ||
[[Tarana]] and Trivat are also credited to Khusrau.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|5}} Musicologist and philosopher Jaidev Singh has said: | [[Tarana]] and Trivat are also credited to Khusrau.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|5}} Musicologist and philosopher [[Jaideva Singh|Jaidev Singh]] has said: | ||
{{Quote|text=[Tarana] was entirely an invention of Khusrau. Tarana is a Persian word meaning a song. Tillana is a corrupt form of this word. True, Khusrau had before him the example of Nirgit songs using śuṣk-akṣaras (meaningless words) and pāṭ-akṣaras (mnemonic syllables of the mridang). Such songs were in vogue at least from the time of Bharat. But generally speaking, the Nirgit used hard consonants. Khusrau introduced two innovations in this form of vocal music. Firstly, he introduced mostly Persian words with soft consonants. Secondly, he so arranged these words that they bore some sense. He also introduced a few Hindi words to complete the sense…. It was only Khusrau’s genius that could arrange these words in such a way to yield some meaning. Composers after him could not succeed in doing so, and the tarana became as meaningless as the ancient Nirgit.<ref>{{Cite book | author=Singh, Thakur Jai Deva | chapter=Khusrau’s Musical Compositions | editor=Ansari, Zoe | title=Life, Times & Works of Amir Khusrau Dehlavi | year=1975 | publisher=National Amir Khusrau Society | location=New Delhi | pages=276}}</ref>|sign=|source=}} | {{Quote|text=[Tarana] was entirely an invention of Khusrau. Tarana is a Persian word meaning a song. Tillana is a corrupt form of this word. True, Khusrau had before him the example of Nirgit songs using śuṣk-akṣaras (meaningless words) and pāṭ-akṣaras (mnemonic syllables of the mridang). Such songs were in vogue at least from the time of Bharat. But generally speaking, the Nirgit used hard consonants. Khusrau introduced two innovations in this form of vocal music. Firstly, he introduced mostly Persian words with soft consonants. Secondly, he so arranged these words that they bore some sense. He also introduced a few Hindi words to complete the sense…. It was only Khusrau’s genius that could arrange these words in such a way to yield some meaning. Composers after him could not succeed in doing so, and the tarana became as meaningless as the ancient Nirgit.<ref>{{Cite book | author=Singh, Thakur Jai Deva | chapter=Khusrau’s Musical Compositions | editor=Ansari, Zoe | title=Life, Times & Works of Amir Khusrau Dehlavi | year=1975 | publisher=National Amir Khusrau Society | location=New Delhi | pages=276}}</ref>|sign=|source=}} | ||
It is believed that Khusrau invented the tarana style during his attempt to reproduce Gopal Naik's exposition in raag Kadambak. Khusrau hid and listened to Gopal Naik for six days, and on the seventh day, he reproduced Naik's rendition using meaningless words ([[Mridangam|mridang]] [[Bol (music)|bols]]) thus creating the tarana style.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|5}} | It is believed that Khusrau invented the tarana style during his attempt to reproduce Gopal Naik's exposition in raag Kadambak. Khusrau hid and listened to Gopal Naik for six days, and on the seventh day, he reproduced Naik's rendition using meaningless words ([[Mridangam|mridang]] [[Bol (music)|bols]]) thus creating the tarana style.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|5}} | ||
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{{see also|Riddles of Amir Khusrow}} | {{see also|Riddles of Amir Khusrow}} | ||
[[File:An illustrated manuscript of one of Amir Khusrau's poems 1.jpg|thumb|An illustrated manuscript of one of Amir Khusrau's poems.]] | [[File:An illustrated manuscript of one of Amir Khusrau's poems 1.jpg|thumb|An illustrated manuscript of one of Amir Khusrau's poems.]] | ||
Amir Khusrau was a prolific classical poet associated with the royal courts of more than seven rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. He wrote many playful [[Riddles of Amir Khusrow|riddles]], songs and legends which have become a part of popular culture in South Asia. His riddles are one of the most popular forms of [[Hindustani language|Hindavi]] poetry today.<ref name="Sharma 2005">{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Sunil|title=Amir Khusraw : the poet of Sufis and sultans|date=2005|publisher=Oneworld|location=Oxford|isbn=1851683623|pages=79}}</ref> It is a genre that involves double entendre or wordplay.<ref name="Sharma 2005"/> Innumerable riddles by the poet have been passed through oral tradition over the last seven centuries.<ref name="Sharma 2005"/> Through his literary output, Khusrau represents one of the first recorded Indian personages with a true multicultural or pluralistic identity. Musicians credit Khusrau with the creation of six styles of music: {{transl|ar|italic=no|qaul, qalbana, naqsh, gul, [[tarana]] and [[khyal]]}}, but there is insufficient evidence for this.<ref>{{ | Amir Khusrau was a prolific classical poet associated with the royal courts of more than seven rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. He wrote many playful [[Riddles of Amir Khusrow|riddles]], songs and legends which have become a part of popular culture in South Asia. His riddles are one of the most popular forms of [[Hindustani language|Hindavi]] poetry today.<ref name="Sharma 2005">{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Sunil|title=Amir Khusraw : the poet of Sufis and sultans|date=2005|publisher=Oneworld|location=Oxford|isbn=1851683623|pages=79}}</ref> It is a genre that involves double entendre or wordplay.<ref name="Sharma 2005"/> Innumerable riddles by the poet have been passed through oral tradition over the last seven centuries.<ref name="Sharma 2005"/> Through his literary output, Khusrau represents one of the first recorded Indian personages with a true multicultural or pluralistic identity. Musicians credit Khusrau with the creation of six styles of music: {{transl|ar|italic=no|qaul, qalbana, naqsh, gul, [[tarana]] and [[khyal]]}}, but there is insufficient evidence for this.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/14848865/Amir_Khusrau_and_the_Indo_Muslim_Identity_in_the_Art_Music_Practices_of_Pakistan|title=Amir Khusrau and the Indo-Muslim Identity in the Art Music Practices of Pakistan|first=Yousuf|last=Saeed|via=www.academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tbr-olderissues.com/2013/07/amir-khusro-his-influence-on-indian-classical-music/|title=Amir Khusro & His Influence on Indian Classical Music|first=Abhik|last=Majumdar|date=30 June 2013}}</ref> | ||
===Development of Hindavi=== | ===Development of Hindavi=== | ||
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''Amir Khusro'', an Indian television series based on Khusrau's life and works aired on [[DD National]], the national public broadcaster, in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rahman |first1=M. |title=Rajbans Khanna's TV serial Amir Khusrau attempts to clear communal misconceptions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880615-tv-serial-amir-khusrau-attempts-to-clear-communal-misconceptions-797379-1988-06-15 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |date=15 June 1988}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amir Khusro |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Hindi/tv-serials/amir-khusro |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref> He was portrayed by actor Bhawani Muzamil as a court poet of [[Alauddin Khalji]] in the 2018 Indian film ''[[Padmaavat]]'' by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title=Kashmir films have always been about the location – but are now making room for locals|url=https://scroll.in/reel/919267/kashmir-films-have-always-been-about-the-location-but-are-now-making-room-for-locals|access-date=2021-05-06|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> | ''Amir Khusro'', an Indian television series based on Khusrau's life and works aired on [[DD National]], the national public broadcaster, in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rahman |first1=M. |title=Rajbans Khanna's TV serial Amir Khusrau attempts to clear communal misconceptions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880615-tv-serial-amir-khusrau-attempts-to-clear-communal-misconceptions-797379-1988-06-15 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |date=15 June 1988}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amir Khusro |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Hindi/tv-serials/amir-khusro |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref> He was portrayed by actor Bhawani Muzamil as a court poet of [[Alauddin Khalji]] in the 2018 Indian film ''[[Padmaavat]]'' by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title=Kashmir films have always been about the location – but are now making room for locals|url=https://scroll.in/reel/919267/kashmir-films-have-always-been-about-the-location-but-are-now-making-room-for-locals|access-date=2021-05-06|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
One of Khusro's poems on [[Basant (festival)|Basant]], ''Sakal bun phool rahi sarson'', was quoted in an issue of [[Saladin Ahmed|Saladin Ahmed's]] ''[[Kamala Khan|The Magnificent Ms. Marvel]].'' The inclusion of the poem - used to illustrate a pivotal moment in the comic - drew praise on social media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://propakistani.pk/lens/ms-marvel-comic-just-included-amir-khusros-poetry-and-people-are-losing-their-minds/|title=Ms Marvel Comic Pays Tribute to Amir Khusro's Poetry and People Are Losing Their Minds|date=2020-02-04|website=Lens|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://religiondispatches.org/muslim-immigrant-teenager-superhero-how-ms-marvel-will-save-the-world/|title=Muslim, Immigrant, Teenager...Superhero: How Ms. Marvel Will Save the World|date=2014-03-14|website=Religion Dispatches|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref> On the | One of Khusro's poems on [[Basant (festival)|Basant]], ''Sakal bun phool rahi sarson'', was quoted in an issue of [[Saladin Ahmed|Saladin Ahmed's]] ''[[Kamala Khan|The Magnificent Ms. Marvel]].'' The inclusion of the poem - used to illustrate a pivotal moment in the comic - drew praise on social media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://propakistani.pk/lens/ms-marvel-comic-just-included-amir-khusros-poetry-and-people-are-losing-their-minds/|title=Ms Marvel Comic Pays Tribute to Amir Khusro's Poetry and People Are Losing Their Minds|date=2020-02-04|website=Lens|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://religiondispatches.org/muslim-immigrant-teenager-superhero-how-ms-marvel-will-save-the-world/|title=Muslim, Immigrant, Teenager...Superhero: How Ms. Marvel Will Save the World|date=2014-03-14|website=Religion Dispatches|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref> On the 25 December 2020 Pakistani singer [[Meesha Shafi]] and the instrumental funk band [[Mughal e funk|Mughal-e-Funk]] collaborated and released a rendition of the poem.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sakal Ban by Mughal-E-Funk feat. Meesha Shafi (Official Video) - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XtRbl_TXAzE&feature=youtu.be|access-date=2020-12-29|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> | ||
== Works == | == Works == | ||
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*[[File:"A_King_Offers_to_Make_Amends_to_a_Bereaved_Mother",_Folio_from_a_Khamsa_(Quintet)_of_Amir_Khusrau_Dihlavi.jpg|thumb|"A King Offers to Make Amends to a Bereaved Mother" is a painting based on a story written by Amir Khusrau Dihlavi, but illustrated by Mughal Indian artist, Miskin, in 1597-98.]]''Tughlaq Nama'' (Book of the Tughlaqs), 1320 - a historic masnavi of the reign of the Tughlaq dynasty. | *[[File:"A_King_Offers_to_Make_Amends_to_a_Bereaved_Mother",_Folio_from_a_Khamsa_(Quintet)_of_Amir_Khusrau_Dihlavi.jpg|thumb|"A King Offers to Make Amends to a Bereaved Mother" is a painting based on a story written by Amir Khusrau Dihlavi, but illustrated by Mughal Indian artist, Miskin, in 1597-98.]]''Tughlaq Nama'' (Book of the Tughlaqs), 1320 - a historic masnavi of the reign of the Tughlaq dynasty. | ||
* ''Nihayat ul-Kamaal'' (The Zenith of Perfection), 1325 - compiled by Khusrau probably a few weeks before his death. | * ''Nihayat ul-Kamaal'' (The Zenith of Perfection), 1325 - compiled by Khusrau probably a few weeks before his death. | ||
* ''Ashiqa'' - Khusro pays a glowing tribute to Hindi language and speaks of its rich qualities.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190720175230/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mind-matters/the-mystic-poet#bypass-sw</ref> It is a masnavi that describes the tragedy of Deval Devi. The story has been backed by Isaami.<ref>{{cite book | * ''Ashiqa'' - Khusro pays a glowing tribute to Hindi language and speaks of its rich qualities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720175230/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mind-matters/the-mystic-poet#bypass-sw|title=Amir Khusro Dehlavi-The mystic Sufi poet|date=20 July 2019|website=web.archive.org}}</ref> It is a masnavi that describes the tragedy of Deval Devi. The story has been backed by Isaami.<ref>{{cite book | ||
|year=1992 | |year=1992 | ||
|title=The Life and Works of Sultan Alauddin Khalji | |title=The Life and Works of Sultan Alauddin Khalji | ||
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== External links == | == External links == | ||
{{ | * {{commonscatinline}} | ||
* {{Gutenberg author | id=3242}} | * {{Gutenberg author | id=3242}} | ||
* {{Librivox author |id=12656}} | * {{Librivox author |id=12656}} | ||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131203053432/http://www.wikidorj.com/0CBK.ashx Original Persian poems of Amir Khusrau] at WikiDorj, free library of Persian poetry | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131203053432/http://www.wikidorj.com/0CBK.ashx Original Persian poems of Amir Khusrau] at WikiDorj, free library of Persian poetry | ||
*"A King Offers to Make Amends to a Bereaved Mother", Folio from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi. The Metropolitan Museum of Art | *"A King Offers to Make Amends to a Bereaved Mother", Folio from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi. The [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] | ||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
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[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]] | [[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]] | ||
[[Category:Sufi poets]] | [[Category:Sufi poets]] | ||
[[Category:Urdu-language poets from India | [[Category:Urdu-language poets from India]] | ||
[[Category:Indian people of Turkic descent]] | [[Category:Indian people of Turkic descent]] | ||